The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.
As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but shows some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by radiometric dating and/or incremental dating and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated.
The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations.__TOC__
The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during around 10 to 7 million years ago.[1] The list of fossils begins with Graecopithecus, dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny.
Image | Name | data-sort-type=number | Age (Ma) | Species | Year discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Graeco | 7.20[2] | Graecopithecus | 1944, 2017 | Greece, Bulgaria Site:Pyrgos Vassilissis, Azmaka | Böhme (Tübingen), Spassov (BAS) | Met, Athens; Tübingen, Germany | ||
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7.00–6.00[3] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | Chad Site:Djurab Desert | Michel Brunet, Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC | ||
BAR 1000'00 | 6.1–5.7[4] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | Kenya Site:Lukeino | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut | |||
Trachilos footprints | 6.05[5] | Made by hominin or hominin-like primate | 2002 | Greece | Gerard D. Gierliński | |||
ALA-VP 1/20[6] | 5.65±0.150 | Ardipithecus kadabba | 1997 | Ethiopia Site:Middle Awash | Yohannes Haile-Selassie | |||
Image | Name | Age (Ma) | Species | Year discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ardi | 4.40[7] | Ardipithecus ramidus | 1994 | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie | |||
Lothagam mandible (KNM-LT 329)[8] | 4.60±0.40[9] | Australopithecus anamensis or undetermined Hominidae | 1967 | Kenya | Arnold Lewis,[10] Bryan Patterson[11] [12] [13] | |||
KNM-TH 13150 | 4.70±0.55[14] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1984 | Kenya | Kiptalam Cheboi | |||
KNM-KP 271 | 4.00[15] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1965 | Kanapoi, Kenya | Bryan Patterson | |||
Laetoli Footprints | 3.70 | Bipedal hominin | 1976 | Tanzania | Mary Leakey | |||
LH 4 | 3.40±0.50 | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974 | Laetoli, Tanzania | Mary Leakey[16] | |||
KSD-VP-1/1 (Kadanuumuu) | 3.58 | Australopithecus afarensis | 2005 | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie | |||
KT-12/H1 (Abel) | 3.50 | Australopithecus bahrelghazali | 1995 | Chad | Mamelbaye Tomalta and Michel Brunet | N'Djamena (Chad), BEAC | ||
KNM-WT 22944 G-J | 3.50 | Australopithecus sp. | 1990 | Kenya | Multinational team | National Museums of Kenya | ||
KNM-WT 40000 (Flat Faced Man)[17] | 3.50-3.20 | Kenyanthropus platyops | 1999 | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya | Justus Erus and Meave Leakey[18] | |||
BRT-VP-3/14 | 3.40±0.10 | Australopithecus deyiremeda | 2015 | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie[19] | |||
Stw 573 (Little foot) | 3.67 | Australopithecus prometheus(?) | 1994 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Ronald J. Clarke | |||
DIK-1 (Selam) | 3.30 | Australopithecus afarensis | 2000 | Ethiopia | Zeresenay Alemseged | |||
AL 288-1 (Lucy) | 3.20 | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974 | Ethiopia | Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb | National Museum of Ethiopia | ||
AL 200-1 | 3.10±0.10 | Australopithecus afarensis | 1975 | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Donald Johanson Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb | |||
AL 129-1 | 3.10±0.10 | Australopithecus afarensis | 1973 | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Donald Johanson | |||
AL 444-2[20] | 3.00 | Australopithecus afarensis | 1992 | Afar Region, Ethiopia | Yoel Rak | |||
LD 350-1[21] | 2.775±0.025[22] | Homo(?) | 2013 | Ethiopia | Chalachew Seyoum | |||
Taung Child 1 | 3.03–2.61 | Australopithecus africanus | 1924 | Buxton-Norlim Limeworks, South Africa | Raymond Dart | University of the Witwatersrand |
2.58–0.3 million years old
Name | Age (Ma) | Species | Date discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KNM-WT 17000 (The Black Skull) | 2.50 | Paranthropus aethiopicus | 1985 | Kenya | Alan Walker | ||
BOU-VP-12/130[23] | 2.50 | Australopithecus garhi | 1997 | Ethiopia | Yohannes Haile-Selassie | ||
STS 71[24] | 2.61–2.07 | Australopithecus africanus | 1947 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom and John T. Robinson | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
STS 52 | 2.61–2.07 | Australopithecus africanus | 1947 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
UR 501 (Uraha jawbone) | 2.40±0.10 | Homo rudolfensis[25] | 1991 | Malawi | Tyson Msiska, Timothy Bromage, Friedemann Schrenk | ||
STS 5 (Mrs. Ples) (STS 14)[26] | 2.07[27] | Australopithecus africanus | 1947 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
DNH 134 (Simon)[28] | 2.04 | Homo erectus | 2015 | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | Andy Herries' team (excavated by Richard Curtis, Andy Herries, Angeline Leece; reconstructed by Jesse Martin) | University of the Witwatersrand | |
DNH 155[29] | 2.04–1.95 | Paranthropus robustus | 2018 | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first found by Samantha Good and excavated by Samantha Good, Angeline Leece, Stephanie Baker and Andy Herries; reconstructed by Jesse Martin) | University of the Witwatersrand | |
DNH 152(Khethi) | 2.04–1.95 | Paranthropus robustus | 2018 | Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | Andy Herries and Stephanie Baker's team (first part found by Khethi Nkosi. later parts by Amber Jaeger, Eunice Lalunio; reconstructed by Jesse Martin & Angeline Leece) | University of the Witwatersrand | |
DNH 7 (Eurydice)[30] | 2.04–1.95 | Paranthropus robustus | 1994 | Drimolen, Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa | R. Smith and André Keyser | University of the Witwatersrand | |
KNM-ER 64060 | 2.03 | Homo habilis | 2012 | Ileret, Kenya | |||
KNM-ER 64061 | 2.02 | Homo erectus | 2012-2013 | Ileret, Kenya | |||
TM 1517[31] | 2.0 | Paranthropus robustus | 1938 | South Africa | Gert Terblanche | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
MH1 (Karabo)[32] [33] | 1.98[34] | Australopithecus sediba | 2008 | Malapa, South Africa | Matthew Berger and Lee Rogers Berger | University of the Witwatersrand | |
KNM-ER 1813 | 1.90 | Homo habilis | 1973 | Kenya | Kamoya Kimeu | ||
KNM-ER 1470 | 1.90 | Homo rudolfensis | 1972 | Kenya | Bernard Ngeneo[35] | ||
SK 48 | 2.25–1.80 | Paranthropus robustus | 1948 | Swartkrans, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
SK 46[36] | 2.25–1.80 | Paranthropus robustus | 1949 | Swartkrans, South Africa | Robert Broom | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | |
SK 847[37] | 2.25–1.80 | Homo habilis | 1949 | Swartkrans, South Africa | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | ||
OH 24 (Twiggy)[38] | 1.80 | Homo habilis | 1968 | Tanzania | Peter Nzube | ||
OH 8[39] | 1.80 | Homo habilis | 1960 | Olduvai, Tanzania | |||
D2700 (Dmanisi Skull 3) | 1.81±0.40[40] | Homo erectus | 2001 | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze and Abesalom Vekua | ||
D3444 (Dmanisi Skull 4) | 1.81±0.40 | Homo erectus | 2003 | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze | ||
D4500 (Dmanisi Skull 5) | 1.81±0.40 | Homo erectus | 2005 (published in 2013) | Dmanisi, Georgia | David Lordkipanidze | ||
KNM-ER 62000–62003[41] | 1.84±0.60 | Homo rudolfensis | 2012 | Koobi Fora, Kenya | Meave Leakey's team | ||
KNM-ER 64062 | 1.84±0.02 | Homo erectus | 2013 | Ileret, Kenya | |||
OH 5 (Zinj or nutcracker man) | 1.75 | Paranthropus boisei | 1959 | Tanzania | Mary Leakey | ||
OH 7 | 1.75 | Homo habilis | 1960 | Tanzania | Jonathan Leakey | ||
StW 53 | 1.8–1.6 | variously A. africanus, H. habilis, H. gautengensis | 1976 | Sterkfontein, South Africa | A. R. Hughes | University of the Witwatersrand | |
KNM-ER 1805 | 1.74 | Homo habilis | 1973/4 | Kenya | Paul Abell | ||
Yuanmou Man | 1.70 or 0.60–0.50 (disputed)[42] | Homo erectus | 1965 | China | Fang Qian | ||
KNM-ER 406 | 1.70 | Paranthropus boisei | 1969 | Kenya | Richard Leakey | ||
KNM-ER 732[43] | 1.70 | Paranthropus boisei | 1970 | Kenya | Richard Leakey | ||
KNM-ER 23000[44] | 1.70 | Paranthropus boisei | 1990 | Koobi Fora, Kenya | Benson Kyongo | ||
KNM-WT 17400[45] [46] | 1.70 | Paranthropus boisei | Not known[47] | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana) Kenya | unknown | National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (Kenia) | |
KNM-ER 3733 | 1.63±0.15[48] | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) | 1975 | Kenya | |||
Lantian Man | 1.62±0.03 | Homo erectus | 1963 | Lantian County, China | Woo Ju-Kang | ||
KNM-WT 15000 (Turkana Boy) | 1.60 | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) | 1984 | Lake Turkana (West Lake Turkana), Kenya | Kamoya Kimeu | Kenya National Museum | |
Peninj Mandible | 1.50 | Paranthropus boisei | 1964 | Tanzania | Richard Leakey | ||
Ileret Footprints | 1.50 | Homo erectus | 2007-2014 | Ileret, Kenya | |||
KNM-ER 992 | 1.50 | Homo ergaster (a.k.a. African Homo erectus) | 1971 | Kenya | Richard Leakey | ||
KNM-ER 3883 | 1.57±0.08 | Homo erectus | 1976 | Kenya | Richard Leakey | ||
Mojokerto 1 (Mojokerto child) | 1.43±0.10 | Homo erectus | 1936 | Indonesia | Andojo, G.H.R. von Koenigswald | ||
BL02-J54-100[49] | 1.40 | Similar to H. heidelbergensis | Unknown | Spain | Unknown | ||
KGA 10-525[50] [51] | 1.40 | Paranthropus boisei | 1993 | Konso-Gardula, Ethiopia | A. Amzaye | ||
OH 9 (Chellean Man)[52] | 1.40 | Homo erectus | 1960 | Olduvai, Tanzania | Louis Leakey | ||
Sima del Elephante maxilla[53] | 1.40 | Homo erectus? | 2022 | Spain | |||
ATE9-1[54] | 1.20 | Homo sp. or Homo erectus? | 2008 | Spain | Eudald Carbonell | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain) | |
Kocabaş | 1.10[55] | Homo erectus[56] | 2002 | Turkey | M. Cihat Alçiçek | ||
Daka | 1.00 | Homo erectus | 1997 | Ethiopia | Henry Gilbert | ||
Sangiran 4 | 1.00 | Homo erectus | 1939 | Indonesia | G.H.R. von Koenigswald | ||
Sangiran 2 | 1.15±0.45 | Homo erectus | 1937 | Indonesia | G.H.R. von Koenigswald | ||
Madam Buya[57] | 1.00 | Homo erectus | 1997 | Eritrea | Ernesto Abbate | National Museum of Eritrea | |
ATD6-15 and ATD6-69(Niño de la Gran Dolina 342) | 0.900[58] | Homo antecessor or Homo erectus | 1994 | Spain | Bermúdez & Arsuaga | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain) | |
Trinil 2 Pithecanthropus-1 or Java Man[59] | 0.850±0.150 | Homo erectus | 1891 | Indonesia | Eugène Dubois | Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden | |
Ternifine 2-3 now Tighennif[60] | 0.70 | Homo erectus | 1954 | Algeria | C. Arambourg & B. Hoffstetter | ||
Sangiran 17[61] | 0.70 | Homo erectus | 1969 | Indonesia | S. Sartono | ||
Peking Man | 0.73±0.50[62] | Homo erectus | 1921 | China | Davidson Black | Lost/stolen | |
Nanjing Man | 0.60±0.02 | Homo erectus | 1993 | China | Liu Luhong | ||
Bodo[63] | 0.600 | Homo heidelbergensis or Homo erectus | 1976 | Ethiopia | A. Asfaw | ||
Benjamina[64] [65] | 0.53 | Homo neanderthalensis | 2001-2001 | Spain | Ana Gracia Téllez | ||
Mauer 1 (Heidelberg Man) | 0.50 | Homo heidelbergensis | 1907 | Germany | Daniel Hartmann | Heidelberg University | |
Saldanha man[66] | 0.50 | Homo rhodesiensis | 1953 | South Africa | |||
Boxgrove Man | 0.50[67] | Homo heidelbergensis | 1994 | UK | Natural History Museum | ||
Arago 21 (Tautavel Man) | 0.45 | Homo erectus | 1971 | France | Henry de Lumley | ||
Ceprano Man[68] [69] | 0.450±0.050 | Homo cepranensis /Homo heidelbergensis | 1994 | Ceprano, Italy | Italo Biddittu | Servizio di antropologia, Soprintendenza ai beni culturali, Regione Lazio, Italy | |
Agamenón[70] | 0.43 | Homo neanderthalensis[71] | 1997 | Spain | Paleontological teams | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain) | |
Miguelón | 0.40 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1992 | Spain | Bermúdez, Arsuaga & Carbonell | Museo de la Evolución Humana, Burgos (Spain) | |
Aroeira 3 | 0.40 | Homo heidelbergensis | 2014 | Portugal | Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisbon | ||
Salé cranium[72] [73] [74] | 0.40-0.20 | Homo sapiens? | 1971 | Morocco | Quarry worker | ||
Swanscombe Man[75] | 0.40 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1935, 1936, 1955 | UK | Alvan T Marston, John J Wymer and Adrian Gibson | Natural History Museum | |
Ndutu[76] [77] | 0.45±.04 | Homo neanderthalensis affinities | 1973 | Tanzania | A.A. Mturi | ||
Hexian Man[78] [79] | 0.412±0.025[80] | Homo erectus | 1980-1981[81] | Hexian, China | |||
Gawis cranium | 0.350±0.150 | Homo erectus/Homo sapiens | 2006 | Ethiopia | Asahmed Humet | ||
Steinheim Skull | 0.35 | Homo heidelbergensis | 1933 | Germany | |||
Dinaledi Chamber hominins | 0.325±0.090[82] | Homo naledi | 2013 | South Africa | Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker | University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) | |
Homo heidelbergensis | 1949 | France | Musée de l'Homme | ||||
BH-1 | 0.4[83] | Homo heidelbergensis | Mala Balanica, Serbia | ||||
300,000–50,000 years old
50,000–11,500 years old
Name | Age (ka) | Species | Date discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homo luzonensis | 50±10 | Homo luzonensis | 2007 | Philippines | Florent Détroit & Armand Mijares | ||
Mungo Man | 50±10 | Homo sapiens | 1974 | Australia | |||
Mt. Circeo 1[134] | 50±10 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1939 | Italy | Prof. Blanc | ||
SID-00B | 49.2±2.5[135] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1994 | Sidrón Cave, Spain | |||
Simanya Neanderthals[136] | 49-42 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1978-1979, 2022 | Simanya cave | Miguel Aznar | Archaeology Museum of Catalonia | |
Ust'-Ishim man | 45 | Homo sapiens | 2008 | Russia | Nikolai Peristov | ||
Kents Cavern 4 maxilla | 43.5±2.5 | Homo sapiens | 1927 | UK | |||
Zlatý kůň woman | 43 | Homo sapiens | 1950 | Czech Republic | |||
Tianyuan man | 40.5±1.5 | Homo sapiens | 2007 | China | |||
Amud 1[137] | 41[138] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1961 | Israel | Hisashi Suzuki | ||
Neanderthal 1[139] | 40 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1856 | Germany | Johann Carl Fuhlrott | ||
Denisova hominin (X-Woman) | 40 | Homo sp. Altai | 2008 | Russia | Johannes Krause, et al. | ||
hominin toe bone | 40 | Homo sp. Altai (possible Neanderthal–Denisovan hybrid) | 2010 | Russia | |||
Oase 1 | 42–37[140] | Homo sapiens (EEMH x Neanderthal hybrid) | 2002 | Romania | |||
Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora) | 40–37[141] | Homo sapiens (EEMH) | 1954 | Russia | |||
SID-20[142] | 37.30±0.83 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1994 | Sidrón Cave, Spain | |||
Balangoda Man | 37 | Homo sapiens | 2012 | Sri Lanka | |||
Hofmeyr Skull | 36 | Homo sapiens | 1952 | South Africa | |||
Wadjak 1[143] | 33±4.5[144] | Homo sapiens (proto-Australoid[145]) | 1888 | Indonesia | |||
Red Lady of Paviland | 33 | Homo sapiens | 1823 | Wales, UK | William Buckland | ||
Yamashita-Cho Man | 32 | Homo sapiens | 1962 | Japan | |||
Engis 2 | 40±10[146] | Homo neanderthalensis | 1829 | Belgium | Philippe-Charles Schmerling | ||
Gibraltar 1 | 40±10 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1848 | Gibraltar | Captain Edmund Flint | ||
Le Moustier | 40±10 | Homo neanderthalensis | 1909 | France | |||
Denisovan tooth | 40±10 | Homo sp. Altai | 2000 | Russia | |||
PES-2 | 38.9–92 | Uncertain, possibly Homo neanderthalensis | Serbia | ||||
PES-1[147] | 31–29 | Uncertain, possibly Homo sapiens | Serbia | ||||
Yana RHS | 31.63 | Homo sapiens | Russia | ||||
Sungir I | 30.25±0.25 | Homo sapiens | Russia | ||||
Cro-Magnon 1 | 30 | Homo sapiens (EEMH) | 1868 | France | Louis Lartet | ||
NG 6 | 1931 | Indonesia | C. ter Haar and GHR von Koenigswald | --> | |||
WLH-50 | 29±5 | Homo sapiens | 1982 | Australia | |||
Predmost 3[148] | 26 | Homo sapiens | 1894 | Czech Republic | Karel Jaroslav Maška | ||
Lapedo Child | 24.5 | Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens | 1998 | Portugal | João Zilhão | ||
Mid-Upper Paleolithoic human humerus from Eel Point, Caldey Island, Wales, UK[149] | 24 | Homo sapiens | 1997 | Wales, UK | |||
MA-1 (Mal'ta boy) | 24 | Homo sapiens (ANE) | 1920s | Russia | |||
Abri Pataud Woman | 20.6 | Homo sapiens | France | ||||
[150] | Minatogawa 1 | 17±1 | Homo sapiens | 1970 | Japan | Anthropology Museum, Tokyo University | |
Tandou[151] [152] | 17 | Homo sapiens | 1967 | Australia | Duncan Merrilees | ||
Gough's Cave[153] [154] | 14.7 | Homo sapiens | 2010 | UK | |||
Iwo Eleru skull | 13[155] | Homo sapiens | 1965 | Nigeria | |||
"Kotias"[156] | 13 | Homo sapiens (CHG) | Kotias Klde cave, Georgia | ||||
Arlington Springs Man | 13[157] | Homo sapiens | 1959 | United States | Phil Orr | ||
Chancelade find | 14.5±2.5[158] | Homo sapiens | 1888 | France | |||
Villabruna 1 | 14 | Homo sapiens (WHG) | 1988 | Italy | |||
Bonn-Oberkassel double burial[159] | 14-13 | Homo sapiens | 1914[160] | Germany | |||
Bichon man | 13.7 | Homo sapiens (WHG) | 1956 | Switzerland | |||
Red Deer Cave | 13±1.5 | Homo sapiens | 1979 | China | Darren Curnoe? | ||
Name | Age (ka) | Culture / association | Year discovered | Country | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luzia | 11.5[161] | Paleo-Indian | 1975 | Brazil | ||
[162] | Cerro Sota 2[163] | 11 | 1936 | Chile | ||
"Satsurblia" | 10 | Caucasian Epipaleolithic (CHG) | Georgia | |||
Yaho skull[164] | 10? | 1961 | Chad | |||
Kow Swamp 1 | 13–9 | 1968 | Australia | |||
Talgai Skull[165] | 1886 | Australia | ||||
La Brea Woman | 10 (8000 BC) | Paleo-Indian | 1914 | United States | ||
Combe Capelle | 9.6 (7600 BC)[166] | European Mesolithic | 1909 | France | ||
Asselar man | Between 9500 BP and 7000 BP, with caution, 6390 BP[167] | Neolithic | 1927 | Mali | ||
Cheddar Man | 9 (7000 BC) | British Mesolithic | 1903 | United Kingdom | ||
Kennewick Man | 9 (7000 BC) | Archaic period (North America) | 1996 | United States | ||
Barum Woman | 8.8 (6800 BC) | European Mesolithic | 1939 | Sweden | ||
Tepexpan man | Paleo-Indian | 1947 | Mexico | |||
Loschbour man[168] | 8 (6000 BC) | European Mesolithic (WHG) | 1935 | Luxembourg | ||
Minnesota Woman | (5900 BC) | Paleo-Indian | 1931 | Minnesota, United States | ||
Lothagam 4b (Lo 4b)[169] | [170] | 1965–1975 | Kenya | |||
Bessé’[171] | 7.3–7.2 | Toalean | 2015 | Sulawesi, Indonesia | ||
Ötzi | 5.3 (3230 BC) | European Neolithic | 1991 | Ötztal Alps, Italy |
"The Gurumaha Tuff is radiometrically dated to, a date that is consistent withthe normal magnetic polarity of the Gurumaha section, presumably the Gauss Chron. An upper bounding age for LD 350-1 is provided by an adjacent, downfaulted younger block that contains the Lee Adoyta Tuff. [...] the age of LD 350-1 can be further constrained by stratigraphic scaling. [...] Based on the current chronostratigraphic framework for Ledi-Geraru, we consider the age of LD 350-1 to be 2.80–2.75 Ma".
Rajendran. P.. Bharath Kumar. R.. Bhanu. Vijaya. 2003. Fossilized hominid baby skull from the ferricrete at Odai, Bommayarpalayam, Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Current Science. en. 84. 6. 754. 2019-09-25. 2016-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235000/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252003/754.pdf. dead. "A similar type of ferricrete on Kerala coast has been dated by electron spin resonance to 0.187 million years. Therefore, more or less the same age can be assigned to the ferricrete at Odai and to the infant baby skull found within it. In the hominid evolutionary stage this may belong to the Homo erectus or Homo sapiens (Archaic)"