Ilustrado Explained

The Ilustrados (pronounced as /es/, "erudite",[1] "learned"[2] or "enlightened ones") constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.[3] [4] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.

They were late Spanish-colonial-era middle to upper class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The ilustrado class was composed of Philippine-born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines - mestizos (both de Sangleyes and de Español), insulares, and indios, among others - and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.

Stanley Karnow, in his , referred to the ilustrados as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many were the children of wealthy landowners or inqulino (tenant) lessee families. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

History

The most prominent ilustrados were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere ("Touch Me Not") and El Filibusterismo ("The Subversive") "exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime".[9] [11]

In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they wanted legal equality for both peninsulares and natives - indios, insulares, and mestizos, among others - in the economic reforms demanded by the ilustrados were that "the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered a province of Spain" and "the secularization of the parishes."[10] [11]

However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the ilustrados. This also prompted unity among the ilustrados and Andrés Bonifacio's radical Katipunan.[10] Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.

See also

References

Sources

Notes and References

  1. The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.)
  2. Web site: Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario. RAE - ASALE. Diccionario de la lengua española.
  3. Book: Thomas, Megan Christine. Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism. 2012. U of Minnesota Press. 978-0-8166-7190-8. 213.
  4. Book: Cullinane, Michael. Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908. 1989. Ateneo University Press. 978-971-550-439-3.
  5. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/philippines/ph_glos.html Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated)
  6. http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/milhis/phil.htm Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996
  7. [Stanley Karnow|Karnow, Stanley]
  8. http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/28063.html The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007
  9. http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-206427 Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com
  10. https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175511/http://www.philippineembassy-usa.org/about/history.htm#top History of the Philippines
  11. http://www.sspxasia.com/Newsletters/2002/Jan-Mar/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines.htm Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002

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