Homoptera Explained

Homoptera is a suborder of order Hemiptera that is considered by some taxonomists to be paraphyletic, and therefore deprecated (obsolete).[1] [2] [3] It was therefore split into the suborders Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.[4] [5] The earlier work was based on nuclear DNA, but more recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA suggest that Homoptera may be a monophyletic group after all, a sister group of Heteroptera.[6] The cause of the disparity in the analyses is suggested to be the long branch attraction effect in phylogenetic analysis, due to rapidly evolving DNA regions.[6]

The Homoptera include the aphids, scale insects, cicadas, and leafhoppers, which all have sucking mouthparts.

Notes and References

  1. Dudley R. (2002). The biomechanics of insect flight: Form, function, evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p 184. .
  2. Von Dohlen . CD . Moran . NA . 1995 . Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon . Journal of Molecular Evolution . 41 . 2 . 211–223 . 10.1007/BF00170675 . 7666451 . 1995JMolE..41..211V . 20275322 . 2011-05-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928185057/http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/1158.pdf . 2011-09-28 . dead .
  3. Why the taxon Homoptera does not exist . https://web.archive.org/web/20150122132644/http://169.237.77.3/gullanandcranstonlab/Gullanpdfs/Homoptera.pdf . dead . 2015-01-22 . Gullan, PJ . Entomologica . 33 . 1999 . 101–104 .
  4. Book: Schuh, Randall T. . Slater, James Alexander. 1995. True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): classification and natural history. Ithaca, New York. Cornell University Press. 4 - 5. 978-0-8014-2066-5.
  5. Book: Cobben, René Hubert. 1978. Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera, part 2: mouthpart-structures and feeding strategies. Verslagen van landbouwkundige onderzoekingen, number 707. Wageningen, Netherlands. H. Veenman for Centrum voor Landbouwpublikaties en Landbouwdocumentatie (Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation). 7. 852739989.
  6. Song, N. . Liang, A.-P. . Bu, C.-P. . 2012 . A Molecular Phylogeny of Hemiptera Inferred from Mitochondrial Genome Sequences . PLOS ONE . 7 . 11 . e48778 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0048778. 3493603 . 23144967. 2012PLoSO...748778S . free .

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