Ichthyodectiformes Explained

Ichthyodectiformes is an extinct order of marine stem-teleost ray-finned fish. The order is named after the genus Ichthyodectes, established by Edward Drinker Cope in 1870. Ichthyodectiforms are usually considered to be some of the closest relatives of the teleost crown group.[1]

They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period, though basal forms like Thrissops, Occithrissops and Allothrissops are known from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Europe and North America. They were almost entirely wiped out by the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, but a single species, Saurocephalus lanciformis, appears to have survived into the earliest Paleocene (Danian).[2]

Most ichthyodectiforms ranged between 1 and 5 meters (3–15 ft) in length. Most of known taxa were predators, feeding on smaller fish; in several cases, larger ichthyodectiforms preyed on smaller members of the order. Some species had remarkably large teeth, though others, such as Gillicus arcuatus, had small ones and sucked in their prey. Heckelichthys preopercularis is a rare example of non-predatory ichthyodectiform, more likely to be microphagous, fed on small particles.[3] There is evidence that at least one species, Xiphactinus audax, may have been endothermic ("warm-blooded").[4] Another genus, Dugaldia, may have been able to laterally open its mouth extremely wide in a manner akin to the modern sarcastic fringehead.[5]

Systematics

The basal phylogeny is badly resolved, leading to many ichthyodectiforms that are simply known to be rather primitive, but where nothing certain can be said about their precise relationships.

Ichthyodectiformes[6] [7]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Nelson. Joseph S.. Grande. Terry C.. Wilson. Mark V. H.. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 9781118342336.
  2. Boles . Zachary . Ullmann . Paul . Putnam . Ian . Ford . Mariele . Deckhut . Joseph . 2024 . New vertebrate microfossils expand the chondrichthyan and actinopterygian fauna of the Maastrichtian–Danian Hornerstown Formation in New Jersey . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . en . 69 . 10.4202/app.01117.2023 . 0567-7920. free .
  3. Baños-Rodríguez . Rocio Elizabeth . González-Rodríguez . Katia Adriana . Wilson . Mark V. H. . González-Martínez . Jorge Alberto . 2020-06-01 . A new species of Heckelichthys from the Muhi Quarry (Albian–Cenomanian) of central Mexico . Cretaceous Research . en . 110 . 104415 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104415 . 2020CrRes.11004415B . 213275574 . 0195-6671.
  4. Ferrón . H. G. . Evidence of endothermy in the extinct macropredatory osteichthyan Xiphactinus audax (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 2019 . 39 . 6 . e1724123 . 10.1080/02724634.2019.1724123. 2019JVPal..39E4123F . 1983/e6d12da6-4f25-46ce-bb14-74fd2beddd82 . 216158318 . free .
  5. Cavin . Lionel . Berrell . Rodney W. . 2019-01-02 . Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . en . 39 . 1 . e1576049 . 10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049 . 0272-4634.
  6. Cavin . L. . Berrell . R. W. . Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 2019 . 39 . 1 . e1576049 . 10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049. 2019JVPal..39E6049C . 190880286 .
  7. Hacker . R. J. . Shimada . K. . A new ichthyodectiform fish (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Arlington Member (mid-Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Formation in Texas, USA . Cretaceous Research . 2021 . 123 . 104798 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104798. 2021CrRes.12304798H . 233806833 .
  8. Taverne . L. . Les Ichthyodectidae (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) des schistes bitumineux de TAptien (Crétacé inférieur) de Guinée Équatoriale et du Gabon . Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique . 2010 . 80 . 115–143 . fr.
  9. Taverne . L. . Capasso . L. . Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Furloichthys bonarellii gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Ichthyodectidae), a tropical fish from the Upper Cretaceous of central Italy . Geo-Eco-Trop. . 2018 . 42 . 1 . 75–88 .
  10. Arratia . G. . Scasso . R. A. . Kiessling . W. . Late Jurassic fishes from Longing Gap, Antarctic Peninsula . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 2004 . 24 . 1 . 41–55 . 10.1671/1952-4 . 2004JVPal..24...41A . 85783766 . 11336/91532 . free .
  11. Arratia . G. . Remarkable teleostean fishes from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany and their phylogenetic relationships . Fossil Record . 2000 . 3 . 1 . 137–179 . 10.1002/mmng.20000030108. free .
  12. Palci . Alessandro . Jurkovšek . Bogdan . Kolar-Jurkovšek . Tea . Caldwell . Michael W. . 2008-01-01 . New palaeoenvironmental model for the Komen (Slovenia) Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) fossil lagerstätte . Cretaceous Research . 29 . 316–328 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2007.05.003.
  13. Blanco-Piñón . A. . Alvarado-Ortega . J. . Review of Vallecillichthys multivertebratum (Teleostei: Ichthyodectiformes), a Late Cretaceous (early Turonian) "Bulldog fish" from northeastern Mexico . Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas . 2007 . 24 . 3 . 450–466 .
  14. Kim . H. . Chang . M. . Wu . F. . Kim . Y. . A new ichthyodectiform (Pisces, Teleostei) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea and its paleobiogeographic implication . Cretaceous Research . 2014 . 47 . 117–130 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.007. 2014CrRes..47..117K .
  15. Cavin . L. . Boudad . L. . Tong . H. . Läng . E. . Tabouelle . J. . Vullo . R. . Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco . PLOS ONE . 2015 . 10 . 5 . e0125786 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0125786. 26018561 . 4446216 . 2015PLoSO..1025786C . free .
  16. de Mayrinck . D. . Ribeiro . A. C. . Assine . M. L. . Spigolon . A. L. D. . A New Genus and Species of †Cladocyclidae (Teleostei: †Ichthyodectiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous "Batateira Beds", Barbalha Formation, Araripe Basin: The First Vertebrate Record in a Still Poorly Explored Fossil Site . Diversity . 2023 . 15 . 3 . 413 . 10.3390/d15030413 . free .
  17. Book: Kaddumi, Hani F. . Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas . Eternal River Museum of Natural History . 2009 . Amman . Ichthyodectids of the late Maastrichtian sediments of the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation of Harrana . 709582892.
  18. [Edward Drinker Cope|Cope, E. D]
  19. [Edward Drinker Cope|Cope, E. D]
  20. Vullo, R., Buffetaut, E. and Everhart, M.J. (2012). "Reappraisal of Gwawinapterus beardi from the Late Cretaceous of Canada: a saurodontid fish, not a pterosaur." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(5): 1198-1201.

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