Hologenomics Explained

Hologenomics is the omics study of hologenomes. A hologenome is the whole set of genomes of a holobiont, an organism together with all co-habitating microbes, other life forms, and viruses.[1] While the term hologenome originated from the hologenome theory of evolution, which postulates that natural selection occurs on the holobiont level,[2] hologenomics uses an integrative framework to investigate interactions between the host and its associated species. Examples include gut microbe[3] or viral[4] genomes linked to human or animal genomes for host-microbe interaction research.[5] Hologenomics approaches have also been used to explain genetic diversity in the microbial communities of marine sponges.[6]

History

The origins of hologenomics revolves around the hologenome theory of evolution, which describes individual multicellular organisms, microbes, and viruses establishing symbiotic relationships and undergoing coevolution together.[7] Richard Jefferson introduced the term 'hologenome' to describe the host-symbiont genome as an evolutionary unit.[8] Prior to this, Lynn Margulis used the term 'holobiont' to describe hosts and their associated species as an ecological unit.[9]

Eukaryotes-prokaryotes coevolution

Earliest evidence of multicellular-unicellular interactions are seen in sponges, which are a well studied hologenomic system. Porifera are often described as holobionts because they harbor a wide range of bacteria, archaea and algae. Microbial communities present have been observed in facilitating metabolic functions and immune responses. Offspring inherit these microbial colonies via vertical and/or horizontal transmission.[10] Symbiont colonies are transferred through parental gametes in vertical transmission, whereas offspring acquire same colonies from their environment in horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission is also seen in terrestrial organisms like C. ocellatus, where gammaproteobacteria in the parental gut is vertically transferred through egg contamination.[11]

Criticism

The hologenome theory evolution is not fully accepted, and research in microbial-host phylogenetics is ongoing. Rather than the selection of corals with certain symbiotic microbial communities, coral bleaching may simply be a result of environmental stressors, and bacterial presence in bleached coral may be explained simply as opportunistic colonization.[12] Ubiquity testing also revealed many different bacterial and algal symbionts that are not associated with a single species of coral,[13] suggesting that hologenomics just identifies and validates mechanistic interactions between pathogens, microbes, and their hosts. [14]

Examples of discoveries with hologenomic approaches

Applications

Medicine

It's hypothesized the continued incidence non-infectious diseases is a result of modernization reducing the diversity of symbiotic microbes. The human microbiome has also been correlated to numerous etiologies of non-communicable disease, such as brain disorders,[18] cancer,[19] [20] and heart disease.[21] Interactions between human microbiome and human health are complex and suggest a hologenomic approach.

Disease biomarkers can be found by investigating lifestyle, genomic differences, and mRNA/protein/metabolite profiles of the patient and their microbiota. For investigating microbiomes and specifically microbiota subcommunities that may contribute to a disease phenotype, longitudinal studies are recommended as everyone has a personalized microbiome with small differences in microbiome phylotypes. A personalized plan managing a person’s microbiome can then be developed, with prebiotics nurturing beneficial endogenous microbes, and probiotics manipulating a person’s hologenome.[22]

Immunology

Conditional mutualism, where parasites have mutualistic effects under certain environmental/ecological conditions, have been found with holobiont-holobiont interactions.[23] Maturation of mammalian host immune systems has been known to involve gastrointestinal flora.[24] Understanding microorganism recognition of foreign pathogenic invasion and how host immunity favors the most ideal symbiont may aid in discovering novel therapeutic treatments to combat evolving diseases.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Rosenberg. Eugene. Zilber-Rosenberg. Ilana. 2018-04-25. The hologenome concept of evolution after 10 years. Microbiome. 6. 1. 78. 10.1186/s40168-018-0457-9. 2049-2618. 5922317. 29695294 . free .
  2. Number 6 in a series of 7 VHS recordings, A Decade of PCR: Celebrating 10 Years of Amplification, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1994. .
  3. Denman. Stuart E.. McSweeney. Christopher S.. 2015-02-16. The Early Impact of Genomics and Metagenomics on Ruminal Microbiology. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 3. 1. 447–465. 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110705. 25387109. 2165-8102. free.
  4. Patowary. Ashok. Chauhan. Rajendra Kumar. Singh. Meghna. KV. Shamsudheen. Periwal. Vinita. KP. Kushwaha. Sapkal. Gajanand N.. Bondre. Vijay P.. Gore. Milind M.. 2012-01-01. De novo identification of viral pathogens from cell culture hologenomes. BMC Research Notes. 5. 11. 10.1186/1756-0500-5-11. 1756-0500. 3284880. 22226071 . free .
  5. Book: Miller, William B. Jr.. The Microcosm Within: Evolution and Extinction in the Hologenome. Universal-Publishers. 2013. 978-1612332772.
  6. Webster. Nicole S.. Thomas. Torsten. 2016-05-04. The Sponge Hologenome. mBio. en. 7. 2. e00135–16. 10.1128/mBio.00135-16. 2150-7511. 4850255. 27103626.
  7. Rosenberg. Eugene. Zilber-Rosenberg. Ilana. 2018-04-25. The hologenomce concept of evolution after 10 years. Microbiome. 6. 1. 78. 10.1186/s40168-018-0457-9. 2049-2618. 5922317. 29695294 . free .
  8. Number 6 in a series of 7 VHS recordings, A Decade of PCR: Celebrating 10 Years of Amplification, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1994. .
  9. Book: Margulis. University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts Lynn. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Margulis. Lynn. Fester. René. 1991. MIT Press. 978-0-262-13269-5. en.
  10. Webster. Nicole S.. Thomas. Torsten. 2016-05-04. The Sponge Hologenome. mBio. en. 7. 2. e00135-16. 10.1128/mBio.00135-16. 2150-7511. 27103626. 4850255. free.
  11. Kaiwa. Nahomi. Hosokawa. Takahiro. Kikuchi. Yoshitomo. Nikoh. Naruo. Meng. Xian Ying. Kimura. Nobutada. Ito. Motomi. Fukatsu. Takema. 2010-06-01. Primary Gut Symbiont and Secondary, Sodalis-Allied Symbiont of the Scutellerid Stinkbug Cantao ocellatus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. en. 76. 11. 3486–3494. 10.1128/AEM.00421-10. 0099-2240. 20400564. 2876435. 2010ApEnM..76.3486K .
  12. Ainsworth . T. D. . Tracy Ainsworth . Fine . M. . Roff . G. . Hoegh-Guldberg . O. . 2008 . Bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica . The ISME Journal . en . 2 . 1 . 67–73 . 10.1038/ismej.2007.88 . 1751-7362 . 18059488 . free . 1032896.
  13. Hester. Eric R.. Barott. Katie L.. Nulton. Jim. Vermeij. Mark JA. Rohwer. Forest L.. May 2016. Stable and sporadic symbiotic communities of coral and algal holobionts. The ISME Journal. en. 10. 5. 1157–1169. 10.1038/ismej.2015.190. 26555246. 5029208. 1751-7370.
  14. Theis. Kevin R.. 2018-04-10. Hologenomics: Systems-Level Host Biology. mSystems. 3. 2. 10.1128/mSystems.00164-17. 2379-5077. 5895875. 29657963.
  15. Sauvage. Thomas. Schmidt. William E.. Yoon. Hwan Su. Paul. Valerie J.. Fredericq. Suzanne. 2019-11-13. Promising prospects of nanopore sequencing for algal hologenomics and structural variation discovery. BMC Genomics. 20. 1. 850. 10.1186/s12864-019-6248-2. 1471-2164. 6854639. 31722669 . free .
  16. Kamke. Janine. Taylor. Michael W.. Schmitt. Susanne. 2017-01-07. Activity profiles for marine sponge-associated bacteria obtained by 16S rRNA vs 16S rRNA gene comparisons. The ISME Journal. en. 4. 4. 498–508. 10.1038/ismej.2009.143. 20054355. 1751-7370. free.
  17. Fan. Lu. Reynolds. David. Liu. Michael. Stark. Manuel. Kjelleberg. Staffan. Webster. Nicole S.. Thomas. Torsten. 2012-07-03. Functional equivalence and evolutionary convergence in complex communities of microbial sponge symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 109. 27. E1878–E1887. 10.1073/pnas.1203287109. 0027-8424. 22699508. 3390844. free.
  18. Zhu. Sibo. Jiang. Yanfeng. Xu. Kelin. Cui. Mei. Ye. Weimin. Zhao. Genming. Jin. Li. Chen. Xingdong. 2020-01-17. The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 17. 1. 25. 10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z. 1742-2094. 6969442. 31952509 . free .
  19. Xavier. Joao B.. Young. Vincent B.. Skufca. Joseph. Ginty. Fiona. Testerman. Traci. Pearson. Alexander T.. Macklin. Paul. Mitchell. Amir. Shmulevich. Ilya. Xie. Lei. Caporaso. J. Gregory. 2020-03-01. The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View. Trends in Cancer. en. 6. 3. 192–204. 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.004. 2405-8033. 32101723. 7098063.
  20. Helmink. Beth A.. Khan. M. A. Wadud. Hermann. Amanda. Gopalakrishnan. Vancheswaran. Wargo. Jennifer A.. 2019-03-06. The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy. Nature Medicine. en. 25. 3. 377–388. 10.1038/s41591-019-0377-7. 30842679. 71145949. 1546-170X.
  21. Trøseid. Marius. Andersen. Geir Øystein. Broch. Kaspar. Hov. Johannes Roksund. 2020-02-01. The gut microbiome in coronary artery disease and heart failure: Current knowledge and future directions. eBioMedicine. en. 52. 102649. 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102649. 2352-3964. 32062353. 7016372.
  22. Young. Vincent B.. 2017-03-15. The role of the microbiome in human health and disease: an introduction for clinicians. BMJ. en. 356. j831. 10.1136/bmj.j831. 0959-8138. 28298355. 2443057.
  23. Dheilly. Nolwenn Marie. 2014-07-03. Holobiont–Holobiont Interactions: Redefining Host–Parasite Interactions. PLOS Pathogens. en. 10. 7. e1004093. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004093. 1553-7374. 4081813. 24992663 . free .
  24. Belkaid. Yasmine. Hand. Timothy W.. 2014-03-27. Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation. Cell. en. 157. 1. 121–141. 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011. 0092-8674. 24679531. 4056765.

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