Hordeum Explained

Hordeum is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. They are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

One species, H. vulgare (barley), has become of major commercial importance as a cereal grain, used as fodder crop and for malting in the production of beer and whiskey. Some species have become weeds introduced worldwide by human activities, others have become endangered due to habitat loss.

Hordeum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the flame, rustic shoulder-knot and setaceous Hebrew character.

The name Hordeum comes from the Latin word for "to bristle" (horreō, horrēre),^[6] and is akin to the word "horror".

Species

Species include:^{[7] [8] [9]}

• Hordeum aegiceras – Mongolia, China including Tibet
• Hordeum arizonicum US (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
• Hordeum bogdanii – from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
• Hordeum brachyantherum – Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, US (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
• Hordeum brachyatherum – Chile
• Hordeum brevisubulatum – European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan
• Hordeum bulbosum – Mediterranean, Central Asia
• Hordeum californicum – US (CA; OR; NV)
• Hordeum capense – South Africa, Lesotho
• Hordeum chilense – Argentina, Chile (including Juan Fernández Is)
• Hordeum comosum – Argentina, Chile
• Hordeum cordobense – northern Argentina
• Hordeum depressum – US (CA; OR; WA; ID; NV), British Columbia, Baja California
• Hordeum distichon – Iraq
• Hordeum erectifolium – northern Argentina
• Hordeum euclaston – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
• Hordeum flexuosum – Uruguay, Argentina
• Hordeum fuegianum – Tierra del Fuego
• Hordeum guatemalense – Guatemala
• Hordeum halophilum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
• Hordeum intercedens (bobtail barley) – California, Baja California
• Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) – widespread in US and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
• Hordeum × lagunculciforme – Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
• Hordeum lechleri – Argentina, Chile
• Hordeum marinum (sea barley) – Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
• Hordeum murinum (wall barley) – Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
• Hordeum muticum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
• Hordeum parodii – Argentina
• Hordeum patagonicum – Argentina, Chile
• Hordeum × pavisii – France
• Hordeum procerum – Argentina
• Hordeum pubiflorum – Argentina, Chile
• Hordeum pusillum (little barley) – widespread in Canada and US; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina
• Hordeum roshevitzii – China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
• Hordeum secalinum – Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
• Hordeum spontaneum – from Greece and Egypt to central China
• Hordeum stenostachys – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
• Hordeum tetraploidum – Argentina, Chile
• Hordeum vulgare (barley) – native to the Middle East, now cultivated in many countries

Formerly included species

Botanists now regard many species as better suited to other genera: Arrhenatherum, Crithopsis, Dasypyrum, Elymus, Eremopyrum, Hordelymus, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum.

References

• Book: R. von Bothmer . N. Jacobsen . C. Baden . R. B. Jørgensen . I. Linde-Laursen . 1995 . An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum, 2nd ed. . 978-92-9043-229-6 . International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Rome. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050101065432/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/271/index.htm . 2005-01-01 .
• F. R. Blattner . 2004 . Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum (Poaceae) as inferred by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences . . 15336664 . 33 . 2 . 289–299 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.012 . 2004MolPE..33..289B .
• F. R. Blattner . 2006 . Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae) . . 169 . 16411962 . 3 . 603–614 . 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01610.x. free .
• F. R. Blattner . 2009 . Progress in phylogenetic analysis and a new infrageneric classification of the barley genus Hordeum (Poaceae: Triticeae) . Breeding Science. 69 . 5 . 471–480 . 10.1270/jsbbs.59.471 . free .
• S. S. Jakob . A. Ihlow . F. R. Blattner . 2007 . Combined ecological niche modelling and molecular phylogeography revealed the evolutionary history of Hordeum marinum (Poaceae) — niche differentiation, loss of genetic diversity, and speciation in Mediterranean Quaternary refugia . . 16 . 17402985 . 8 . 1713–1727 . 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03228.x. 2007MolEc..16.1713J . 46305338 .
• S. S. Jakob . E. Martinez-Meyer . F. R. Blattner . 2009 . Phylogeographic analyses and paleodistribution modeling indicates Pleistocene in situ survival of Hordeum species (Poaceae) in southern Patagonia without genetic or spatial restriction . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 . 4 . 907–923 . 10.1093/molbev/msp012 . 19168565. free .
• T. Pleines . F. R. Blattner . 2008 . Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae) . Taxon. 57 . 3 . 875–881 . 10.1002/tax.573016 .

External links

• species of Hordeum in "Wildflowers of Israel": Spntaneous Barley, Bulbous Barley, Wall Barley, Hordeum marinum,
• Hordeum hystrix, Hordeum vulgare

Notes and References

1. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=115751 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 大麦属 da mai shu Hordeum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753.
2. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=115751 Flora of Pakistan
3. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Hordeum Altervista Flora Italiana genere Hordeum
4. Book: Cabi . E. . Doğan . M. . 2012 . Poaceae . A. Güner . S. Aslan . T. Ekim . M. Vural . M. T. Babaç . Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi . 690–756 . Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını . Istanbul.
5. Book: Pohl . R. W. . Davidse . G. . 1994 . 60. Hordeum L. . G. Davidse . M. Sousa Sánchez . A. O. Chater . Alismataceae a Cyperaceae . Flora Mesoamericana . 6 . 247 . . México, D. F..
6. Web site: hordeum noun . Merriam-Webster . 13 January 2024.
7. http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Hordeum Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
8. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Hordeum The Plant List search for Hordeum
9. Web site: Hordeum L. . Atlas of Living Australia . 2015-02-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150201191446/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:380267 . 2015-02-01 . dead .