Imageboard Explained

An imageboard is a type of Internet forum that focuses on the posting of images, often alongside text and discussion. The first imageboards were created in Japan as an extension of the textboard concept. These sites later inspired the creation of a number of English-language imageboards.

Characteristics

Imageboards, similar to bulletin board systems, are used for discussions of a variety of topics. The primary focus of imageboards, however, is directed away from text posts, and is instead placed on picture posts. The two share many of the same structures, including separate forums for separate topics, as well as similar audiences. Imageboards are much more transitory with content—on some boards (especially highly trafficked ones), the thread deletion time can be as little as 10 minutes. In Japan, where imageboards are more common, topics will vary widely, ranging from trains to current news. The most popular English language imageboard, 4chan, similarly has a large variety of topics.

Imageboards are also different from online galleries in that most of the works posted are not made by the poster, but instead are taken from other online sources: galleries, other imageboards, and edited pictures.

Tripcodes

Most imageboards and 2channel-style discussion boards allow (and encourage) anonymous posting and use a system of tripcodes instead of registration. A tripcode is the hashed result of a password that allows one's identity to be recognized without storing any data about users. Entering a particular password will let one "sign" one's posts with the tripcode generated from that password. Trying to take another user's tripcode and compute their password from it (for instance, to make posts that appear to come from a particular person) is somewhat computationally difficult. For those who want a custom tripcode, however, there are custom tripcode generators (which are technically tripcode crackers) available, such as Meriken's Tripcode Engine[1] and MTY_CL.[2] In general, anonymity is considered to be one of the advantages of an imageboard, and some boards have from time to time removed the ability to post with a name altogether (known as "forced anonymous/anonymity").

Secure tripcodes

Due to the fact tripcodes can be cracked given enough time, some imageboards, such as 4chan and 8chan, implement a "secure" tripcode.[3] Such tripcodes are not reproducible across different imageboards; they work by prepending a secure salt to the tripcode which, barring intrusion, is known only to the server owner. They therefore function closer to a username than to a cryptographic signature; this is why QAnon could not verify themselves on another website when 8chan went down in late 2019.[4] [5] [6]

Imageboards

2ch

See main article: Dvach.

Dvach, [7] is a Russian imageboard that replaced the 2ch.ru imageboard (originally known as dvach), which was shut down earlier on January 17, 2009. It thoroughly copied the original layout, was heavily advertised over the internet, and managed to succeed the original one in popularity.[8] According to its owners, the number of posts left in the /b/ board exceeded 150 million.[9] In September 2016, a pro-Russian government organisation, Mail.ru, helped to organize a "defense" against alleged DDOS attacks that took place during the same month. These events raised concerns and speculations among users, who grew suspicious of an alleged takeover committed by Mail.ru, and who criticized the owner's controversial decision to accept "help".[10] [11] As of October 2018 It was widely believed that the imageboard was simply "sold" on undisclosed terms to a pro-government organization. The decision was met with a high criticism, due to the risks to disclosure of users' credentials from an inherently anonymous community, coming from a government body that could potentially violate these principles of anonymity, causing many to leave the board by the end of 2016. As of 2019, it remains one of the largest active Russian-speaking imageboards.

420chan

See main article: 420chan. An English-language imageboard based on cannabis culture[12] which was created on 20 April 2005 by Aubrey Cottle. The name is a reference to the larger 4chan[13] and the code term 420 of the cannabis subculture. Its boards included various drug-specific boards, as well as a board featuring a chatbot named Netjester.[14]

4chan

See main article: 4chan. 4chan is an English-language imageboard based on the Japanese imageboard Futaba Channel. This imageboard is based primarily upon the posting of pictures (generally related to a wide variety of topics, from video games and popular culture to politics and sports) and their discussion. The Guardian describes it as "at once brilliant, ridiculous and alarming."[15]

The site and its userbase have received attention from the media for a number of reasons, including attacks against Hal Turner on his Internet shows,[16] distributed denial-of-service attacks against eBaum's World,[17] [18] taking part in Project Chanology,[19] and multiple cases of anti-animal abuse reports.[20] Many Internet memes have originated there, including lolcats,[21] [22] [23] rickrolling, and Pedobear.

8chan

See main article: 8chan. 8chan (or Infinitechan, later 8kun) is a primarily English-language imageboard, although it has sub-boards dedicated to other languages. Just like 4chan, 8chan is based on posting pictures and discussion anonymously, but unlike 4chan, 8chan lets its users decide what they want to discuss by allowing any user to create their own board dedicated to any topic, a concept first made popular by news bulletin boards like Reddit. 8chan also claims to have a strong dedication to freedom of speech and allows all content - so long as the discussion and board creation abides by United States law.[24] However, local moderators enforce the rules of their own boards and may delete posts as they see fit. It is currently partnered with the Japanese textboard 2channel.

Dogolachan

Marcelo Valle Silveira Mello, also known by aliases such as Psycl0n, is a Brazilian individual who has been imprisoned for various offenses including hate crimes. He is known for his support of pedophilia and racism, and for sharing violent content. He founded Dogolachan, an imageboard associated with extreme free speech.[25] [26] [27]

Endchan

Endchan is an English-language imageboard.[28] The perpetrator of the 2019 Baerum mosque shooting announced it on the website. The administrators claimed the thread was deleted immediately, and the site had its primary web domain taken offline following the attack.[29] [30] The site has a message of "This is the End" displayed on it.[31] [32] Endchan has a /pol/ board, which was described as "eclectic" in its topic of discussions compared to similar boards on other imageboards. This was described as partially due to its comparative obscurity relative to similar sites.[33] It has been noted for its apocalyptic themes and far-right discussion of civilizational collapse.

Futaba Channel

See main article: Futaba Channel. Futaba Channel (Japanese: ふたば☆ちゃんねる), or "Futaba" for short, is a popular, anonymous BBS and imageboard system based in Japan. Its boards usually do not distinguish between not safe for work and clean content, but there is a strict barrier between two-dimensional (drawn) and three-dimensional (computer graphics (CG) and photographic) pictures that is heavily enforced and debated.[34]

Hispachan

Hispachan was launched in November 2012[35] founded by Juanjo Escofet Carmona, running on a slightly modified version of Kusaba X, was a global imageboard for all Spanish-speaking countries. Vice Magazine describes it as "a site for completely anonymous Spanish-language discussion that has proven popular among hackers since its launch in 2012".[36] In January 2017, a shooting in a school in Monterrey, Mexico was previously announced on Hispachan.[37] In June 2019, Elena Rue of Vice Spain accused some Hispachan discussions of being "collaborative misogyny" for allowing the dissemination of intimate images of women without his permission, and received threats as a result.[38] Despite complaints of some online women, the website is legal and, according to the administrator, "collaborates with the authorities as required by law."[39] In May 2022, Hispachan officially announced its closure on Twitter, it was temporarily available for a few days until all of its content was permanently deleted.[40]

Indiachan

Indiachan was an anonymous Indian imageboard inspired by 4chan and 8chan. It was created in 2016 by a user named lungimoot or lungoot. The primary languages used were English and Hinglish.[41] [42]

Karachan

Karachan is the largest Polish imageboard at 30 million posts, founded in 2010, after its predecessors founded in the period between 2005 and 2010 (Tentacle-chan, Eris-chan, Vichan and then Tapchan, respectively) had shut down. Karachan has received attention from the Polish media after many trolling actions targeting Polish politicians,[43] journalists[44] [45] [46] and the Pope John Paul II.[47] [48] [49] [50] As of July 2019 the site consists of a (Polish-language) faux page claiming the site is "blocked" due to "invalid content". However, a manual is known to exist, informing how to enter the actual forum and browse its contents.[51] Its name comes from the Polish word karaczan, which means a cockroach, an insect that is used as Karachan's logo.

Krautchan

Krautchan.net was a mainly German-language imageboard, founded in 2007.[52] [53] The name is an allusion to the ethnophaulism Kraut for Germans. Unlike most imageboards, posters on Krautchan did not publish their postings under the generic name "Anonymous". The German name "Bernd" was used instead, and the Krautchan community identified themselves as "Bernds" instead of "Anons". In 2009, after the Winnenden school shooting, the interior minister of Baden-Württemberg cited a post on the imageboard in a press conference that appeared to forewarn of the shooting, but was later found to be fake.[54] [55] [56] Like most imageboards, it had an /a/, a /b/, a /jp/, an /x/ and a /tv/; it ran on the Desuchan board software.[57] The site also featured a popular English-language board, /int/, which was also the origin of the Polandball internet phenomenon and a number of other popular memes such as Wojak in August the same year. On March 21, 2018, the imageboard was shut down. Two days later the imageboard kohlchan was founded as a replacement.

Soyjak.party

Soyjak.party is an imageboard website primarily dedicated to the creation and posting of soyjaks. The website was created in 2020 by 4chan user "Soot" as a joke, stating later he had not expected it to go far.[58]

Wizardchan

Wizardchan was an imageboard primarily dedicated to male culture and topics including anime, hobbies, and depression. Users on the depression board often discussed suicide or self-harm, and a controversy emerged in the board's community about whether to refer users to suicide prevention hotlines.[59]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: "Meriken's Tripcode Engine" is a cross-platform custom tripcode generator.: meriken/merikens-tripcode-engine-v3. 26 March 2019. GitHub. 7 June 2016. 9 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109072132/https://github.com/meriken/merikens-tripcode-engine-v3. live.
  2. Web site: A custom tripcode searcher, written using OpenCL. Primarily targeting the GCN architectures (Radeon HD 77xx and later).: madsbuvi/MTY_CL. 9 March 2019. GitHub. 7 June 2016. 1 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101234846/https://github.com/madsbuvi/MTY_CL. live.
  3. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions . . 2020-08-21.
  4. Web site: Roose. Kevin. 2021-01-17. What Is QAnon, the Viral Pro-Trump Conspiracy Theory?. 2021-01-21. The New York Times. Each of these sites uses a system of identity verification known as a 'tripcode'—essentially, a username that proves that a series of anonymous posts were written by the same person or people.. 2020-09-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922192821/https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-qanon.html. live.
  5. Web site: Glaser. April. 2019-11-11. 8chan Is Back as 8kun. Its Racist Users Found New Homes While It Was Offline.. 2020-08-21. Slate. en. 2020-06-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613135517/https://slate.com/technology/2019/11/8chan-8kun-white-supremacists-telegram-discord-facebook.html. live.
  6. Web site: Breland. Ali. 2019-08-15. How QAnon will outlive 8Chan. Mother Jones (magazine). 2020-10-01. 2021-01-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131712/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/08/qanon-8chan/. live.
  7. News: http://lurkmore.to/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87. https://archive.today/20130218171921/http://lurkmore.to/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87. dead. February 18, 2013. ru:Двач. Lurkmore. 2018-10-02. ru.
  8. Web site: Геты 2ch.hk. Lurkmore.
  9. Web site: //Б/ред/ - че было в. Двач. 2017-04-30. 2019-07-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720185008/https://2ch.hk/b/arch/2017-03-31/res/150010363.html. live.
  10. News: 2ch.hk. https://archive.today/20150921230323/http://lurkmore.to/2ch.hk#2ch.mail.ru. dead. September 21, 2015. Lurkmore. 2018-10-02. ru.
  11. News: Mail.ru защитила "Двач" от DDoS-атаки. Meduza. 2018-10-02. ru-RU. 2021-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20210111025956/https://meduza.io/news/2016/09/30/mail-ru-zaschitila-dvach-ot-ddos-ataki. live.
  12. Book: Olson, Parmy . 4 August 2013 . We Are Anonymous . Random House . 9781448136155 . 28 March 2015 . 4 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804053924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ucE1AAAAQBAJ&q=420chan&pg=PT332 . live .
  13. Web site: How imageboard culture shaped Gamergate / Boing Boing. boingboing.net. 31 December 2014. 6 April 2019. 27 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427130951/https://boingboing.net/2014/12/31/how-imageboard-culture-shaped.html. live.
  14. Web site: Taimapedia - 420chan . 28 March 2015 . 20 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720185007/http://taimapedia.org/index.php?title=420chan . live .
  15. News: Sean . Michaels . 2008-03-19 . Taking the Rick . The Guardian . London . 2011-09-29 . 2012-07-11 . https://archive.today/20120711214619/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/mar/19/news . live .
  16. Web site: Cyber foes find ways to silence hate-talk radio host . Detroit Free Press . 2007-02-28 . dead . September 29, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115741/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070205%2FNEWS07%2F70205031%2F0%2FNEWS06.
  17. Web site: Lindsay Lohan causes massive DoS war . Vitalsecurity.org . 2006-01-09 . 2008-01-20 . 2022-01-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220105160927/https://techtalk.gfi.com/ . dead .
  18. Web site: Ebaumsworld assiégé . Bertiaux, Michaël . Le Lézard . fr . 2006-01-09 . 2008-01-19 . 2016-12-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161222202548/http://www.lelezard.com/actu/3167/ebaumsworld-assiege.html . live .
  19. News: Online group declares war on Scientology . George-Cosh . David . . . January 25, 2008 . 2008-01-25 . dead . https://archive.today/20080128145858/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=261308 . January 28, 2008 .
  20. News: Web video: Woman throws puppies in river, 4chan tracks her down . Popkin . Helen A.S. . MSNBC Technology . . August 31, 2010 . 2010-08-31 . dead . September 10, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100910110708/http://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/08/31/5010813-web-video-woman-throws-puppies-in-river-4chan-tracks-her-down?pc=25&sp=25.
  21. "Lolcats' demented captions create a new Web language", Tamara Ikenberg, The News Journal, 9 July 2007
  22. News: Iz not cats everywhere? Online trend spreads across campus . Richards, Paul . . 2007-11-14 . 2008-01-19 . dead . 2007-11-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071117142809/http://media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/2007/11/14/News/Iz.Not.Cats.Everywhere.Online.Trend.Spreads.Across.Campus-3099929.shtml.
  23. News: The cuteness surge . Steel, Sharon . . 2008-02-01 . 2008-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080213073432/http://thephoenix.com/Article.aspx?id=55486 . 2008-02-13 .
  24. Web site: 8chan, the central hive of Gamergate, is also an active pedophile network . Howell O'Neill . Patrick . The Daily Dot . November 17, 2014 . November 25, 2014 . June 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160628114639/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/8chan-pedophiles-child-porn-gamergate/ . live .
  25. Web site: Brazilian police start crackdown against online hate crimes - Xinhua | English.news.cn. Xinhua News Agency. 2024-06-27. 2024-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240627143538/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/11/c_137170867.htm. live.
  26. Web site: The Most Notorious Misogynist in Brazil Is Behind Bars, Again. Marie. Declercq. Livia. Holmblad. May 10, 2018. June 11, 2024. March 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240306153318/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwm8ya/the-most-notorious-misogynist-in-brazil-is-behind-bars-again. live.
  27. Web site: Dogolachan And The Ghost Of Massacres Past. leonardocoelho, Robert. Evans. November 7, 2019. bellingcat. June 11, 2024. October 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221012113058/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/11/07/dogolachan-and-the-ghost-of-massacres-past/. live.
  28. Web site: Brace . Dr Lewys . 2021-04-01 . The Role of the Chans in the Far-Right Online Ecosystem . 2024-03-12 . GNET . en-GB . 2024-03-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312011441/https://gnet-research.org/2021/04/01/the-role-of-the-chans-in-the-far-right-online-ecosystem/ . live .
  29. Web site: 2019-11-07 . 8chan, 8kun, 4chan, Endchan: What you need to know . 2024-03-12 . CNET . en . 2024-03-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312011440/https://www.cnet.com/news/politics/8chan-8kun-4chan-endchan-what-you-need-to-know-internet-forums/ . live .
  30. News: 2019-08-12 . Norway mosque attack: Bruised suspect Manshaus appears in court . 2019-08-12 . . en-GB . 2019-08-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812212727/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49318001 . live .
  31. News: Liyanage . Chamila . 2020-01-09 . Endchan: narratives of the Chanosphere . 2024-03-12 . Center for Analysis of the Radical Right . . en . 2024-03-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312011440/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/endchan-narratives-chanosphere/ . live .
  32. Web site: Schattleitner . Christoph . 2019-09-08 . Inside "Endchan": Im Maschinenraum des Rechtsterrors . 2024-03-12 . . de-AT . 2024-03-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312013049/https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/inside-endchan-im-maschinenraum-des-rechtsterrors/400599095 . live .
  33. Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards . . en . 15 . 1 . 2024-03-12 . 2024-03-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240312011441/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2021/issue-1/baele-et-al.pdf . live .
  34. Web site: 双葉ちゃん♪. 2chan.net. 29 July 2022. 27 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427051744/https://www.2chan.net/. live.
  35. Web site: Hispachan's History. https://archive.today/20161124120055/https://www.hispachan.org/historia/. dead. 24 November 2016. 29 July 2022.
  36. https://news.vice.com/article/this-murder-has-exposed-the-dark-side-of-mexicos-hacking-community "This Murder Has Exposed the Dark Side of Mexico's Hacking Community"
  37. http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/01/19/1140708 "Agresor en colegio de Monterrey pudo anunciar ataque en foro"
  38. https://www.vice.com/es/article/pajwg7/hispachan-fotos-sexuales-mujeres-twitter-machismo "Hispachan: el foro español donde se difunden imágenes sexuales de mujeres y menores sin que nadie lo impida"
  39. Web site: Vilajosana. Marc. Hispachan: la web donde se cuelgan fotos de mujeres desnudas sin su permiso. eldiario.es. 19 July 2019. 10 August 2019. es. 20 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720155558/https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/Hispachan-fotos-pueden-ahi-sepas_0_921458204.html. live.
  40. Hispachan. 1531053620694659072 . Se anuncia el cierre de hispachan. Se podrá responder en la pagina hasta el 31 de mayo en la noche. De ahí permanecerá vivo hasta el 12 de junio pero cerrado. El 12 se eliminara toda la pagina y solo quedara un anuncio con enlaces y texto. Este es el futuro que eligieron.. 29 May 2022. 29 July 2022. es.
  41. Mok . Benjamin . 2022 . Exploring Hindutva Online Subculture . Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses . 14 . 3 . 9–16 . 48676736 . 2382-6444 . 2023-12-20 . 2023-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231220054245/https://www.jstor.org/stable/48676736 . live .
  42. Web site: 2018-04-20 . Freedom and taboos in the international ghettos of the web – OILab . 2023-12-20 . en-GB . 2023-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231220054245/https://oilab.eu/freedom-and-taboos-in-the-international-chanosphere/ . live .
  43. Web site: Koniec żartów z prezydenta Dudy. Policja przeszukała mieszkanie internauty. Prokuratura wszczęła śledztwo. Gazeta Wyborcza. 9 January 2017. 25 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225103126/https://wyborcza.pl/1,75398,19542714,koniec-zartow-z-prezydenta-dudy-policja-przeszukala-mieszkanie.html. live.
  44. Web site: Hejt na Filipa Chajzera to zorganizowana akcja Karachana. Sianie zamętu sprawia trollom największą przyjemność. Świderski. Bartosz. NaTemat. 2016-11-05. 2020-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708220927/https://natemat.pl/149209,hejt-na-filipa-chajzera-to-zorganizowana-akcja-karachana-sprawia-im-to-ogromna-radosc. live.
  45. Web site: Tak zaczęło się obrażanie zmarłego syna Chajzera: "To co, szkalujemy? ZIEJMY NIENAWIŚCIĄ!". pudelek.pl. 9 January 2017. pl-PL. 22 July 2015. 20 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720185009/https://www.pudelek.pl/artykul/81607/tak_zaczelo_sie_obrazanie_zmarlego_syna_chajzera_to_co_szkalujemy_ziejmy_nienawiscia/. live.
  46. Web site: Hejt pod wpisem Filipa Chajzera o śmierci syna to zaplanowana akcja. 'Karaczan wkracza do akcji'. A to nie wszystko. plotek.pl. 21 July 2015. 9 January 2017. pl-PL. 20 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200120221315/http://www.plotek.pl/plotek/1,138986,18400818,filip-chajzer-oglosil-na-fb-ze-stracil-syna-hejt-karaczan.html. live.
  47. Web site: Trolle i zlewy. Chmielecka. Julia. Gazeta Wyborcza. 2020-07-09. 2020-01-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20200120175212/http://wyborcza.pl/duzyformat/1,127290,12102809,Trolle_i_zlewy.html. live.
  48. Web site: Trolling level: master. To Karachan stoi za filmikiem "Mój sąsiad imigrant". naTemat.pl. 9 January 2017. 8 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200708162025/https://natemat.pl/154979,trolling-level-master-to-karachan-stoi-za-filmikiem-moj-sasiad-imigrant. live.
  49. Web site: Scenariusz jak z horroru w Rybniku. Ktoś włamał się na konto zabitej 17-latki i straszy pół miasta. Psychopata czy żart?. naTemat.pl. 25 May 2018. 4 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180804225029/http://damianmaliszewski.natemat.pl/229763,morderstwo-17-letniej-alicji-f-haker-podaje-alfabetem-morse-a-nazwiska-osob-zamieszanych-w-zbrodnie-thriller-w-rybniku-trwa. live.
  50. Web site: Tak wyglądała ostatnia noc Alicji. nowiny.pl. 21 August 2018. 20 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190720185008/https://www.nowiny.pl/142151-tak-wygladala-ostatnia-noc-alicji.html?f8c520cf9300a264d96947d129db9f40=&p=3#content. live.
  51. Web site: Jak wejść na Karachan. 19 October 2019. facebook.com/jakwejsc/. 19 October 2019. pl-PL. 4 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240804053904/https://www.facebook.com/jakwejsc/photos/a.1602552680000935/1725491637707038/?type=1&theater. live.
  52. Book: Reißmann . Ole . Stöcker . Christian . 20 February 2012. We are Anonymous: Die Maske des Protests - Wer sie sind, was sie antreibt ... . 22 . Goldmann Verlag . 9783641083748. 28 March 2015 .
  53. Web site: Krautchan. May 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070515042126/http://krautchan.net/ . 2007-05-15 .
  54. Web site: Massacre in Winnenden: School Shooting Internet Post a Fake . Der Spiegel . March 13, 2009 . March 28, 2015 . July 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190720185008/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/massacre-in-winnenden-school-shooting-internet-post-a-fake-a-613085.html . live .
  55. Book: Roth, Daniel . Zündstoff für den "Columbine-Effekt"? Die Berichterstattung über School Shootings in deutschen Print- und Online-Medien . 2012 . 116 . LIT Verlag Münster . 9783643113948 . 28 March 2015 . 4 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240804053858/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2z-uCuUkuwC&q=krautchan&pg=PA116#v=snippet&q=krautchan&f=false . live .
  56. Web site: German police now question whether killer posted warning . CNN . March 12, 2009 . March 28, 2015 . July 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200708181344/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/12/germany.school.shooting.women/ . live .
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