Hybrid electric bus explained

See also: Hybrid electric vehicle. A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These type of buses normally use a Diesel–electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid Diesel–electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Powertrain

Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain

See main article: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain. A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH)[1] [2] or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC).[3] Since 2003, Allison Transmission has produced dual-mode hybrid drive units which take the place of a conventional transmission, mostly for transit buses in North America; as the name implies, it is able to switch between series and parallel modes.[4] [5]

Plug-in hybrid

See main article: Plug-in hybrid.

A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC,[6] when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical[7] and business feasibility[8] and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005[9] from NASEO to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $140k premium over existing buses.[10] The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage[11] although only in specific conditions.

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a 40miles electric range. Travel beyond the 40miles range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.[12]

Tribrid Bus

See also: Solar bus.

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

See main article: Global warming. A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.[14]

Manufacturers

See also: List of hybrid vehicles. Current manufacturers of Diesel–electric hybrid buses include Alexander Dennis, Azure Dynamics Corporation, Ebus, Eletra (Brazil), New Flyer Industries, Tata (India), Gillig, Motor Coach Industries, Novabus, Orion Bus Industries, Daimler AG's Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN,[15] Designline, BAE Systems, Volvo Buses, VDL Bus & Coach, Wrightbus, Castrosua, Tata Hispano[16] and many more.

Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland, Hong Kong, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Tokyo. The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands.[17]

In Japan, Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005.

For the North American transit bus market, New Flyer Industries, Gillig, and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using components from either BAE Systems (series hybrid, initially branded HybriDrive and now branded Series-E),[18] or Allison Transmission (parallel/series hybrid, branded Hybrid EP or H 40/50 EP).[19] In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on the market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series.

In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London "Double-Decker", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO2 emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus.

Former hybrid bus manufacturers

Conversions

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles (aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.[20]

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses

Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:[21]

North America

United States

Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

Canada

Asia

China

Hong Kong

India

Iran

Pakistan

Japan

etc.

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Europe

Belarus

Germany

Hungary

Norway

Romania

UK

See also: Low emission buses in London. The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.[37]

Spain

Sweden

Other European countries

Other countries

Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid . Volvo Buses . 2013-05-29.
  2. Web site: XL3 Hybrid Electric. 3 February 2018.
  3. Web site: Double Deck (2 axle) . Alexander-dennis.com . 2013-05-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120222044204/http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 . 2012-02-22 .
  4. Web site: Dual-Mode Hybrid/Two-Mode Hybrid Accomplishment . Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy . 8 July 2023.
  5. Web site: Seattle ordering 235 diesel electric hybrid buses . 22 October 2003 . DieselNet . 8 July 2024.
  6. Web site: Hybrid School Bus Presentation. Dulaney.
  7. Book: Pritchard. Ewan. Johnson. Richard R.. SAE Technical Paper Series . 2005-11-01. Hybrid Electric School Bus Technical Feasibility. 1 . https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2005-01-3615/. en. Warrendale, PA. 10.4271/2005-01-3615 .
  8. Pritchard. Ewan. Zickefoose. P.. Dulaney. Ken. 2019-10-03. HYBRID ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PRELIMINARY BUSINESS FEASIBILITY REPORT.
  9. Web site: Hybrid-electric project gains grant - Safety - School Bus Fleet. www.schoolbusfleet.com. en-US. 2019-09-27. 2019-09-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927151643/https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/news/680866/hybrid-electric-project-gains-grant. dead.
  10. Web site: Pioneering Plug-In Hybrids - Alternative Fuels - School Bus Fleet. www.schoolbusfleet.com. en-US. 2019-09-27.
  11. Web site: Enova Systems Announces Plug-In Hybrid School Bus Testing Shows 70 Percent Improved Fuel Economy and Significantly Reduced Emissions. 2008-04-29. www.businesswire.com. en. 2019-09-27.
  12. Web site: Energy.gov . Apps1.eere.energy.gov . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230255/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id%3D12463 . 2010-05-27 .
  13. News: Green 'tribrid' minibus unveiled. BBC . 2008-06-05 . 2008-06-05 .
  14. Web site: Energycurrent.com . Energycurrent.com . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080922130736/http://www.energycurrent.com/?id=3&storyid=12618&email=1 . 2008-09-22 .
  15. Web site: Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus | Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine . Frontierindia.net . 2010-05-25 . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005842/http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ . 2010-06-15 .
  16. Web site: tatahispano.com . Tata Hispano . 2013-08-05 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160112034614/http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en . 2016-01-12 .
  17. News: The Whispering Wheel - Electric Diesel Hybrid . Hasslberger, Sepp . December 27, 2003 . New Media Explorer . 7 February 2021.
  18. Web site: Series-E: Electric Propulsion and Power System . September 2014 . BAE Systems . 7 February 2021.
  19. Web site: Allison Hybrids Deliver Advanced Technology And Proven Reliability . 2016 . Allison Transmission . 7 February 2021.
  20. Web site: Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc (HEVT) | An IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) Startup in Chicago | Home . HEVT . 2010-11-27.
  21. Web site: Analysis of electric drive technologies for transit applications: Battery-electric, hybrid-electric, and fuel cells. 2005. 2017-03-09. 20. More transit authorities with HEV here (FTA)
  22. Web site: Jibreel Riley . COTA: Hybrid Bus Purchase . https://archive.today/20120630001436/http://www.theotherpaper.com/articles/2010/07/15/front/doc4c3f2bbe88007493930885.txt . dead . 2012-06-30 . Theotherpaper.com . 2010-07-20 . 2010-11-27 .
  23. Web site: Environmental Commitment . . September 3, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140914215549/http://communitytransit.org/programs/ems/ . 2014-09-14 . dead .
  24. Web site: Citilink: Hybrid Bus Demonstration . Fwcitilink.com . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101204161743/http://www.fwcitilink.com/news.htm . 2010-12-04 .
  25. https://www.gltconline.com/page.php?theLocation=/Resources/Site/About/Fleet__Facilities.xml
  26. Web site: Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority . go Metro . 2009-04-21 . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162359/http://go-metro.com/hybrid.html . 2010-11-22 .
  27. Web site: Ann Arbor campus welcomes three more hybrid buses . The Regents of the University of Michigan . 2012-09-11 . 2013-04-01.
  28. Web site: Service Summary - June 21, 2020 to September 5, 2020 . . 73.
  29. Web site: 2005-05-04 . Hybrid Electric Bus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070703054031/http://www.transitbc.com/regions/kel/news/hybrid_electric.cfm . July 3, 2007 . May 18, 2022 . Transitbc.com.
  30. Web site: Hybrid Bus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111222141053/http://www.grt.ca/en/doingbusiness/fastfacts.asp . 2011-12-22 .
  31. Web site: Transit goes green-er.
  32. Web site: 2019-07-19 . В Минске начали работать гибридные автобусы . Hybrid buses start operating in Minsk . be.
  33. Web site: В СЛУЦКЕ СОСТОЯЛАСЬ ЦЕРЕМОНИЯ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ГИБРИДНОГО АВТОБУСА БЕЛКОММУНМАШ. 2019-08-01. 2019-11-07. 2019-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20191107165245/https://bkm.by/news/v-slutske-sostoyalas-tseremoniya-peredachi-gibridnogo-avtobusa-belkommunmash/. dead.
  34. Web site: BUSportal - Viac ako 30 percent nižšie CO2 . Busportal.sk . 2010-11-27.
  35. Web site: Germany: MAN Lion's City Hybrid launches in Munich . Automotive World . 2010-05-27 . 2010-11-27.
  36. Web site: Hybrid Bus in the City: A Prototype with a Future . Physorg.com . 2007-08-20 . 2010-11-27.
  37. Web site: Green Bus Fund . Dft.gov.uk . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101113234021/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ . 2010-11-13 .
  38. Web site: Bus fleet audit—13 January 2017. Transport for London.
  39. Web site: Birmingham hybrid buses launched . National Express West Midlands Buses . 31 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170739/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched/ . 13 May 2012 .
  40. Web site: More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands . National Express West Midlands Buses . 31 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120611060705/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands . 11 June 2012 .
  41. Web site: Oxford Bus Company. www.oxfordbus.co.uk. 3 February 2018.
  42. Web site: Autobús urbano ecológico y eficiente - 29/09/2009 - Equipamiento para municipios . Interempresas.net . 2009-09-29 . 2010-11-27.
  43. Web site: Navarro . Xavier . Paris tests a new hybrid bus that uses ultracapacitors — Autoblog Green . Green.autoblog.com . 2009-04-15 . 2010-11-27.
  44. Web site: MAN Nutzfahrzeuge - Hybrid drive . Man-mn.com . 2010-11-27.
  45. Web site: Volvo Buses - when productivity counts . PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes . Volvobuses.com . 2010-04-20 . 2010-11-27.
  46. Web site: First hybrid Postbus . Postauto.ch . 2010-11-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033857/http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm . 2011-07-21 .
  47. Web site: Hernandez . Pablo . Transporte Carretero - Yutong y su mejor año en Uruguay . 2024-06-24 . Transporte Carretero . es-es.

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