Ideology of Hezbollah explained

The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as Shiite radicalism.[1] [2] [3] Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of pro-Iran Khomeinists during the early 1980s in order to spread the ideology of the Iranian revolution[4] and follows a distinct version of Twelver Shia political theory of "Velayat-e-faqih" developed by the Iranian cleric Khomeini.[5] [6]

Manifesto

Hezbollah declared its existence on 16 February 1985 in "The Hizballah Program". This document[7] was read by spokesman Sheikh Ibrahim al-Amin at the al-Ouzai Mosque in west Beirut and simultaneously published in al-Safir as "The Hizballah Program, an open letter to all the Oppressed in Lebanon and the World", and a separate pamphlet that was first published in full in English in 1987.[8]

According to "The Hizballah Program" the principles of its ideology are:[9]

It listed the Ayatollah Khomeini as the leader whose "orders we obey"; called on Christians to "open your hearts to our call" and "embrace Islam" and noted that "Allah has ... made it intolerable for Muslims to participate in ... a regime which is not predicated upon ... the Sharia"; explained that Israel is "the vanguard of the United States in our Islamic world".[9]

More broadly, current leader Hassan Nasrallah has described Hezbollah's ideology as having "two main axis: firstly, a belief in the rule by the just jurisconsult and adherence to Khomeini's leadership; and secondly, the continued need to struggle against the Israeli enemy".[10] In late 1980s, Nasrallah said:

In the early 1990s, Hezbollah underwent what a number of observers have called a process of "Lebanonization", which is reflected in acceptance of a multi-confessional Lebanon, rapprochement with a variety of non-Islamist forces, participation in electoral politics, and an emphasis on providing for the social welfare of its Shi'a Lebanese constituency.[11] This tendency was expressed in religious as well as strategic terms:

Khomeinism

See main article: Khomeinism. Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto reads:

Hezbollah was largely formed with the support of pro-Iran Khomeinists during the early 1980s in order to spread the ideology of Iranian revolution and follows a distinct version of Twelver Shi'a political theory of "Velayat-e-faqih" developed by the Iranian cleric Khomeini.[12] Although Hezbollah believes in one-person-one-vote system and disagree with the multi-confessional quotas under the Ta'if Accord, it does not intend to force a one-person-one-vote system onto the country's Christians.[13]

Hezbollah views its conflict with Israel and the Jewish people as religiously motivated. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict to them is a repeat of the negative interactions between the Jews of medieval Arabia and Muhammad and the early umma described in the Koran and other classical Islamic texts. God, according to Hezbollah theology, cursed all Jews as blasphemers damned for all time and throughout history.[14] [15] Hezbollah, as well as the political/religious leaders of Iran, believe that the destruction of Israel will bring about the "reappearance of the Imam (the Shiite Islamic Messiah)".[16]

These issues exist independently of Israeli treatment of Palestinians or even the existence of the State of Israel, although Hezbollah has strong objections to these more earthly matters as well. Hezbollah leader Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah has said in an interview that "Israel is an illegitimate entity and it is a threat to the region. It is a constant threat to the whole region. We cannot coexist with this threat. That is why the ultimate goal of the [Arab and Islamic] nation is to end Israel's existence irrespective of the problems, sensitivities and everything that has happened and could happen between Palestinians and non-Palestinians, Shia and Sunni, Muslims and Christians."[17]

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning

Israel and Zionism

From the inception of Hezbollah to the present[18] [19] [20] [21] the elimination of the state of Israel has been a primary goal for Hezbollah. Hezbollah opposes the government and policies of the State of Israel, and Jewish civilians who arrived following 1948.[22] Its 1985 manifesto reportedly states "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no ceasefire, and no peace agreements."[9] [23] Secretary-General Nasrallah has stated, "Israel is an illegal usurper entity, which is based on falsehood, massacres, and illusions,"[24] and considers that the elimination of Israel will bring peace in the Middle East: "There is no solution to the conflict in this region except with the disappearance of Israel."[25] [26]

In an interview with The Washington Post, Nasrallah said, "I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.' I consider its presence both unjust and unlawful. That is why if Lebanon concludes a peace agreement with Israel and brings that accord to the Parliament our deputies will reject it; Hezbollah refuses any conciliation with Israel in principle.... When a peace agreement is concluded between the Lebanese government and Israel, we would surely disagree with the Lebanese government about that, but we would not make any turmoil out of it."[27]

In 1993, during the Oslo peace process, Nasrallah and several other top Hezbollah generals came out staunchly opposed to any final peace agreement between the Israelis and Palestinians to the point that they accused Palestinian National Authority President Yasser Arafat of blasphemy and treachery to the Muslim people.[28] Their strong objections to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process is held to this day.[29] [30] Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock is used as a rallying point in Hezbollah literature, media, and music for the destruction of Israel and support for Palestine.[31]

In a 1999 interview, Nasrallah outlined the group's three "minimal demand[s]: an [Israeli] withdrawal from South Lebanon and the Western Bqa' Valley, a withdrawal from the Golan, and the return of the Palestinian refugees". An additional objective is the freeing of prisoners held in Israeli jails,[5] [32] [33] some of whom have been imprisoned for eighteen years.[34]

Israel's occupation of the Shebaa Farms, along with the presence of Lebanese prisoners in Israeli jails, is often used as a pretext and stated as justification for the Hezbollah's continued hostilities against Israel even after Israel's verified withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, however, said that

On 26 May 2000, after the Israeli withdrawal from south Lebanon Hassan Nassrallah said: "I tell you: this "Israel" that owns nuclear weapons and the strongest air force in this region is more fragile than a spiderweb."[35] [36] Arie W. Kruglanski, Moshe Ya'alon, Bruce Hoffman, Efraim Inbar, and YNET interpret the "spider web" theory as the notion, articulated by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, that Israel's reverence for human life, the hedonistic nature of the Israeli society, and its self-indulgent Western values make it weak, soft, and vulnerable. Such a society, though technologically advanced, will crumble under continued war and bloodshed.[37] [38] [39] [40]

In 2002, according to the BBC, Hezbollah, "said publicly that it is ready to open a second front against Israel in support of the intifada."[41] In a 2003 interview, Nasrallah has answered questions concerning the establishment of a Palestinian state established alongside an Israeli state stating "that he would not sabotage what is finally a 'Palestinian matter.' But until such a settlement is reached, he will, he said, continue to encourage Palestinian suicide bombers."[42] In the same interview, Nasrallah stated that "at the end of the road no one can go to war on behalf of the Palestinians, even if that one is not in agreement with what the Palestinians agreed on," adding, "Of course, it would bother us that Jerusalem goes to Israel ... [but] let it happen. I would not say O.K. I would say nothing."

Similarly, in 2004, when asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, Nasrallah said he would not sabotage what is a Palestinian matter. He also said that outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah will act only in a defensive manner towards Israeli forces, and that Hezbollah's missiles were acquired to deter attacks on Lebanon.[43]

In 2004 the Hezbollah-owned television station Al-Manar was banned in France on the grounds that it was inciting racial hatred. The court cited a 23 November 2004 broadcast in which a speaker accused Israel of deliberately disseminating AIDS in Arab nations.[44]

Hezbollah's desire for Israeli prisoners to be that could be exchanged with Israel led to Hezbollah's abduction of Israeli soldiers, which triggered the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[45]

In March 2009, in a speech marking the birthday of Muhammad, Nasrallah said, "As long as Hezbollah exists, it will never recognize Israel." rejecting a US precondition for dialogue.[46] [47] [48] A prominent Hezbollah poster at a May 2009 rally had an image of a mushroom cloud along with the message, "O Zionists, if you want this type of war then so be it!"[49]

The United States

During the years prior to its official founding, Hezbollah was held responsible or partially responsible for several attacks on Western, mostly American, targets and it has been blamed for killing many Americans.[50] Hezbollah has denied involvement in the attacks, but its manifesto does claim that "the whole world knows that whoever wishes to oppose the US, that arrogant superpower, cannot indulge in marginal acts which may make deviate from its major objective. We combat abomination and we shall tear out its very roots, its primary roots, which are the US."[9] Hezbollah supporters chant "Death to America" in demonstrations every year.[51] This attitude mirrors the attitude of the Iranian government.[52]

Hezbollah leader Fadlallah has told an interviewer,

We believe there is no difference between the United States and Israel; the latter is a mere extension of the former. The United States is ready to fight the whole world to defend Israel's existence and security. The two countries are working in complete harmony, and the United States is certainly not inclined to exert pressure on Israel.[53]

On its Al-Manar Television network, which is viewed by "an estimated 10–15 million people a day across the world", the United States is portrayed by an animated image of "the Statue of Liberty as a ghoul, her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand. In Arabic the video ... concludes with the words: 'America owes blood to all of humanity.'"[54]

Jews and Judaism

Hezbollah has declared that it distinguishes between Zionism and Judaism and that it opposes Zionism.

However, the group has been accused of using antisemitism.

contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like the Hamas propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels.[61]

Anti-Semitic statements have also been attributed to prominent figures in Hezbollah and to Hassan Nasrallah.

The Jews invented the legend of the Nazi atrocities.... Anyone who reads the Koran and the holy writings of the monotheistic religions sees what they did to the prophets, and what acts of madness and slaughter the Jews carried out throughout history.... Anyone who reads these texts cannot think of co-existence with them, of peace with them, or about accepting their presence, not only in Palestine of 1948 but even in a small village in Palestine, because they are a cancer which is liable to spread again at any moment.[82]

Position on use of armed strength to achieve aims

Hezbollah's 1985 founding Manifesto reads:

whatever touches or strikes the Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, the Philippines and elsewhere reverberates throughout the whole Muslim umma of which we are an integral part.... No one can imagine the importance of our military potential as our military apparatus is not separate from our overall social fabric. Each of us is a fighting soldier. And when it becomes necessary to carry out the Holy War, each of us takes up his assignment in the fight in accordance with the injunctions of the Law, and that in the framework of the mission carried out under the tutelage of the Commanding Jurist."

Hezbollah regards any act of violence committed against any Israeli as "legitimate resistance."

Women's rights

One member of the Hezbollah Political Council, speaking to an Online Journal correspondent in July 2006, claimed that "Hezbollah differs from many Islamic groups in our treatment of women. We believe women have the ability like men to participate in all parts of life."[89] The Online Journal correspondent writes:

From its founding in the 1980s, Hezbollah women have headed education, medical and social service organizations. Most recently Hezbollah nominated several women to run in the Lebanese elections. It named Wafa Hoteit as a chief of Al Noor Radio ... and promoted 37-year-old Rima Fakhry to its highest ruling body, the Hezbollah Political Council. Part of Fakhry's duties include interpreting Islamic feminism in Sharia law for the Committee for Political Analysis."

Sectarianism

See also: Anti-Sunnism. Hezbollah has slammed ISIS for seeking to ignite sectarian strife in Lebanon.[90] Hezbollah's participation in the Syrian civil war, on the side of Bashar al-Assad's Alawite-dominated Ba'athist government, has intensified the group's sectarian tensions with Sunnis in Lebanon.[91]

Hezbollah officials have asserted that their military activities in Lebanon and Syria are directed against those they describe as "takfiris", a term often deployed by Hezbollah officials against their Sunni Islamist opponents as well as against Sunni Muslims in general. Many Sunnis view Hezbollah's use of the term as part of the organization's sectarian rhetoric against the entire Sunni community. During the Syrian civil war, Hezbollah's propaganda has attempted to de-humanise the opponents of Assad regime by characterising the entirety of Syrian opposition as "takfiri". Such rhetoric has further strengthened the public perception of Hezbollah as a militant group waging a sectarian war against Sunnis in Syria. [92]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Barak, Oren. "Hizballah". The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. p. 350.
  2. Rosenthal, Donna. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 15.
  3. Collier, Robert. "Everyone casting suspicious eye on Iraq's Hezbollah". San Francisco Chronicle. 29 December 2003. 14 March 2008.
  4. News: Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread. Robin. Wright. The Washington Post. 13 July 2006. A19.
  5. Web site: Hezbollah's transformation. https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html. unfit. 20 July 2006. Dahr. Jamail. Asia Times. 20 July 2006. 23 October 2007.
  6. Web site: Hizbullah. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 11 April 1996. 17 August 2006.
  7. Web site: The Hizballah Program: An Open Letter [to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and the World] ]. 16 February 1985 . Institute for Counterterrorism . 24 August 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060821215729/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/Hiz_letter.htm . 21 August 2006 . dead.
  8. See the appendix in A. R. Norton's Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon University of Texas Press, 1987
  9. http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf An open letter, The Hizballah program
  10. Ettela'at, 13 February 1993. In Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 48.
  11. [Graham Usher (journalist)|Graham Usher]
  12. Adam Shatz, New York Review of Books, 29 April 2004 In Search of Hezbollah Accessed 15 August 2006.
  13. Helena Cobban (April/May 2005). Hizbullah's New Face . Boston Review.
  14. Hezbollah literature professes, "Certainly you will find the most violent people in enmity for those who believe are the Jews and those who are polytheists." qtd. Jaber, "Hezbollah: born with a vengeance".
  15. Al-'Ahd, 6 December 1991; quoted in Webman, Anti-Semitic Motifs, p. 10. qtd. in Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 766.
  16. [Robert S. Wistrich|Wistrich, Robert S.]
  17. Web site: Nasrallah: Israel is a cancer and the ultimate goal should be to remove it . Jerusalem Post. 15 August 2014.
  18. In Search of Hezbollah. Adam Shatz. The New York Review of Books. 29 April 2004. 14 August 2006.
  19. United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed 17 August 2006
  20. News: Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel's end. The Brunswickan Online. 1 September 2017. 25 August 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070825001338/http://www.unb.ca/web/bruns/9900/issue14/intnews/israel.html. dead. (Student newspaper)
  21. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Listed Entities – Hizballah Accessed 31 July 2006
  22. Sheikh Hassan Izz al-Din, Hezbollah media relations director, said, "[T]he Jews need to leave." Avi Jovisch, Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballah's Al-Manar Television (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004), pp. 62–90. qtd. by Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 774
  23. this text is reportedly in the original Arabic-language manifesto but not in the original translation, nor found on Hezbollah website, according to the pro-Israel, anti-Hezbollah website where the text appears.
  24. Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) 21 June 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah's Struggle Against Israel Accessed 30 July 2006
  25. http://www.theage.com.au/text/articles/2006/07/14/1152637865649.html Little choice for a defiant Israel
  26. United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing The Washington Post, 1 January 2000 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed 17 August 2006
  27. News: Said Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do . The Washington Post . 20 February 2000 . 8 August 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060909060136/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/hzblhnsr.htm . 9 September 2006 . dead.
  28. [Saad-Ghrayeb]
  29. Hodeib, Mirella. "Nasrallah 'strongly endorses' Arab reconciliation efforts." The Daily Star. 14 March 2009. 19 January 2011.
  30. [Hassan Nasrallah]
  31. Wistrich, 774–775
  32. Source states, among other things, that Hezbollah seeks the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israel: News: Israeli court frees Lebanese prisoners. BBC News. 12 April 2000. 8 August 2006.
  33. News: Israeli striles kill 40 in Lebanon. Al Jazeera. 13 July 2006 . 8 August 2006.
  34. Bassam Kantar, Beirut Lebanon (WHOIS search, 4 August 2006) Freedom for Samir Kuntar Accessed 4 August 2006.
  35. The Best American Magazine Writing 2003by American Society of Magazine Editors,contributor David Remnick,published by HarperCollins, 2003,,464 pages,page 88
  36. Web site: Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words . . 26 July 2006 .
  37. Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur Warby Efraim Inbar,published by Routledge, 2008,,281 pages,Page 229
  38. News: Fact file: Hassan Nasrallah – Leader of Shiite terrorist organization, Hizbullah . . 31 July 2006 .
  39. Bruce Hoffman inHomeland Security and Terrorism: Readings and Interpretationsby Russell D. Howard, James J. F. Forest, Joanne C. Moore,published by McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006,,400 pages,page 64 (Chapter 5 "The logic of suicide terrorism")
  40. Arie W. Kruglanski inTangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorismby Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff, NATO Public Diplomacy Division,contributor Jeffrey Ivan Victoroff,published by IOS Press, 2006,,477 pages,pages 68–69 (Chapter 4, "The psychology of terrorism: "Syndrom" versus "Tool" perspectives")
  41. News: Who are Hezbollah?. 4 April 2002. BBC News . 11 August 2006 . Kathryn . Westcott.
  42. The Syrian Bet . Hersh . Seymour. Seymour Hersh. The New Yorker. 18 July 2003. 7 August 2006.
  43. News: Interview With Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah . Sheila . Macvicar. CNN. 16 March 2003 . 1 August 2006 .
  44. BBC News, 14 December 2004 France pulls plug on Arab network Accessed 18 August 2006.
  45. Myre, Greg and Steven Erlanger. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1152849600&en=7c501785edb16cc8&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks." The New York Times. 13 July 2006. 21 October 2007.
  46. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7943357.stm "Hezbollah chief defiant on Israel."
  47. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/03/200931322165471789.html "Hezbollah will not recognize Israel."
  48. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1070934.html "Nasrallah vows Hezbollah will never recognize Israel."
  49. [Christopher Hitchens|Hitchens, Christopher]
  50. Rosen, Laura. "Islamic radical groups are not all alike." The Boston Globe 13 August 2006. 15 August 2007.
  51. "Hizbullah Leader Hasan Nasrallah: 'The American Administration Is Our Enemy ... Death to America,'" MEMRI TV Monitor Project, no. 867 (22 February 2005). qtd. in Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 764.
  52. [Robert S. Wistrich|Wistrich]
  53. Interview in July 1985, quoted in Martin Kramer, "The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayiid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah", Part II, in Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, ed. R. Scott Appleby (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 8.
  54. Web site: Jorisch . Avi . Terrorist Television . National Review . 22 December 2004 . 16 February 2012.
  55. News: Ladki . Nadim . Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto . 30 November 2009 . Reuters . 16 February 2012.
  56. Web site: Farid Emile Chedid, ecrr@inco.com.lb . Lebanonwire.com/Lebanese Parliament Members . Lebanonwire.com . 16 February 2012.
  57. Web site: Anti-Zionist Rabbis Join Hizbullah and Hamas at Beirut Pro-Palestinian Convention . Memritv.org . 23 February 2005 . 16 February 2012.
  58. The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program. Joseph Elie Alagha, Amsterdam University Press, 2006,,380 pages, p. 188.
  59. News: Derhally . Massoud A. . Lebanon Jews Tap Diaspora to Rebuild Beirut's Shelled Synagogue . Bloomberg . 17 September 2008 . 16 February 2012.
  60. Web site: Letter that was sent from Neturei Karta to His Excellency Sayyed Hasan Nasrallah . nkusa.org . 19 February 2008 . 25 July 2015.
  61. Wistrich, 766–767
  62. Block, Melissa. "'New Yorker' Writer Warns of Hezbollah's Radicalism." National Public Radio. 16 August 2006. 16 February 2008.
  63. http://www.ujc.org/page.html?ArticleID=35387 "JCPA Middle East Briefing: Hezbollah"
  64. In the Party of God . The New Yorker . 14 October 2002.
  65. Sciolino, Elaine. " A New French Headache: When Is Hate on TV Illegal?" The New York Times. 9 December 2004. 16 February 2008.
  66. http://www.adl.org/special_reports/protocols/protocols_recycled.asp "Anti-Semitic Series Airs on Arab Television."
  67. http://www.wiesenthal.com/siteapps/advocacy/ActionItem.aspx?c=fwLYKnN8LzH&b=297065 "Urge President Chirac to Block Hezbollah's Antisemitic and Hate TV."
  68. Sciolino, Elaine. "French Court Delays Decision on Hezbollah-Run TV Channel." The New York Times 12 December 2004. 14 February 2008.
  69. Carvajal, Doreen. "French Court Orders a Ban on hezbollah-Run TV Channel." The New York Times. 14 December 2004. 14 February 2008.
  70. http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=fwLYKnN8LzH&b=245494&ct=2943661 "UN Human Rights High Commissioner Admits to Wiesenthal Center Delegation ... 'Hezbollah Deliberately Targeted Israeli Civilians.'"
  71. Brown, Roy. "Hezbollah attacks IHEU speaker." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 25 September 2006. 22 May 2008.
  72. Miller, Judith. "Making Money Abroad, And Also a Few Enemies." The New York Times. 26 January 1997. 20 February 2008.
  73. [Amal Saad-Ghorayeb|Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal]
  74. Islamic Terror Abductions in the Middle East. Shaul Shay, Sussex Academic Press, 2007,,197 pages, p. 78.
  75. Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Aaron Mannes, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004,,372 pages, p. 178.
  76. Shaping the Current Islamic Reformation. Barbara Allen Roberson, Routledge, 2003,,262 pages, p. 245.
  77. The Internet and Politics: Citizens, Voters and Activists. Sarah Oates, Diana Marie Owen, Rachel Kay Gibson, Diana Owen,published by Routledge, 2006,978-0415347846,228 pages, p. 109.
  78. Web site: Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals . . 1 November 2002.
  79. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges. Gabriel Weimann,contributor Bruce Hoffman, United States Institute of Peace Press, 2006,,309 pages, p. 90.
  80. The Axis of Evil: Iran, Hizballah, And The Palestinian Terror. Shaul Shai,Transaction Publishers, 2005,, 262 pages, p. 131.
  81. Web site: Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words . . 26 July 2006 .
  82. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/4/Excerpts%20from%20Speech%20by%20Hizbullah%20Secretary-Genera
  83. News: 23 May 2004. The Enemy Within. New York Times . Elena . Lappin . 5 May 2010.
  84. https://web.archive.org/web/20061014115126/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n19/letters.html Letters
  85. In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg . The New Yorker . 14 October 2002 . 3 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070556/http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php . 16 May 2008.
  86. [Muhammad Fneish|Muhammad Fnaysh]
  87. 'Abbas al-Mussawi, Amiru'l-Zakira, Dhu al-Hujja 1406, p. 197. qtd. in Saad-Ghorayeb, 2002, p. 174.
  88. Stalinsky, Steven. "Hezbollah's Nazi Tactics." The New York Sun. 26 July 2006. 14 January 2009.
  89. Web site: Schuh . Trish . 18 July 2006 . Free speech marked for death . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060811175857/http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_1007.shtml . 11 August 2006 . 19 August 2006.
  90. Web site: Hezbollah slams Islamic State for seeking to ignite sectarian strife in Lebanon.
  91. http://blogs.channel4.com/miller-on-foreign-affairs/meeting-hezbollah-fighting-dying-confused/687 Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause
  92. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Lebanon/153-lebanon-s-hizbollah-turns-eastward-to-syria.pdf Lebanon’s Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria.. International Crisis Group. 2014-05-27.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ideology of Hezbollah".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.