History of Filipino Americans explained

The history of Filipino Americans begins in the 16th century when Filipinos first arrived in what is now the United States. The first Filipinos came to what is now the United States due to the Philippines being part of New Spain. Until the 19th century, the Philippines continued to be geographically isolated from the rest of New Spain in the Americas but maintained regular communication across the Pacific Ocean via the Manila galleon. Filipino seamen in the Americas settled in Louisiana, and Alta California, beginning in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Filipinos were living in the United States, fighting in the Battle of New Orleans and the American Civil War, with the first Filipino becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States before its end. In the final years of the 19th century, the United States went to war with Spain, ultimately annexing the Philippine Islands from Spain. Due to this, the history of the Philippines merged with that of the United States, beginning with the three-year-long Philippine–American War (1899–1902), which resulted in the defeat of the First Philippine Republic, and the attempted Americanization of the Philippines.

Mass migration of Filipinos to the United States began in the early 20th century due to Filipinos being U.S. nationals. These included Filipinos who enlisted as sailors of the United States Navy, pensionados, and laborers. During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans became targets of race-based violence, including race riots such as the one in Watsonville. The Philippine Independence Act was passed in 1934, redefining Filipinos as aliens for immigration; this encouraged Filipinos to return to the Philippines and established the Commonwealth of the Philippines. During World War II, the Philippines were occupied leading to resistance, the formation of segregated Filipino regiments, and the liberation of the islands.

After World War II, the Philippines gained independence in 1946. Benefits for most Filipino veterans were rescinded with the Rescission Act of 1946. Filipinos, primarily war brides, immigrated to the United States; further immigration was set to 100 persons a year due to the Luce–Celler Act of 1946, this though did not limit the number of Filipinos able to enlist into the United States Navy. In 1965, Filipino agricultural laborers, including Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz, began the Delano grape strike. That same year the 100-person per year quota of Filipino immigrants was lifted, which began the current immigration wave; many of these immigrants were nurses. Filipino Americans began to become better integrated into American society, achieving many firsts. In 1992, the enlistment of Filipinos in the Philippines into the United States ended. By the early 21st century, Filipino American History Month was recognized.

Immigration history

See also: Asian immigration to the United States and Filipino immigration to Mexico.

Migration patterns of immigration of Filipinos to the U.S. have been recognized as occurring in four significant waves.^[1] The first was connected to the period when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies; Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America.^[2] The first permanent settlement of Filipinos in the U.S. is at Louisiana specifically the independent community of Saint Malo.^[3] In the late 19th century, the author Ramon Reyes Lala became the first Filipino to naturalize and become an American citizen, settling in La Jolla^[4] The 1910 United States census recorded only 406 people of Filipino descent in the mainland U.S., including 109 in Louisiana and 17 in Washington state.

The second wave was during the period when the Philippines were a territory of the United States; as U.S. nationals, Filipinos were unrestricted from immigrating to the U.S. by the Immigration Act of 1917 that restricted other Asians.^[5] This wave of immigration has been referred to as the manong generation.^[6] Filipinos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were laborers, predominantly Ilocano and Visayans. This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans, due to American influences, and education, in the Philippines; therefore they did not see themselves as aliens when they immigrated to the United States.^[7] By 1920, the Filipino population in the mainland U.S. rose from nearly 400 to over 5,600. Then in 1930, the Filipino American population exceeded 45,000, including over 30,000 in California and 3,400 in Washington. During the early 20th century, anti-miscegenation laws began to impact Filipino Americans attempting to marry non-Filipinos, with some able to legalize their unions, and others not; in 1933 California amended its laws to specify that Filipinos could not marry Whites.^{[8] [9]}

During the Great Depression, Filipino Americans were also affected, losing jobs, and being the target of race-based violence.^[10] This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year.Beginning in 1901, Filipinos were allowed to enlist in the U.S. Navy.^[11] While serving, Filipino sailors would bring over their spouse from the Philippines, or marry a spouse in the U.S., parenting and raising children who would be part of a distinct Navy-related Filipino American immigrant community.^{[12] [13]} Before the end of World War I, Filipino sailors were allowed to serve in a number of ratings; however, due to a rules change during the interwar period, Filipino sailors were restricted to officers' stewards and mess attendants.^[14] Filipinos who immigrated to the United States, due to their military service, were exempt to quota restrictions placed on Filipino immigration at the time.^[15] This ended in 1946, following the independence of the Philippines from the U.S., but resumed in 1947 due to language inserted into the Military Base Agreement between the U.S. and the Republic of the Philippines. In 1973, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt removed the restrictions on Filipino sailors, allowing them to enter any rate they qualified for;^[16] in 1976 there were about 17,000 Filipinos serving in the U.S. Navy. Navy based immigration of Philippine citizens stopped with the expiration of the Military Bases Agreement in 1992.^[17]

The third wave of immigration followed the events of World War II.^[18] Filipinos who had served in World War II were given the option of becoming U.S. citizens, and many took the opportunity, over 10,000 according to Barkan.^{[19] [20]} Filipina war brides were allowed to immigrate to the U.S. due to the War Brides Act and Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act, with approximately 16,000 Filipinas entering the U.S. in the years following the war.^[21] This immigration was not limited to Filipinas and children; between 1946 and 1950, one Filipino groom was granted immigration under the War Brides Act.^[22] A source of immigration was opened up with the Luce–Celler Act, that gave the Philippines a quota of 100 persons a year; yet records show that 32,201 Filipinos immigrated between 1953 and 1965.^[23] The laws prevented interracial marriage with Filipinos continued until 1948 in California; this extended nationally in 1967 when anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court by Loving v. Virginia.^[24] This wave ended in 1965.

The fourth and present wave of immigration began in 1965 with the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. It ended national quotas, and provided an unlimited number of visas for family reunification.^[25] By the 1970s and 1980s, the immigration of Filipina wives of service members reached annual rates of five to eight thousand.^[26] The Philippines became the largest source of legal immigration to the U.S. from Asia.^[15] Many Filipinas of this new wave of migration have migrated here as professionals due to a shortage in qualified nurses;^[27] from 1966 until 1991, at least 35,000 Filipino nurses immigrated to the U.S., 55% of foreign-trained registered nurses taking the qualifying exam administered by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) were educated in the Philippines.^[28] Although Filipinos made up 24 percent of foreign physicians entering the U.S. in 1970, Filipino physicians experienced widespread underemployment in the 1970s due to the requirement of passing the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) exam to practice in the U.S.Immigrants experience a culture shock once arriving to the new country, in which adapting skills are necessary to survive in society. Although, with the past English education taught in the Philippines, many Filipinos are already educated in English and can efficiently talk fluently.^[29]

In 2016, 50,609 Filipinos obtained their lawful permanent residency, according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.^[30] Of those Filipinos receiving their lawful permanent residency status in 2016, 66% were new arrivals, while 34% were immigrants who adjusted their status within the U.S.^[31] In 2016, data collected from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security found that the categories of admission for Filipino immigrants were composed mainly of immediate relatives, that is 57% of admissions. This makes the admission of immediate relatives for Filipinos higher than the overall average lawful permanent resident immigrants, which is composed of only 47.9%.^[32] Following immediate relative admission, family sponsored and employment-based admission make up the next highest means of entry for Philippine immigration, with 28% and 14% respectively. Like immediate relative admission, both of these categories are higher than that of the overall U.S. lawful permanent resident immigrants. Diversity, refugees and asylum, and other categories of admission make up less than one percent of Filipino immigrants granted lawful permanent resident status in 2016.

Timeline

• 1573–1811, Between roughly 1556 and 1813, Spain engaged in the galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco. The galleons were built in the shipyards of Cavite, outside Manila, by Filipino craftsmen. The trade was funded by Chinese traders, manned by Filipino sailors and "supervised" by Mexico City officials. During this time, Spain recruited Mexicans to serve as soldiers in Manila. Likewise, they drafted Filipinos to serve as soldiers in Mexico. Once drafted and posted to the Americas, Filipino soldiers were frequently not returned home.^[33]
• 1587, First Filipinos ("Luzonians") to set foot in North America arrive in Morro Bay (San Luis Obispo), California on board the galleon ship Nuestra Senora de Esperanza under the command of Spanish Captain Pedro de Unamuno;^[34] Filipinos become the first Asians in California.^[35]
• 1595, Filipino were among the crew aboard the San Augustine when it wrecked near Point Reyes, California.^[36]
• 1763, First permanent Filipino settlements established in North America near Barataria Bay in southern Louisiana.^{[37] [38] [39]}
• 1769, Filipino sailors aboard the San Carlos die aboard ship in San Diego Bay during the Portolá expedition, and are buried ashore.^[40]
• 1779, A Filipino mariner, of the San Jose received their confirmation at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo;^[41] the confirmation was conducted by Fr. Junípero Serra.^[42]
• 1781, Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was chosen as a member of the first group of settlers to establish the City of Los Angeles, California. He and his daughter fell sick with smallpox while en route, and remained in Baja California for an extended period to recuperate. When they finally arrived in Alta California, it was realised that Miranda Rodriguez was a skilled gunsmith and he was reassigned in 1782 to the Presidio of Santa Barbara as an armorer.^{[43] [44]} When he died, he was buried at the presidio's chapel.^[45]
• 1796, The first American trading ship reaches Manila, the Astrea, under the command of Captain Henry Prince.^[46]
• 1814, During the War of 1812, Filipinos residing in Louisiana, referred to as "Manilamen" residing near the city of New Orleans, including the Manila Village, were among the "Baratarians", a group of men who fought with Jean Lafitte and Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. The battle was fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.^[47]
• 1861–1865, Approximately 100 Filipinos and Chinese enlist during the American Civil War into the Union Army and Navy, as well as serving, in smaller numbers, in the armed forces of the Confederate States of America.^[48]
• 1870, Filipinos mestizos studying in New Orleans form the first Filipino Association in the United States, the "Sociedad de Beneficencia de los Hispanos Filipinos".^[49]

• 1888, José Rizal arrives at the port of San Francisco for his trip through the United States.^[41]
• 1898, on May 1, the United States Navy decisively defeated Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay, the first battle of the Spanish–American War, beginning the American Colonial Era in the Philippines.^[50] On June 12, Filipino revolutionaries declare independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite. Prior to this year, Ramon Reyes Lala becomes the first naturalized Filipino American.^[51]
• 1899, Philippine–American War begins.

• 1901, United States Navy begins recruiting Filipinos.^[52]
• 1902, Philippine–American War ends.^[53] Philippine Bill of 1902 passed by the U.S. Congress.^[54]
• 1903, First Pensionados, Filipinos invited to attend college in the United States on American government scholarships, arrive.^[55]
• 1906, First Filipino laborers migrate to the United States to work on the Hawaiian sugarcane and pineapple plantations, California and Washington asparagus farms, Washington lumbercamps and Alaska salmon canneries. About 200 Filipino "pensionados" are brought to the U.S. to get an American education.^[56]
• 1907, Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo, become the first Resident Commissioners from the Philippines, in the United States House of Representatives.^[57]
• 1910, First Filipino, Vicente Lim, attends West Point.^{[58] [59]}
• 1911, José B. Nísperos becomes the first Asian American to be awarded the Medal of Honor.^{[60] [61]} Nevada became the first state to include Filipinos, referring to them as "Malays", in their miscegenation law.^[62]
• 1912, Filipino Association of Philadelphia (now known as Filipino American Association of Philadelphia, Inc., or FAAPI) is founded by Agripino Jaucian; it is perhaps the oldest Filipino organization in continuous existence in the United States. The name change came about to include the growing number of American wives.^{[63] [64]}
• 1913, Several months after the Battle of Bud Bagsak, armed resistance ended, finishing the Moro Rebellion.^[65]
• 1915, Telesforo Trinidad becomes the only Asian American sailor,, to earn the Medal of Honor.^[66]
• 1917, Philippine National Guard mustered into federal service^[67]
• 1919, USS Rizal is commissioned into the United States Navy.^[68] On August 31 lawyer and community leader Pablo Manlapit organizes the Filipino Labor Federation to demand higher wages and better working conditions for sakadas.^[69]
• 1920s, Filipino labor leaders organize unions and strategic strikes to improve working and living conditions.^[70] Among the union organizers there were individuals who had harbored communist sentiments, as well as those who were nationalistic and anti-communist.^[71]
• 1924, during a labor strike in Hawaii, as a result of violence by Visayans strikers against Ilocano non-strikers, 16 strikers and four law enforcement officials were killed during the Hanapepe massacre.^[72]
• 1927, Anti-Filipino riots occur in the Yakima Valley, Washington.^[73]
• 1928, Filipino Businessman Pedro Flores opens Flores yo-yos, which is credited with starting the yo-yo craze in the United States. He came up with and copyrighted the word "yo-yo".^[74] He also applied for and received a trademark for the Flores Yo-yo, which was registered on July 22, 1930. His company went on to become the foundation of the later Duncan yo-yo company. Anti-Filipino riots occur in the Wenatchee Valley.^[75]
• 1929, An anti-Filipino riot occurs in Exeter, California.^[76]
• 1930, Anti-Filipino riots break out in Watsonville and other California rural communities, in part because of Filipino men having intimate relations with white women, which was in violation of the California anti-miscegenation laws of the time.^[77] The Filipino Federation of America building in Stockton was bombed.^[78] A Filipino labor camp was bombed in the Imperial Valley.^[79]
• 1933, After the Supreme Court of California found in Roldan v. Los Angeles County that existing laws against marriage between white persons and "Mongoloids" did not bar a Filipino man from marrying a white woman, California's anti-miscegenation law, Civil Code Section 60 was amended to prohibit marriages between white persons and members of the "Malay race" (e.g. Filipinos).^[80]
• 1934, The Tydings–McDuffie Act, known as the Philippine Independence Act, limited Filipino immigration to the U.S. to 50 persons a year (not to apply to persons coming or seeking to come to the Territory of Hawaii);^[81] A Filipino Labor Union Incorporated camp was attacked in Salinas after a failed strike.^[82]
• 1935, Philippines becomes self-governing with the Commonwealth of the Philippines inaugurated.^[83]
• 1936, Fe del Mundo continues her education at Harvard Medical School.^[84]

• 1941, Washington Supreme Court rules unconstitutional the Anti-Alien Land Law of 1937 which banned Filipino Americans from owning land.^{[85] [86]}
• Early 1942, Filipinos communities in the United States began to designate themselves as Filipinos to avoid anti-Japanese discrimination^{[87] [88]}
• April 1942, First and Second Filipino Regiments formed in the U.S. composed of Filipino agricultural workers.^{[89] [90]}

• May 1942, After the fall of Bataan and Coregidor to the Japanese, the U.S. Congress passes a law which grants U.S. citizenship to Filipinos and other aliens who served under the U.S. Armed Forces.^[91]

• 1946, President Truman signs the Rescission Act of 1946, taking away the veterans benefits pledged to Filipino service members during world War II.^[92] Only four thousand service members were able to gain citizenship during this period.^[93] The United States recognizes Philippine Independence through the Treaty of Manila.^[94] America Is in the Heart by Carlos Bulosan published.^[95] Filipino Naturalization Act allows naturalization of Filipino Americans,^[96] granted citizenship to those who arrived prior to March 1943.^[97]
• 1948, Vicki Draves wins two Olympic gold medals; is the only Filipino to have won a gold medal.^[98] California Supreme Court rules California's anti-miscegenation law unconstitutional in the case of Perez v. Sharp,^[99] ending racially based prohibitions on marriage in the state (although it wasn't until Loving v. Virginia in 1967 that interracial marriages were legalized nationwide). Celestino Alfafara wins California Supreme Court decision allowing aliens the right to own property.^[100]
• 1955, Peter Aduja becomes first Filipino American elected to office as a member of the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives.^[101]
• 1956, Bobby Balcena becomes first Asian American to play Major League baseball, playing for the Cincinnati Reds.^[102]
• 1965, Congress passes the Immigration and Nationality Act which facilitates entry for skilled Filipino workers.^[103] Delano grape strike begins when members of Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee led by Philip Vera Cruz, Larry Dulay Itliong, Benjamin Gines, Mariano Armington, Andy Imutan and Pete Velasco with mostly Filipino farm workers.^[104] The last Filipino village, Manila Village, in the Louisiana Bayou is destroyed by Hurricane Betsy.^[105]
• 1967, The Philippine (now Pilipino) American Collegiate Endeavor (PACE) founded at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University).^{[106] [107]}
• 1969, Filipino Students Association (FSA) founded by Filipino American students at University of California, Berkeley during the Third World Movement; later renamed the Pilipino American Alliance.^[108] Dr. Antonio Ragadio, President of the Filipino Dental Association of Northern California, and Estrella Salaver, President and Founder of the Philippine American Cultural Foundation, work with Assemblyman Willie Brown and Senator Milton Marks to pass bill allowing Filipino and other foreign dentists to take the California qualifying examinations to practice in California.^[109]
• 1972, United States Coast Guard discontinued its program to enlist Filipinos from the Philippines.
• 1973, Larry Asera becomes the first Filipino American elected in the Continental United States, being elected to the city council of Vallejo.^[110]
• 1974, Benjamin Menor appointed first Filipino American in a state's highest judiciary office as Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court.^[111] Thelma Buchholdt is the first Filipino American, and first Asian American, woman elected to a state legislature in the United States, in the Alaska House of Representatives.^{[112] [113]}
• 1975, Kauai's Eduardo Malapit elected first Filipino American mayor in the United States.^[114]
• 1977, Evictions are carried out of elderly Filipinos from the International Hotel in Manilatown, San Francisco, effectively ending the community.^[115]

• 1978, Alfred Laureta becomes the first Filipino American federal judge, serving on the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands.^[116]
• 1981, Filipino American labor activists Silme Domingo and Gene Viernes are both assassinated June 1, 1981, inside a Seattle downtown union hall.^[117] International Hotel in Manilatown, San Francisco is demolished.^[118]
• 1983, California Governor Jerry Brown appoints Ronald Quidachay as first Filipino-American judge to the San Francisco Municipal Court.^[119]
• 1990, David Mercado Valderrama becomes first Filipino American elected to a state legislature in the Continental United States, serving Prince George's County in Maryland.^{[120] [121]} Immigration reform Act of 1990 is passed by the U.S. Congress granting U.S. citizenship to Filipino World War II veterans;^[122] more than 20,000 veterans naturalized due to the act.^[123]
• 1992, Velma Veloria becomes first Asian American elected to the Washington State Legislature.^[124] Bobby Scott becomes the first person with Filipino heritage elected to the United States House of Representatives.^{[125] [126]} Eleanor Mariano becomes the first female Physician to the President; later Mariano becomes the first female director of the White House Medical Unit (1994), and the first Filipino American flag officer (2000).^[127] The United States Navy ends its program to enlist Filipinos from the Philippines, due to the end of the Military Base Agreement.^[128]
• 1994, Benjamin J. Cayetano becomes the first Filipino American governor in the United States.^[129]
• 1995, The nation's largest Filipino mural, Gintong Kasaysayan, Gintong Pamana (Filipino Americans: A Glorious History, A Golden Legacy) in Los Angeles is unveiled and dedicated with over 600 people attending.^[130] Edward Soriano becomes the first Filipino American general officer.^[131]
• 1999, U.S. postal worker Joseph Ileto was murdered in a hate crime in Chatsworth, California, and whose death is often overlooked outside of the Filipino American community.^[132] The Carlos Bulosan Memorial Exhibit opens in Seattle's Eastern Hotel in the International District, honoring the Filipino novelist and poet Carlos Bulosan.^[133] A street on Fort Sam Houston is named after Medal of Honor recipient Jose Calugas.^[134]
• 2000, Robert Bunda elected Hawaii Senate President, the First Filipino American to hold the position.^[135] Angela Perez Baraquio becomes first Filipino American crowned as Miss America. John Ensign, who has a Filipino great-grandparent, is elected to the United States Senate.^[136]
• 2002, in April, the Bataan Death March Memorial, is dedicated in Las Cruces, New Mexico; it is the first, and only, federally funded memorial for the Bataan Death March.^{[137] [138]} In August, Historic Filipinotown is designated by Los Angeles^[139]
• 2003, Philippine Republic Act No. 9225, also known as the Citizenship Retention and Re-Acquisition Act of 2003 enacted, allowing natural-born Filipinos naturalized in the United States and their unmarried minor children to reclaim Filipino nationality and hold dual citizenship.^{[140] [141]}
• 2005, Hurricane Katrina impacts New Orleans, damaging or destroying the work of Marina Espina, research of Filipino history in New Orleans dating back to the 18th century; it also displaced many Filipino American families that lived in the area for over 7 generations.^[142]
• 2006, first monument dedicated to Filipino soldiers who fought for the United States in World War II unveiled in Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles, California.^[143] A portion of California State Route 54 is named the Filipino-American Highway.^{[144] [145]} Congress passes legislation that commemorates 100 Years of Filipino Migration to the United States.^[146] Hawaii celebrates the centennial of Filipinos in Hawaii.^[147]
• 2007, First American public park built with Filipino themed design features unveiled in LA's Historic Filipinotown.^[148]
• 2008, Bruce Reyes-Chow, 3rd generation Filipino and Chinese American was Elected Moderator of Presbyterian Church (USA).^[149]
• 2009, Filipino American History Month is recognized in California.^[150] Steve Austria becomes "the first, first-generation Filipino to be elected to the United States Congress."^[151] Mona Pasquil becomes first Filipino American, and first Asian American, lieutenant governor of California.^[152]
• 2011, Amado Gabriel Esteban becomes the first Filipino American president of a university, Seton Hall University, in the United States.^[153]
• 2012, Lorna G. Schofield becomes a Filipino American federal judge.^[154] Rob Bonta, becomes the first Filipino American elected to the California State Legislature.^[155]
• 2013, California passed legislation that required that Filipino contributions to the state's history be included in the curriculum.^[156]
• 2014, an overpass on the Filipino-American Highway is named Itliong-Vera Cruz Memorial Bridge,^[157] named for two prominent Filipino American leaders of the Delano Grape Strike, Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz^[158]
• 2015, Ralph Deleon, who was later highlighted in a 2016 speech about immigration by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump, is convicted of provide material support to terrorists.^[159] Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School, in Union City, California becomes the first school in the United States named for a Filipino American.^[160]
• 2017, Oscar A. Solis becomes the first Filipino American Catholic diocesan bishop in the United States;^[161] he was elevated to a bishop in Los Angeles in 2004, being the first Filipino American bishop.^[162]
• 2018, Erin Entrada Kelly becomes the first Filipino American to win the John Newbery Medal for the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children.^[163] Robert Lopez becomes the first person to earn a double Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards winner (EGOT).^[164]
• 2019, Darren Criss becomes the first Filipino American to win a Golden Globe.^[165]
• 2020, Dozens of Filipino American healthcare workers have died due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the New Jersey-New York area,^[166] and elsewhere.^[167] Of all nurses who died with a COVID-19 infection nationally in 2020, almost a third were Filipino Americans.^[168]

See also

• History of Asian Americans
• Filipino American history in San Diego
• Filipino American military history in World War II

Further reading

• Book: Fred Cordova. Filipinos, Forgotten Asian Americans: A Pictorial Essay, 1763-circa 1963. registration. 1983. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 978-0-8403-2897-7.
• Book: Filipino Oral History Project. Voices, a Filipino American oral history. 1984. Filipino Oral History Project.
• Book: Takaki, Ronald. In the Heart of Filipino America: Immigrants from the Pacific Isles. registration. 1994. Chelsea House. 978-0-7910-2187-3. Ronald Takaki.
• Book: Takaki, Ronald. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. New York. Back Bay Books. 1998. 1989. Updated and revised. 0-316-83130-1. none.
• John Wenham . 1994 . Filipino Americans: Discovering Their Past for the Future . VHS . Filipino American National Historical Society.
• Book: Joseph Galura. Emily P. Lawsin. 1945-1955 : Filipino women in Detroit. 2002. OCSL Press, University of Michigan. 978-0-9638136-4-0.
• Book: Choy, Catherine Ceniza. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. 2003 . . 9780822330899. 2003. registration. Filipinos Texas..
• Book: Bautista, Veltisezar B. . The Filipino Americans: (1763–present) : their history, culture, and traditions . 2008 . Bookhaus. 9780931613173. 254 .

Filipino American National Historical Society books published by Arcadia Publishing

• Book: Estrella Ravelo Alamar. Willi Red Buhay. Filipinos in Chicago. 2001. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-1880-0.
• Book: Mel Orpilla. Filipinos in Vallejo. 2005. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-2969-1.
• Book: Mae Respicio Koerner. Filipinos in Los Angeles. 2007. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-4729-9.
• Book: Carina Monica Montoya. Filipinos in Hollywood. 2008. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5598-0.
• Book: Evelyn Luluguisen. Lillian Galedo. Filipinos in the East Bay. 2008. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5832-5.
• Book: Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.. Rico Reyes. Filipino American National Historical So. Filipinos in Stockton. 2008. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5624-6.
• Book: Carina Monica Montoya. Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-6954-3.
• Book: Florante Peter Ibanez. Roselyn Estepa Ibanez. Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7036-5.
• Book: Rita M. Cacas. Juanita Tamayo Lott. Filipinos in Washington. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-6620-7.
• Book: Dorothy Laigo Cordova. Filipinos in Puget Sound. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7134-8.
• Book: Judy Patacsil. Rudy Guevarra, Jr.. Felix Tuyay. Filipinos in San Diego. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8001-2.
• Book: Tyrone Lim. Dolly Pangan-Specht. Filipino American National Historical Society. Filipinos in the Willamette Valley. 2010. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-8110-1.
• Book: Theodore S. Gonzalves. Roderick N. Labrador. Filipinos in Hawai'i. 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-7608-4.
• Book: Filipino American National Historical Society. Manilatown Heritage Foundation. Pin@y Educational Partnerships. Filipinos in San Francisco. 14 February 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-1-4396-2524-8.
• Book: Elnora Kelly Tayag. Filipinos in Ventura County. 2 May 2011. Arcadia Publishing. 978-1-4396-2429-6.
• Book: Eliseo Art Arambulo Silva. Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia. 2012. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-9269-5.
• Book: Kevin L. Nadal. Filipino-American National Historical Society. Filipinos in New York City. 30 March 2015. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. 978-1-4396-5056-1.

External links

• Filipino Home
  • After Katrina
• History of Filipino Americans in Seattle
• Web site: City of Los Angeles declares Historic Filipinotown. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195622/http://www.fasgi.org/news/LA_declares_historic_filipinotown.html. September 28, 2007.
• Filipino Cannery Unionism Across Three Generations 1930s–1980s, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
• Manilamen: The Filipino Roots in America (archived from the original on 2008-05-14)
• Pinoy in the War of 1812
• Filipino Veterans of War of 1812 and American Civil War (archived from the original on 2007-02-06)
• History of Filipino Americans in Chicago
• Census 2000 Brief: The Asian Population: 2000

Notes and References

1. Book: Gary Laderman. Luis León. Religion and American Cultures: Tradition, Diversity, and Popular Expression, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]. 17 December 2014. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-61069-110-9. 28.
   Book: Kevin L. Nadal. Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. 23 March 2011. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-01977-1. 22–26.
2. Book: Marina Estrella Espina. Filipinos in Louisiana. 1988. A.F. Laborde.
   Book: Floro L. Mercene. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. 2007. UP Press. 978-971-542-529-2.
   Book: Elliott Robert Barkan. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-219-7. 347.
3. Web site: Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989 . Eloisa Gomez Borah . 1997 . Anderson School of Management . . 25 February 2012 . February 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120208123432/http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf . dead .
4. News: . Ramon Reyes Lala . Los Angeles Herald . 11 September 1898 . 29 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012527/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18980911.2.55 . March 30, 2018 . live .
   Book: Everybody's Magazine. 1900. North American Company. 381–388.
   Book: The American Magazine. 1900. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 97.
   Book: Josephus Nelson Larned. Philip Patterson Wells. The Literature of American History: A Bibliographical Guide, in which the Scope, Character, and Comparative Worth of Books in Selected Lists are Set Forth in Brief Notes by Critics of Authority. 1902. American Library Association. 272.
   News: Gomez . Buddy . 30 March 2018 . OPINION: The first naturalized Filipino-American . ABS CBN News . Philippines . 29 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180329203611/http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/03/30/18/opinion-the-first-naturalized-filipino-american . March 29, 2018 . live .
5. Boyd. Monica. 1971. Oriental Immigration: The Experience of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Populations in the United States. 3002046. The International Migration Review. 5. 1. 48–61. 10.2307/3002046.
6. Web site: Filipino American History . January 29, 1998 . Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization . California State University, Chico . June 7, 2011 . These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines. . https://web.archive.org/web/19991012012919/http://www.csuchico.edu/ncpaso/filipino.htm . October 12, 1999 . live .
   Web site: Learn about our culture . Filipino Student Association . Saint Louis University . June 7, 2011 . These Filipino pioneers were known as the "manong generation" since most of them came from Ilokos Sur, Iloilo, and Cavite in the Philippines. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070912163231/http://www.slu.edu/organizations/fsa/fsaphilippines.html . September 12, 2007 . dead . mdy-all .
   Book: Jackson, Yo . Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology . 2006 . SAGE . Thousand Oaks, California . 978-1-4129-0948-8 . 216 . June 7, 2011 . Included in this group were Pensionados, Sakadas, Alaskeros, and Manongs primarily from the Illocos and Visayas regions. .
7. Book: Starr, Kevin . Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963 . 2009 . Oxford University Press US . New York . 978-0-19-515377-4 . 450 . April 27, 2011 . They were, however, officially under the protection of the United States, which governed the Philippines, and herein they took a distinctive characteristics. First of all, they had been inculcated in the Philippines, through the American-sponsored education system and through the general point of view of a colonial society strongly under American influence, in the belief that all men were created equal, in fact and under the law, and that included them. Second, they spoke English, excellently in many cases, thanks once again to the American sponsored educational system in the Philippines. Filipino migrant workers did not see themselves as aliens..
8. Book: Baldoz, Rick. The Third Asiatic Invasion. 2011. NYU Press. 9780814709214. 101.
9. Volpp . Leti . 1999–2000 . American Mestizo: Filipinos andAntimiscegenation Laws in California . U.C. Davis Law Review . 33 . 795–835 . 9 November 2021.
10. Book: Austin, Joe . Generations of youth: youth cultures and history in twentieth-century America . Michael Willard . 1998 . NYU Press . New York . 978-0-8147-0646-6 . 118–135 . registration . Filipinos immigrants urban. . April 27, 2011.
11. Web site: Hooker . J.S. . Filipinos in the United States Navy . https://web.archive.org/web/20060820202543/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/filipinos.htm . dead . August 20, 2006 . July 7, 2006 . Navy Department Library . . September 27, 2009 . mdy-all .
12. Book: David K. Yoo. Eiichiro Azuma. The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. 4 January 2016. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-986047-0. 402.
13. Book: Le Espiritu, Yen . Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries . University of California Press . 2003 . 9780520235274 . 30 . October 23, 2012 .
    Suarez . Theresa C. . Fall 2015 . (De)Militarized Domesticity: Reconfiguring Marriage, Gender, and Family among Filipino Navy Couples . Women, Gender, and Families of Color . 3 . 2 . 190–208 . 10.5406/womgenfamcol.3.2.0190 . 10.5406/womgenfamcol.3.2.0190 . 147039867 .
    News: Rowe . Peter . 27 July 2015 . Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego . The San Diego Union-Tribune . 8 January 2020 .
    Book: Jr., Rudy P. Guevarra. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9. 25–26.
14. Book: Le Espiritu, Yen . Home Bound: Filipino American Lives across Cultures, Communities, and Countries . University of California Press . 2003 . 9780520235274 . 29 . October 23, 2012 .
15. Web site: The Paradox of Assimilation: Children of Filipino Immigrants in San Diego -- Yen Espiritu . Espiritu . Yen Le . Diane L. . Wolf . 1999 . Research & Seminars . University of California, Davis . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065341/https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rs/more.php?id=50 . May 14, 2018 . live .
16. News: From Stewards to Admirals: Filipinos in the U.S. Navy . Ramon J. Farolan . Asian Journal . July 21, 2003 . October 23, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090324015426/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=3aa56896ce0e9bc13f9afc78829530d0 . March 24, 2009 . mdy-all .
17. News: Philippine Enlistment Program Sailors Reflect on Heritage . MC3 Rialyn Rodrigo . Navy News Service . March 1, 2009 . April 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090912152827/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=43042 . September 12, 2009 . live .
18. Arnold. Fred. Cariño. Benjamin V.. Fawcett. James T.. Park. Insook Han. 1989. Estimating the Immigration Multiplier: An Analysis of Recent Korean and Filipino Immigration to the United States. 2546463. The International Migration Review. 23. 4. 813–838. 10.2307/2546463. 12282604.
19. Book: Posadas, Barbara Mercedes . The Filipino Americans . 1999 . Greenwood Publishing Group . Westport, Connecticut . 978-0-313-29742-7 . 26 . registration . Leyte 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment. . May 19, 2011 .
20. Barkman . Elliot R. . 1983 . Whom Shall We Integrate?: A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians Before and After the 1965 Immigration Act (1951–1978) . Journal of American Ethnic History . 3 . 1 . 29–57 . 27500294 .
21. Book: Baldoz, Rick . The Third Asiatic Invasion: Migration and Empire in Filipino America, 1898–1946 . 2011 . NYU Press . New York . 978-0-8147-9109-7 . 228 . June 10, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111222201315/http://books.google.com/books?id=qtn31sdI4j8C&lpg=PA228&dq=Fiancees%20Act%20Filipino&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false . December 22, 2011 . live .
22. Book: Daniels, Roger . Immigration and the legacy of Harry S. Truman: Volume 6 of Truman legacy series . 2010 . Truman State Univ Press . 978-1-931112-99-4 . 103 . February 7, 2012.
23. Book: Segal, Uma Anand . A framework for immigration: Asians in the United States . 2002 . Columbia University Press . New York . 978-0-231-12082-1 . 149 . April 27, 2011.
24. Martyn . Byron Curti . June 1979 . Racism in the United States: A history of the anti-miscegenation legislation and litigation . Dissertation . University of Southern California . 1260–1261 . October 12, 2021.
25. Book: Yo, Jackson . Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology . 2006 . SAGE . 978-1-4129-0948-8 . 216 . September 27, 2009.
26. Book: Min, Pyong Gap . Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues . 2006 . Pine Forge Press . Thousand Oaks, California . 978-1-4129-0556-5 . 14 . February 14, 2011.
27. Book: Daniels, Roger . Coming to America: a history of immigration and ethnicity in American life . 2002 . HarperCollins . 978-0-06-050577-6 . 359 . April 27, 2011.
    Espiritu . Yen Le . 2005 . Gender, Migration, and Work: Filipina Health Care Professionals to the United States . Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales . 21 . 1 . 55–75 . 10.4000/remi.2343. free .
28. . Philippine Nurses in the U.S.—Yesterday and Today . Minority Nurse . Springer . 30 March 2013 . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141526/https://minoritynurse.com/philippine-nurses-in-the-u-s-yesterday-and-today/ . May 14, 2018 . live .
29. Francisco-Menchavez . Valerie . Delos Reyes . Jessa . Mendoza . Tiffany . Ancheta . Stephanie . Liwanag . Katrina . 2018-04-03 . Claiming Kapwa : Filipino Immigrants, Community-Based Organizations, and Community Citizenship in San Francisco . New Political Science . en . 40 . 2 . 404–417 . 10.1080/07393148.2018.1449407 . 0739-3148.
30. Web site: Legal Permanent Residents (LPRs): Philippines . Department of Homeland Security . 3 October 2019 . en . 29 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191003070638/https://www.dhs.gov/publication/legal-permanent-residents-lprs-philippines . October 3, 2019 . live .
31. News: Yearbook 2016. 2017-05-16. Department of Homeland Security. 2018-03-04. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180306012148/https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016. March 6, 2018. live.
32. Web site: Kandel . William A. . U.S. Family-Based Immigration Policy . February 9, 2018 . 3 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190730025600/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R43145.pdf . July 30, 2019 . live .
33. Peterson . Andrew . Spring 2011 . What Really Made the World go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade . Explorations . 11 . 1 . 3–18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135348/http://www.cseashawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Explorations_11.pdf . April 24, 2018 . live .
    News: Sionil Jose . F. . Floro L. . Mercene . Serafin D. . Quiazon . 3 June 2007 . Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the 16th century . Asian Journal . 23 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135822/http://asianjournalusa.com/manila-men-in-the-new-world-filipino-migration-to-mexico-and-the-americas-p2869-87.htm . April 24, 2018 . live .
34. Web site: Historic Site, During the Manila . Michael L. Baird . 5 April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110624231335/http://morro-bay.com/historical/Philippine-plaque/text-of-plaque.htm . June 24, 2011 . live .
    Web site: Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989 . Eloisa Gomez Borah . 1997 . Anderson School of Management . . 25 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120208123432/http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf . February 8, 2012 . live .
    News: Contreras . Shirley . 6 November 2016 . Marking Filipino-American history on Central Coast . Santa Maria Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175627/https://santamariatimes.com/lifestyles/columnist/shirley_contreras/marking-filipino-american-history-on-central-coast/article_d9931e1c-5b93-5bee-a7dc-24ee4e0c3f85.html . June 24, 2018 . live .
35. Book: Kevin Starr. Coast of Dreams: California on the Edge, 1990-2003. February 2006. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 978-0-679-74072-8. 158.
36. Book: Kevin Starr. Coast of Dreams. 22 June 2011. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 978-0-307-79526-7. 158.
    Web site: Filipino Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, Stockton, and Seattle . Sobredo . James . July 1999 . Asian American Studies . California State University, Sacramento . 28 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141229002106/http://www.csus.edu/aas/sobredo/Filipinos_in_SF_Bay.html . December 29, 2014 . dead . mdy-all .
37. Web site: Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS . Loni Ding . 2001 . NAATA . . May 19, 2011 . Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America. . https://web.archive.org/web/20120516002553/http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/program1_1.html . May 16, 2012 . live .
    Web site: 1763 FILIPINOS IN LOUISIANA . Loni Ding . 2001 . NAATA . . May 19, 2011 . These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763. . https://web.archive.org/web/20120321101112/http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/time_06.html . March 21, 2012 . live .
    Book: Mercene, Floro L.. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. 2007. UP Press. 978-971-542-529-2. 106.
38. Web site: NOLA Filipino History Stretches for Centuries . Welch . Michael Patrick . 27 October 2014 . New Orleans & Me . The Arts Council of New Orleans . 18 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919062244/http://www.neworleans.me/journal/detail/761/NOLA-Filipino-History-Stretches-for-Centuries . September 19, 2018 . live .
39. Web site: Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana . Westbrook . Laura . 2008 . Louisiana Folklife Program . Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180518005511/http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/Pilipino1.html . May 18, 2018 . dead .
40. Book: Kittle, Robert A.. Franciscan Frontiersmen: How Three Adventurers Charted the West. 18 May 2017. University of Oklahoma Press. 978-0-8061-5839-6. 31 . On 10 May, the cabin boy died, along with a Philippine sailor named Matheo Francisco. .
    Book: Campbell. R. J.. Beals. Herbert K.. Savours. Ann. Anita. McConnell. Roy. Bridges. Four Travel Journals / The Americas, Antarctica and Africa / 1775-1874. 15 May 2017. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-13365-0. 103 . Once the San Carlos reached San Diego, Vila recorded by names and dates the deaths of three additional crewmen: Fernandez de Medina, Philpppine seaman (died 5 May); Manuel Sanchez, cabin Boy (died 10 May); and Matheo Francisco, Philippine seaman (died 10 May). These three presumably were buried ashore at San Diego. .
    Book: Pourade, Richard F. . 1960 . The History of San Diego: v.1 The Explorers, 1492-1774 . San Diego . Copley Newspapers . Expeditions by Sea . https://sandiegohistory.org/archives/books/explorers/ch8/.
    Book: Rolle, Andrew F.. California: A History. 1969. T.Y. Crowell. 65.
41. Book: Joaquin Jay Gonzalez. Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. 1 February 2009. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-3297-7. 21.
42. Book: Floro L. Mercene. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. 2007. UP Press. 978-971-542-529-2. 72.
43. Web site: Original Settlers (Pobladores) of El Pueblo de la Reina de Los Angeles, 1781. laalmanac.com. 2007-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110519000604/http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03c.htm. May 19, 2011. live.
    News: . Art exhibit on arrival of first Filipino in Los Angeles opens . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 10 May 2014 . 24 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122817/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/103987/art-exhibit-on-arrival-of-first-filipino-in-los-angeles-opens . July 25, 2018 . live .
44. Book: Cordova, Fred . Struggling to Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children . Fred Cordova . Valerie Ooka . Pang . Li-Rong . Lilly Cheng . Social Context of Education . 1998 . SUNY Press . 9780791438398 . 167 . October 2, 2012 . The Legacy: Creating a Knowledge Base on Filipino Americans . https://books.google.com/books?id=wZyIYK1M1ikC&q=founding+los+angeles+filipino&pg=PA165.
    Book: David J. Weber. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans. 2003. UNM Press. 978-0-8263-3510-4. 33–35.
    Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 2007. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 40.
45. Acena . Albert A. . Summer 2008 . "Invisible Minority" No More: Filipino Americans in San Mateo County . La Peninsula . XXXVII . 1 . 3–41 . 28 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170104100339/http://www.historysmc.org/pdf/La%20Peninsula,%20Filipino,%20Summer%202008,%20ONLINE.pdf . January 4, 2017 . live .
46. Book: Andrew Jampoler. Embassy to the Eastern Courts: America's Secret First Pivot Toward Asia, 1832Ð37. 15 November 2015. Naval Institute Press. 978-1-61251-417-8. 89.
    Book: Ralph Delahaye Paine. The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem: The Record of a Brilliant Era of American Achievement. 1912. A. C. McClurg. 304.
    Book: Susanne Saville. Hidden History of Salem. 11 October 2010. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. 978-1-61423-790-7. 28.
47. Web site: Filipinos made immense contributions in Vallejo. Nancy Dingler. June 23, 2007. 2007-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102722/http://www.solanoarticles.com/history/index.php/weblog3/more/filipinos_made_immense_contributions_in_vallejo/. July 16, 2011. live.
    Book: Railton, Ben. We the People: The 500-Year Battle Over Who Is American. 31 July 2019. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-1-5381-2855-8. 94.
    Book: Mercene, Floro L.. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. 2007. UP Press. 978-971-542-529-2. 116.
    Book: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Parks and Recreation. Jean Lafitte National Park: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3546 ... December 6, 1976. 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. 80–81.
    Web site: From raised houses to dried shrimp recipes, Filipinos have made lasting effects on the local culture. . Hinton . Matthew . 23 October 2019 . Very Local New Orleans . Hearst Television Inc. . 25 May 2020.
    Jerome A. . Greene . A Berle . Clemenson . John C. . Paige . David R. . Stuart . Lawrence F. . Van Horn . May 1984 . Mississippi River Cultural Resources Survey, A Comprehensive Study, Phase I, Component A: Thematic historical overview . Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District . 294 . Southeast/Southwest Team . 25 May 2020 .
48. Book: Floro L. Mercene. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA43. 2007. UP Press. Diliman, Quezon City. 978-971-542-529-2. 43–50. Filipinos in the US Civil War.
    Web site: Asian and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War . Terry . Foenander . Edward . Milligan . March 2015 . The Civil War . National Park Service . 23 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170507014503/https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/upload/More-Info-on-Asians-Pacific-Islanders-in-the-Civil-War-Alphabetically-by-Name.pdf . May 7, 2017 . live .
49. Web site: Manila Village . 2006 . Filipino American Heritage Website . Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program . April 28, 2011 . On July 24, 1870, the Spanish-speaking residents of St. Malo founded the first Filipino social club called Sociedad de Beneficencia de los Hispano Filipinos to provide relief and support for the group's members, including the purchasing of a burial places for their deceased. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720043511/http://filam.si.edu/curriculum/u3-part-01b.html . July 20, 2011 . mdy-all .
    Book: Edith Wen-Chu Chen. Glenn Omatsu. Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: Effective Activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities. 2006. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-0-7425-5338-5. 35.
    Book: Kathryn Gin Lum. Paul Harvey. The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Race in American History. 1 March 2018. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-022118-8. 447.
50. Book: Brian McAllister Linn. Brian McAllister Linn. The Philippine War, 1899-1902. 1 January 2000. University Press of Kansas. 978-0-7006-0990-1.
51. News: . 11 September 1898 . Ramon Reyes Lala, Only Filipino in America . Los Angeles Herald . 25 April 2018 . California Digital Newspaper Collection, University of California, Riverside . https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012527/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18980911.2.55 . March 30, 2018 . live .
52. Web site: Filipinos in the United States Navy . https://web.archive.org/web/20060820202543/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/filipinos.htm . dead . August 20, 2006 . Bureau of Naval Personnel . October 1976 . Naval History & Heritage Command . United States Navy . October 23, 2012 . mdy-all .
    Book: David M. Reimers . Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People . https://books.google.com/books?id=F-NNO9jGfIQC&pg=PA68 . 2005 . NYU Press . 978-0-8147-7535-6 . 68 . Asians in Hawaii and the United States .
    Book: United States . United States. Judge-advocate-general's dept. (Navy) . United States. Navy. Office of the Judge Advocate General . Compilation of navy: annotated. [Letters from the acting secretary of the navy transmitting pursuant to Senate resolution no. 262, Sixty-third Congress, a compilation of laws relating to the navy, Navy department, and Marine corps, in force March 4, 1921, with annotations, showing how such laws have been construed and applied by the Navy department, the comptroller of the Treasury, the attorney general, or the courts ... ]. . https://books.google.com/books?id=8KgvAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA856 . 1922 . Govt. print. off. . 856 . General Order No. 40 .
53. Fisher . Max . 4 July 2012 . The One Other Country That Celebrates the Fourth of July (Sort Of) . The Atlantic . 27 April 2018 . Though American forces effectively defeated the Filipinos in April 1902, President Teddy Roosevelt waited until July 4, 1902, to declare victory. . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180712/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/the-one-other-country-that-celebrates-the-fourth-of-july-sort-of/259410/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
54. Book: United States. Compiled Statutes of the United States, 1913: Embracing the Statutes of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force December 31, 1913, Incorporating Under the Headings of the Revised Statutes the Subsequent Laws, Together with Explanatory and Historical Notes. 1914. West publishing Company. 1529–1563.
    Web site: Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War . . 22 June 2011 . The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War . Library of Congress . 25 April 2018 . United States . https://web.archive.org/web/20180602172140/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html . June 2, 2018 . live .
55. Book: Bevis, Teresa Brawqner . International students in American colleges and universities: a history . Christopher J. Lucas . 2007 . Macmillan . New York . 978-0-230-60011-9 . 75 . April 25, 2011.
56. Web site: The Philippine Pensionado Story . Orosa . Mario E. . Orosa Family . 23 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180713193734/http://www.orosa.org/The%20Philippine%20Pensionado%20Story3.pdf . July 13, 2018 . live .
    Roces . Mina. 9 December 2014 . Filipina/o Migration to the United States and the Remaking of Gender Narratives, 1906–2010 . Gender & History . 27 . 1 . 190–206 . 10.1111/1468-0424.12097 .
    
57. Book: Paul A. Kramer. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. 13 December 2006. Univ of North Carolina Press. 978-0-8078-7717-3. 325.
    Book: Martin F. Manalansan. Augusto Espiritu. Filipino Studies: Palimpsests of Nation and Diaspora. 10 May 2016. NYU Press. 978-1-4798-3851-6. 140.
    Book: Philippines. Legislature. Philippine Commission. William Howard Taft. William Howard Taft . Journal of the Philippine commission: being the inaugural session of the first Philippine Legislature, begun and held at the city of Manila October 16, 1907 [to February 1, 1908].. 1908. Bureau of printing. 95.
58. Book: Annual report of the Secretary of War. 1915 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Washington . 11 . April 27, 2011.
59. Web site: Filipino Martial Arts in the United States . Marc Lawrence . South Bay Filipino Martial Arts Club . April 27, 2011 . In 1910 the U.S. began sending one outstanding Filipino soldier per year to West Point, and by 1941 some of these men had risen to the rank of senior officers. . https://web.archive.org/web/20120323160828/http://www.southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/FMA-in-the-US_article.pdf . March 23, 2012 . live .
60. Web site: Asian American and Pacific Islander Fact Sheet . . 17 March 2016 . Center for Minority Veterans . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094129/https://www.va.gov/centerforminorityveterans/docs/factSheetAanhpiOnePage.pdf . April 28, 2018 . live .
61. News: Wong . M. Ted . Ted Wong (general) . 20 May 2013 . Asian-Pacific Americans are an integral part of American military story . San Antonio Express-News . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094053/https://www.mysanantonio.com/opinion/commentary/article/Asian-Pacific-Americans-are-an-integral-part-of-4532142.php . April 28, 2018 . live .
    Web site: May is Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month . Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute . 19 May 2017 . . United States Air Force . 27 April 2018 . Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180723/http://www.march.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1202286/may-is-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-month/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
    Book: Susan B. Gall. Irene Natividad. The Asian-American Almanac: A Reference Work on Asians in the United States. 1995. Gale Research. 978-0-8103-9193-2. April 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222131645/https://books.google.com/books?id=sEYUAQAAIAAJ. February 22, 2017. live.
62. Book: Elizabeth Reis. American Sexual Histories. 17 January 2012. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-4443-3929-1. 198.
    Book: Peggy Pascoe. What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America. 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-509463-3. 91–92.
63. Web site: Filipino American Association of Philadelphia, Inc.. 5 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110704235208/http://www.faapi.org/. July 4, 2011. live.
64. News: Filipino-American Association of Philadelphia Inc. . Asian Journal . February 1, 2012 . March 20, 2012 . The organization drafted its constitution and by-laws and became charted in the city of Philadelphia and incorporated in the State of Pennsylvania in 1917. FAAPI is the oldest ongoing organization of Filipinos and Filipino-Americans in the Delaware Valley and perhaps in the U.S. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120307214426/http://www.asianjournal.com/fil-am-associations/reunion/14727-filipino-american-association-of-philadelphia-inc.html . March 7, 2012 . mdy-all .
65. Miller . Daniel G. . 2009 . American Military Strategy During the Moro Insurrection in the Philippines 1903-1913 . thesis for Master of Military Art and Science . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College . Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . 24 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170501040411/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502181.pdf . May 1, 2017 . live .
66. Web site: Asian and Pacific Island American Heritage . 1998 . Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute . 1 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230207/http://www.deomi.org/downloadableFiles/ap98.pdf . July 25, 2011 . dead . mdy-all .
    News: Pinoy WWII vets still top Fil-Am concern . Rodney Jaleco . . 19 October 2010 . 16 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722195630/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/10/19/10/pinoy-wwii-vets-still-top-fil-am-concern . July 22, 2011 . live .
    Book: Huping Ling. Allan W. Austin. Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. 17 March 2015. Routledge. 978-1-317-47645-0. 298.
    Web site: Telesforo Trinidad . . 20 February 2015 . Naval History and Heritage Command . United States Navy . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194308/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-t/trinidad-telesford.html . April 8, 2019 . live .
67. Book: Kramer, Paul Alexander. The blood of government: race, empire, the United States, & the Philippines. 22 November 2009. 2006. UNC Press. 978-0-8078-5653-6. 384.
    News: For Philippine Defense . . 1 . 1921-12-07 .
68. Book: Paul Alexander Kramer. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines. 2006. Univ of North Carolina Press. 978-0-8078-2985-1. 384.
    Web site: Asian Americans in the U.S. Military with an emphasis on the U.S. Navy . Akers . Regina T. . April 2017 . Naval History and Heritage Command . United States Navy . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181209114005/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/diversity/asian-americans-pacific-islanders-in-the-navy/asian-americans-us-military.html . December 9, 2018 . live .
69. Book: Budnick, Rich . Hawaii's Forgotten History: 1900-1999: The Good...The Bad...The Embarrassing . 2005 . Aloha Press . Honolulu, Hawaii . 978-0944081044 . 31 . July 8, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160202030724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2nxAAAAMAAJ . February 2, 2016 . live .
70. Book: Maria P. P. Root. Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. 20 May 1997. SAGE. 978-0-7619-0579-0. 12–13.
    Web site: Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity . Fresco . Crystal . 2004 . Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project . University of Washington . 23 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180516052214/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/cwflu.htm . May 16, 2018 . live .
    Book: Huping Ling. Allan W. Austin. Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. 17 March 2015. Routledge. 978-1-317-47645-0. 259.
    Book: Sugar Y Azúcar. 1920. Mona Palmer. 166.
71. A. F. Hinriehs . 1945 . Labor Unionism in American Agriculture . United States Department of Labor . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 129 . September 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022240/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4306 . September 14, 2018 . live .
72. Hill . Tiffany . 30 December 2009 . A Massacre Forgotten . Honolulu . aio Media Group . 5 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180506040922/http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/January-2010/A-Massacre-Forgotten/ . May 6, 2018 . live .
    News: Soboleski . Hank . 10 September 2006 . Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre . The Garden Island . Kauai . 5 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180413125347/http://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/ . April 13, 2018 . live .
    Book: Edward D. Beechert. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History. 1985. University of Hawaii Press. 978-0-8248-0890-7. 222.
73. Web site: IV. Timeline: Asian Americans in Washington State History . Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest . University of Washington . April 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628144558/http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Asian%20Americans/Section%20IV.html . June 28, 2011 . live .
74. Web site: Pedro Flores. Lucky Meisenheimer, MD. nationalyoyo.org. 2007-12-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071219210632/http://nationalyoyo.org/museum/pedroflores.htm . December 19, 2007.
75. Book: Jamieson, Stuart Marshall . Labor unionism in American agriculture . 1946 . Ayer Publishing . 978-0-405-09508-5 . 211 . April 27, 2011.
76. Book: Lott, Juanita Tamayo. Common destiny: Filipino American generations . Juanita Tamayo Lott . 2006 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 978-0-7425-4651-6 . 21 . April 27, 2011.
77. Web site: Remembering the Watsonville Riots. https://web.archive.org/web/20050503091703/http://modelminority.com/printout232.html. May 3, 2005. modelminority.com. 2007-12-27.
    Book: Starr, Kevin . Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950–1963 . 2009 . Oxford University Press US . New York . 978-0-19-515377-4 . 451 . April 27, 2011 .
    News: Jones . Donna . 4 September 2011 . Riots in 1930 revealed Watsonville racism: California apologizes to Filipino Americans . Santa Cruz Sentinel . 24 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180414055351/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20110904/NEWS/110908006 . April 14, 2018 . live .
    Book: Cecilia M. Tsu. Garden of the World: Asian Immigrants and the Making of Agriculture in California's Santa Clara Valley. 1 June 2013. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-991062-5. 184.
78. Perez . Frank Ramos . Perez . Leatrice Bantillo . 1994 . The Long Struggle for Acceptance: Filipinos in San Joaquin County . The San Joaquin Historian . 8 . 4 . 3–18 . 2 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094029/http://www.sanjoaquinhistory.org/documents/HistorianNS8-4.pdf . September 24, 2015 . live .
    Book: Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.. Rico Reyes. Filipino American National Historical So. Filipinos in Stockton. 2008. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-5624-6. 25.
79. Book: Camilla Fojas. Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Transnational Crossroads: Remapping the Americas and the Pacific. 1 June 2012. U of Nebraska Press. 978-0-8032-4088-9. 195.
    Book: Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr.. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. 9 May 2012. Rutgers University Press. 978-0-8135-5326-9. 108–109.
80. Statutory Prohibitions against Interracial Marriage. Irving G. Tragen. California Law Review. 32. 3. September 1944. 269–280. 10.2307/3476961. 3476961., citing Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.
    Book: Association of American Law Schools. Selected essays on family law. 1950. Foundation Press. 279. "The second disttinct change came in 1933 when the word "Malay" was added to the prohibited class,. Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.". August 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140627012910/http://books.google.com/books?id=p0Y_AAAAIAAJ. June 27, 2014. live.
    Book: University of California, Berkeley. School of Law. University of California, Berkeley School of Jurisprudence. California law review. 1944. School of Jurisprudence of the University of California. 272. All marriages of white persons with Negros, Mongolians, members of the Malay race, of mulattos are illegal and void.. August 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140627012901/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ik8tAAAAIAAJ. June 27, 2014. live.
81. Web site: The Philippine Independence Act (Tydings-McDuffie Act). March 24, 1934. Chanrobles Law Library. 2007-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110611111931/http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm. June 11, 2011. live.
82. A. F. Hinriehs . 1945 . Labor Unionism in American Agriculture . United States Department of Labor . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 129–130 . September 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022240/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4306 . September 14, 2018 . live .
    News: United Press . 22 September 1934 . Salinas Scene of Race Riots with Filipinos: None Hurt as Angry Crowd Routs Islanders . Healdsburg Tribune . 24 April 2018 . California Digital Newspaper Collection, University of California, Riverside . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115810/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=HT19340922.2.13 . April 25, 2018 . live .
83. Book: George S. Cuhaj. Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, Specialized Issues. 19 October 2009. Krause Publications. 978-1-4402-2803-2. 901.
    Book: Charles B. McLane. Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia: An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. 8 December 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-1-4008-7966-3. 222.
    Book: National Geographic Society (U.S.). 1000 Events that Shaped the World. 2008. National Geographic. 978-1-4262-0314-5. 318.
    Book: Yuji Uesugi. Peacebuilding and Security Sector Governance in Asia. 2014. LIT Verlag Münster. 978-3-643-80169-2. 57.
84. News: Chua. Philip S.. Fe del Mundo, M.D.: At 94, still in the practice of Pediatrics. The Sunday Times Magazine. 27 April 2003. 26 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20180922032018/http://www.feu-alumni.com/announcements/fdm.htm. September 22, 2018. live.
    Book: Kate Schatz. Rad Women Worldwide: Artists and Athletes, Pirates and Punks, and Other Revolutionaries Who Shaped History. 27 September 2016. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. 978-0-399-57887-8. 17.
85. Web site: Filipino Americans. https://web.archive.org/web/20060923070642/http://www.capaa.wa.gov/community/filipino_americans.htm. September 23, 2006. Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. 2007-12-27.
86. Web site: An Historical Analysis of Alien Land Law: Washington Territory & State 1853–1889 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063147/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1286&context=sulr&sei-redir=1. July 22, 2011. Mark L. Lazarus III . Seattle University School of Law . . May 23, 2011 . Finally, the only other reported case on alien land rights went before the Washington Supreme Court in early 1941. The court held that a 1937 amendment to the alien land law was unconstitutional inasmuch as it might disable citizens of the Philippines.30' .
87. Book: Espiritu, Yen le . Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities . 1993 . Temple University Press . 978-1-56639-096-5 . 23 . March 18, 2011.
88. Book: Takaki, Ronald . Strangers from a different shore: a history of Asian Americans . 1998 . . 978-0-316-83130-7 . 363. October 12, 2021 . Liz Megino recalled how Filipinos had to distinguish themselves from Japanese shortly after the beginning of the war: "My mother told me to make sure you say you're not Japanese if they ask you who you are. Filipinos wore buttons saying, 'I am Filipino'." .
89. Web site: California's Filipino Infantry. The California State Military Museum. 2008-01-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20110613090844/http://www.militarymuseum.org/Filipino.html. June 13, 2011. live.
90. Web site: An Untold Triumph . Asian American Studies . California State University, Sacramento . April 27, 2011 . Facing discrimination and hard times here in California and all along the west coast, thousands of Filipinos worked in agricultural fields, in the service industry, and in other low paying jobs. The war provided the opportunity for Filipinos to fight for the United States and prove their loyalty as Americans. . https://web.archive.org/web/20110701033257/http://www.csus.edu/aas/filipinos/ . July 1, 2011 . dead .
91. Book: Espiritu, Yen Le. Filipino American lives . 1995. Temple University Press. 978-1-56639-317-1 . 17. January 26, 2011.
92. Cabotaje . Michael A. . January 1999 . Equity Denied: Historical and Legal Analyses in Support of the Extension of U.S. Veterans' Benefits to Filipino World War II Veterans . Asian American Law Journal . 6 . 1 . 67–97 . 10.15779/Z38129V . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161656/https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1053&context=aalj . February 28, 2018 . live .
    News: Rodis . Rodel . 19 February 2016 . 70th anniversary of the infamous Rescission Act of 1946 . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180719084021/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/136747/136747 . July 19, 2018 . live .
    News: Guillermo . Emil . 18 February 2016 . Forgotten: The Battle Thousands of WWII Veterans Are Still Fighting . NBC News . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426083726/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/forgotten-battle-thousands-wwii-veterans-are-still-fighting-n520456 . April 26, 2018 . live .
    News: Conclara . Rommel . 22 February 2016 . Fight for Filvets' benefits continues on 70th anniversary of Rescission Act . ABS CBN News . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080447/http://news.abs-cbn.com/global-filipino/02/22/16/fight-for-filvets-benefits-continues-on-70th-anniversary-of-rescission-act . April 26, 2018 . live .
93. Web site: 8 FAM 302.5 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines . . 15 May 2020 . Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook . United States Department of State . 9 Jun 2020 . Not until August, 1946, did the INS designate a new section 702 official for the Philippines, who naturalized approximately 4,000 Filipinos before the December 31, 1946, expiration date of the 1940 act. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200610025014/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/08FAM/08FAM030205.html . 10 June 2020 .
94. Web site: Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946 . United Nations . 2007-12-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf . July 23, 2011 .
95. Web site: Author, Poet, and Worker: The World of Carlos Bulosan . . Digital Collections . University of Washington . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180421044601/http://content.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/bulosan/ww2.html . April 21, 2018 . live .
96. Book: Bonus, Rick . Locating Filipino Americans: ethnicity and the cultural politics of space . 2000 . Temple University Press . Philadelphia . 978-1-56639-779-7 . 42 . April 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111222192246/http://books.google.com/books?id=Kub5edzzP50C&lpg=PA42&dq=%22Filipino%20Naturalization%20Act%22%201946&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false . December 22, 2011 . live .
97. Web site: 20th Century – Post WWII . Asian American Studies . . April 27, 2011 . Filipino Naturalization Act grants US citizenship to filipinos who had arrived before March 24, 1943. . https://web.archive.org/web/20111030182222/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/20th%20Century%20-%20post%20WWII.htm . October 30, 2011 . live .
98. Web site: Cabanilla . Devin Israel . Media fail to give REAL first Asian American Olympic gold medalist her due . The Seattle Globalist . 23 April 2019 . 15 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190423031753/https://www.seattleglobalist.com/2016/12/15/real-first-asian-american-olympic-gold-medalist-doesnt-get-due/60115 . April 23, 2019 . live .
    News: Guillermo . Emil . 9 October 2015 . First Asian-American Woman to Win Olympic Gold Medal Gets New Recognition . NBC News . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501094006/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/first-asian-american-woman-win-olympic-medal-gets-new-recongition-n441346 . May 1, 2018 . live .
    News: McLellan . Dennis . 29 April 2010 . Victoria Manalo Draves dies at 85; Olympic gold medal diver . Los Angeles Times . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151024053505/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/29/local/la-me-victoria-draves-20100429 . October 24, 2015 . live .
    Light . Claire . 14 March 2010 . Women's History Month Profile: Victoria Manalo Draves . Hyphen . Asian Americans for Civil Rights and Equality . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093941/https://hyphenmagazine.com/blog/2010/3/14/womens-history-month-profile-victoria-manalo-draves . May 1, 2018 . live .
    News: Rodis . Rodel . 16 October 2015 . The Olympic triumph of Vicki Manalo Draves . Philippine Daily Inquirer . La Paz, Makati City, Philippines . 23 April 2019 . Victoria Manalo Draves, or Vicki as she liked to be called, made history as the first American woman to win two gold medals for diving and as the first, and still only Filipino, to win an Olympic gold medal and she won two of them in springboard and platform diving at the 1948 Olympics in London. . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004324/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/129594/the-olympic-triumph-of-vicki-manalo-draves . April 24, 2019 . live .
99. Web site: Perez vs. Sharp – End to Miscegenation Laws in California. Los Angeles Almanac. 2007-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110509051446/http://www.laalmanac.com/vitals/vi70.htm. May 9, 2011. live.
100. Book: Lott, Juanita Tamayo . Common destiny: Filipino American generations . 2006 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 978-0-7425-4651-6 . 34 . May 23, 2011.
101. News: Borreca . Richard . Lawmaker first U.S. Filipino to hold office: Peter Aduja / 1920-2007 . Honolulu Star Bulletin . 22 February 2007 . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141011034515/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/22/news/story05.html . October 11, 2014 . dead .
102. News: Lariosa . Joseph . 26 June 2013 . Fil-Am was 1st Asian to play in major league baseball . Filipino Star News . Michigan . 24 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425121238/http://filipinostarnews.net/sports/fil-am-was-1st-asian-to-play-in-major-league-baseball.html . April 25, 2018 . live .
     News: Hillinger . Charles . 10 January 1990 . San Pedro's Bobby Balcena Dead at 64 : Baseball: He will be remembered as the only Filipino to make it to the major leagues. . Los Angeles Times . 24 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160609181739/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-10/sports/sp-207_1_san-pedro . June 9, 2016 . live .
     Book: Joel S. Franks. Asian Pacific Americans and Baseball: A History. 1 July 2008. McFarland. 978-0-7864-3291-2. 166.
103. Web site: Filipino Migrants as a Result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . Leonard . Andaya . Grace . Mateo . Carmel . Asubar . Brandon . Dela Cruz . 1999 . The Philippine History Site . University of Hawaii at Manoa . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141204034221/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/Filipino/1965.html . December 4, 2014 . live .
     Book: POSADAS. Barbara Mercedes Posadas. The Filipino Americans. registration. 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-29742-7. 35.
104. Remembering the Leadership of Filipino Farmworkers in the 1965 Delano Grape Strike: A Memorial to their Dedication and Legacy . Filipino Memorial Project . 25 April 2011 . City of Milpitas . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170221153534/http://www.ci.milpitas.ca.gov/_pdfs/commissions/pac/2011/052311/attachments.pdf . February 21, 2017 . live.
     News: Galila . Wilfred . 16 November 2017 . Children's book on Fil-Am labor hero Larry Itliong is in the works . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144123/http://usa.inquirer.net/8113/childrens-book-fil-labor-hero-larry-itliong-works . April 26, 2018 . 25 April 2017 . Philippine Daily Inquirer.
     News: . 1 April 2014 . Historical society pans 'Cesar Chavez' film for inaccuracies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080013/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/101445/historical-society-pans-cesar-chavez-film-for-inaccuracies . April 26, 2018 . 25 April 2018 . Philippine Daily Inquirer.
     News: Ardis . Kelly . 1 September 2015 . Filipino-Americans: The forgotten leaders of '65 grape strike . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021758/https://www.bakersfield.com/entertainment/filipino-americans-the-forgotten-leaders-of-grape-strike/article_9c193e00-27a3-5942-bb29-93b576eccec1.html . August 5, 2018 . 25 April 2018 . The Bakersfield Californian . TBC Media.
     News: Berestein Rojas . Leslie . 1 April 2011 . The forgotten history of the Filipino laborers who worked with Cesar Chavez . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180805021535/http://www.scpr.org/blogs/multiamerican/2011/04/01/7203/the-asian-american-farm-worker-legacy/ . August 5, 2018 . 19 February 2020 . SCPR . Pasadena. Armington, John L. (Edit added 6/19/2024) My family and I were part of the Filipino led 1965 AWOC Grape Strike in Delano, CA. My father, Mariano Laya Armington, the George A. Lucas & Sons Vineyards managing foreman, and President of the Filipino Community of Delano, made the motion to strike at the 2nd AWOC pre-strike meeting at the Filipino Community Hall before the Strike on September 8, 1965. I was present during meetings of AWOC in our home and at the Filipino Community Hall on Glendale Street in Delano during these pre-strike meetings. I am a retired Professor of Law, Attorney and Judge from California. [For contact purposes I can be reached at: [phone]].
105. News: Soong . Tina . 14 September 2016 . Filipino American culture celebrations coming New Orleans-wide Oct. 8-9 . The Times-Picayune . New Orleans . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213451/http://blog.nola.com/new_orleans/2016/09/filipino_american_culture_note.html . May 14, 2018 . dead .
106. Book: Theodore S. Gonzalves. The Day the Dancers Stayed: Performing in the Filipino/American Diaspora. 25 September 2009. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-730-5. 114.
     Book: Lon Kurashige. Alice Yang. Major Problems in Asian American History. 6 July 2015. Cengage Learning. 978-1-305-85560-1. 331.
107. Book: The Filipino American National Historical Society, Manilatown Heritage Foundation, and Pin@y Educational Partnership at San Francisco State University. Filipinos in San Francisco (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. 2011. 978-0738581316. Charleston, South Carolina.
108. http://paa.berkeley.edu Pilipino American Alliance ~ UC Berkeley
109. News: Almazol . Susan . Change Comes to S.F. Filipino Community . S.F. Chronicle & Examiner . S.F. Chronicle & Examiner . February 23, 1969.
110. News: First Fil-Am elected in the US Mainland: Larry Asera . Asian Journal . August 19, 2009 . March 10, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174159/http://www.asianjournal.com/voice-of-fil-america/72-voice-of-fil-america/2640-first-fil-am-elected-in-the-us-mainland-larry-asera.html . July 7, 2011 . mdy-all .
111. Book: Dorothy Cordova. Chung H. Chuong. Robert H. Hyung Chan Kim. Franklin Ng. Jane Singh. Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary. registration. 1999. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-28902-6. 238–239.
     Web site: Family Connections, February Issue . . February 2015 . Hawaii State Bar Association . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150905071349/http://hsba.org/images/hsba/Communications/Family%20Connections/2015/February%202015/February_2015_Family_Connections.pdf . September 5, 2015 . live .
112. Web site: Thelma G. Buchholdt . . 3 March 2017 . Women's History Month . University of the District of Columbia . 8 February 2020 . She was the first Filipino-American woman legislator in America. .
     News: . Thelma Garcia Buchholdt, 73; former Alaskan legislator . Los Angeles Times . 22 November 2007 . 8 February 2020 .
     Book: Martin, Mart. The Almanac Of Women And Minorities In American Politics 2002. 24 April 2018. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-429-97648-3. 228.
113. Book: Ling. Huping. Austin. Allan W.. Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. 17 March 2015. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-47644-3. 1075–1077.
114. News: TenBruggencate . Jan . 30 August 2007 . Eduardo Malapit, first U.S. mayor of Filipino descent, 74 . Honolulu Advertiser . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144437/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/30/ln/hawaii708300338.html . April 26, 2018 . live .
     Book: Paula D. McClain. Joseph Stewart Jr.. "Can We All Get Along?": Racial and Ethnic Minorities in American Politics. 16 July 2013. Avalon Publishing. 978-0-8133-4716-5. 194.
115. News: Yu . Brandon . 11 August 2017 . A community lost, a movement born . San Francisco Chronicle . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144822/http://projects.sfchronicle.com/2017/international-hotel/ . April 26, 2018 . live .
     News: Harrell . Ashley . 30 April 2011 . The International Hotel . The New York Times . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426154721/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/us/01bcintel.html . April 26, 2018 . live .
     News: Franko . Kantele . 4 August 2007 . I-Hotel, 30 years later – Manilatown legacy honored . San Francisco Chronicle . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144928/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/I-Hotel-30-years-later-Manilatown-legacy-3416119.php . April 26, 2018 . live .
     Web site: San Francisco's International Hotel . Habal . Estella . 2015 . Temple University Press . Temple University . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161002010020/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1820_reg.html . October 2, 2016 . dead .
116. Web site: The Judge . . 24 September 2019 . News . Fordham Law . 8 February 2020 . In June 1978, Laureta was confirmed as the first federal judge of Filipino ancestry in U.S. history. .
     News: Fujimoto . Dennis . 23 June 2017 . This judge still rules . The Garden Island . Kauai . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Bernardo . Rosemarie . 22 November 2005 . Far from home, nursing course offers chance for a new life . Star Bulletin . Honolulu . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Rueda . Nimfa U. . 14 December 2012 . US Senate confirms first Fil-Am federal judge . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippines . 8 February 2020 . Schofield shares a place in history with Judge Alfred Laureta, a Filipino-American who served as judge for the District of the Northern Mariana Islands from 1978 to 1988. .
117. News: Banel . Feliks . 18 October 2015 . A Seattle Murder Mystery Turned International Conspiracy . KUOW . Seattle . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426145215/http://kuow.org/post/seattle-murder-mystery-turned-international-conspiracy . April 26, 2018 . live .
     News: Serrano . Barbara A. . 9 March 1991 . Baruso Guilty Of One Murder -- Former Union Leader's Term Means He Must Serve Life Without Parole . Seattle Times . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180315181326/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910309&slug=1270589 . March 15, 2018 . live .
     News: Wicker . Tom . 21 May 1982 . In the Nation; A Manila Connection . The New York Times . 25 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180426163323/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/21/opinion/in-the-nation-a-manila-connection.html . April 26, 2018 . live .
     Book: Ron Chew. Remembering Silme Domingo and Gene Viernes: The Legacy of Filipino American Labor Activism. 2012. University of Washington Press. 978-0-295-99190-0.
118. Book: Sterngass, Jon . Filipino Americans . Robert D. Johnston . 2006 . Infobase Publishing . New York . 978-0-7910-8791-6 . 71 . June 5, 2011.
     Book: Nick Edwards. The Rough Guide to San Francisco and the Bay Area. 17 January 2013. Rough Guides. 978-1-4053-9041-5. 81.
119. Web site: Ronald Quidachy, Longest-Serving Superior Court Judge, Retires . sfgate.com . Bay City News Service . 9 October 2020.
120. Book: Jon Sterngass. Filipino Americans. 2007. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0711-0. 107. April 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20191219151214/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gjvUvVY-ngC&pg=PA107. December 19, 2019. live.
121. Book: Mart Martin. The Almanac Of Women And Minorities In American Politics 2002. 24 April 2018. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-429-97648-3. 206.
     Web site: David M. Valderrama . . 29 September 2015 . Former Delegates . Maryland State Archives . 26 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190112035108/https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/former/html/msa12314.html . January 12, 2019 . live .
122. News: Ramos . George . 18 December 1990 . Long Fight Over for Filipino Vets : Citizenship: The promise of recognition made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt is finally fulfilled for guerrillas who fought alongside U.S. troops in World War II . Los Angeles Times . 26 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180712060049/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-12-18/news/mn-6767_1_world-war-ii-veteran . July 12, 2018 . live .
     
123. News: Berestein . Leslie . 28 May 1995 . A Debt Unpaid : In 1946, the U.S. Reneged on a Wartime Promise of Citizenship and Full Veterans' Benefits to Filipino Soldiers Who Played a Crucial Role Fighting With American Troops in the Pacific. When Congress Did Finally Grant Citizenship in 1990, More Than 20,000 Men Left the Philippines and Came to This Country--Many Settling In L.A. Here, They Continue to Wait for What Is Due Them. Poor and Too Old to Find Work, They Live Together in Cramped Apartments, Surviving on Meager Social Security Checks. Their Hope Is That One Day They Will Be Reunited With Their Loved Ones From Their Homeland. . Los Angeles Times . 26 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180511114409/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-28/news/ci-7128_1_full-veterans-benefits-peping-baclig-citizenship-and-full-veterans . May 11, 2018 . live .
124. Book: Rene Ciria Cruz. Cindy Domingo. Bruce Occena. A Time to Rise: Collective Memoirs of the Union of Democratic Filipinos (KDP). 17 September 2017. University of Washington Press. 978-0-295-74203-8. 74.
     Book: Pei-Te Lien. Making Of Asian America: Through Political Participation. 17 June 2010. Temple University Press. 978-1-4399-0543-2. 101.
     Web site: Velma Veloria . . 2004 . Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project . University of Washington . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180505040600/http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/veloria.htm . May 5, 2018 . live .
125. News: South . Garry . 27 October 2013 . The Fil-Am Community in California: Political Influence Doesn't Match the Numbers . Asian Journal . Garry South Group . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092318/http://www.garrysouthgroup.com/garry-said/the-fil-am-community-in-california-political-influence-doesn%E2%80%99t-match-the-numbers/ . April 29, 2018 . dead .
126. News: Rueda . Nimfa U. . 9 November 2012 . At least 14 Fil-Am politicians winners in US elections . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 28 April 2018 . In Virginia, Robert “Bobby” Scott, the first American of Filipino descent to serve in the US Congress, was elected to an 11th term, beating Republican Dean Longo. . https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181234/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/55552/at-least-14-fil-am-politicians-winners-in-us-elections . February 3, 2018 . live .
     Book: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. 2008. Government Printing Office. 978-0-16-080194-5. 735.
127. Connie . Mariano . Eleanor Mariano . Michel . Martin . 22 July 2010 . The White House Doctor . 27 April 2018 . National Public Radio . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094121/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128694780 . April 28, 2018 . live .
     Web site: Former White House Physician Connie Mariano Visits Stevens, Inspires Future Women Leaders . . 1 March 2018 . Campus & Community . Stevens Institute of Technology . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093616/https://www.stevens.edu/news/former-white-house-physician-connie-mariano-visits-stevens-inspires-future-women-leaders . April 28, 2018 . live .
     Web site: E. Connie Mariano, MD, FACP . . American Medical Women's Association . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428121017/https://www.amwa-doc.org/amwa-centennial-meeting/connie-mariano/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
     Web site: Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islanders in Naval History . John R. . Desselle . 28 April 2016 . The Sextant . United States Navy . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093719/http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2016/04/28/celebrating-asian-and-pacific-islanders-month-in-naval-history/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
128. News: H.G. . Reza . 27 February 1992 . Navy to Stop Recruiting Filipino Nationals : Defense: The end of the military base agreement with the Philippines will terminate the nearly century-old program. . Los Angeles Times . 4 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140304054830/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-27/local/me-3911_1_filipino-sailors . March 4, 2014 . live .
     News: Rowe . Peter . 27 July 2015 . Deep ties connect Filipinos, Navy and San Diego . San Diego Union-Tribune . 4 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180817070750/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/military/sdut-a-bridge-from-the-philippines-2015jul27-story.html . August 17, 2018 . live .
129. Saranillio . Dean Itsuji . September 2011 . Kēwaikaliko's Benocide: Reversing the Imperial Gaze of Rice v. Cayetano and its Legal Progeny . 40983415. American Quarterly . 62 . 3 . 457–476 . 10.1353/aq.2010.0011. 143455158 .
     News: Essoyan . Susan . 26 December 1994 . POLITICS : New Governor Making Waves in Honolulu : Ben Cayetano's Cabinet appointments have already ruffled feathers. His style gives fits to the Establishment. . Los Angeles Times . 26 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015942/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-12-26/news/mn-13114_1_ben-cayetano . March 5, 2016 . live .
     Book: Karen Sirvaitis. The Asian Pacific American Experience. 1 August 2010. Twenty-First Century Books. 978-0-7613-4089-8. 70.
130. Book: Reed Ueda Ph.D.. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places [3 volumes]. 21 September 2017. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-4408-2865-2. 577.
     Web site: Sunday, 24 April 2011 Login Edit Feedback Historic Filipinotown With Mural/ Adobo Nation's La Chika. TFC. 15 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131224001643/http://wn.com/Historic_Filipinotown_with_MURAL_Adobo_Nation%27s_LA_Chika. December 24, 2013. live.
     Web site: Famous Fil Am Muralist Returns to Filipinotown . June 22, 2006 . INQUIRER . April 25, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120925075137/http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/education/view.php?db=1&article=20060622-6042 . September 25, 2012 . mdy-all .
131. News: Yano takes over Philippine Army . 23 August 2007 . 17 January 2013 . Fortuna, Julius F. . The Manila Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215201037/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XExaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESgMAAAAIBAJ&dq=edward-soriano&pg=2392,19560807 . December 15, 2019 . live .
     Web site: Lieutenant General EDWARD SORIANO . Fort Riley . United States Army . 6 April 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131017064904/http://www.riley.army.mil/bigredone/commandteam/Former/ADC/Soriano%2C%20Edward.htm . 17 October 2013 . dmy-all .
     Web site: Executive Calendar . Hackett . Gerald A. . 23 September 1994 . United States Senate . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005455/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/executive_calendar/1994/09_23_1994.pdf . September 27, 2018 . live .
132. Book: Antonio T. Tiongson . Edgardo V. Gutierrez . Ricardo Valencia Gutierrez . Positively No Filipinos Allowed: Building Communities and Discourse . 2006. Temple University Press. 978-1-59213-123-5. 105.
     Book: Richard Greenwald . Daniel Katz . Labor Rising: The Past and Future of Working People in America. registration . 3 July 2012. New Press. 978-1-59558-798-5. 282–283.
     
     News: Constante . Agnes . 15 August 2019 . Family of Fil-Am postal worker killed by racist 20 years ago continues crusade . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippines . 5 February 2020 .
     News: . 24 January 2001 . Furrow pleads guilty to shootings, will avoid death penalty, get life without parole . CNN . Atlanta, Georgia . 5 February 2020 . In the 61-page indictment, Furrow told authorities he would not have killed Ileto if the Filipino-American mail carrier had been white. .
     Kwoh . Stewart . January 2002 . Building Bridges to Justice . Asian American Law Journal . 9 . z . 201–2012 . 10.15779/Z38HS1B . 19 February 2020 . Initially, nobody in the California state legislature knew of Joseph Ileto. When part of the legislature held an event about gun control two weeks after Joseph Ileto was killed, they talked about the Jewish kids, but they did not mention Joseph Ileto. .
133. News: . 6 November 2014 . Seattle to mark Carlos Bulosan's 100th with memorial events . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093649/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/113964/seattle-to-mark-carlos-bulosans-100th-with-memorial-events . April 28, 2018 . live .
     News: De Leon . Ferdinand M. . 8 August 1999 . Carlos Bulosan, In The Heart -- 'He Was An Integral Part Of Seattle ... And Of The Filipino Community' . Seattle Times . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180918/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19990808&slug=2976106 . April 28, 2018 . live .
134. Web site: John A. Patterson. Philippine Scout Heroes of WWII. History. Philippine Scouts Heritage Society. May 11, 2007. May 22, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090302013904/http://www.philippine-scouts.org/history/heroes-of-wwii.html. March 2, 2009. dead.
135. Web site: Filipinos in Hawaii . Belinda . Aquino . 2005 . The Honolulu Advisor . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110712034939/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/specials/filipino100/chronology/ . July 12, 2011 . live .
136. Book: Xiaojian Zhao. Edward J.W. Park Ph.D.. Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. 26 November 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-240-1. 937.
     Book: Rahsaan Maxwell. Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs. 5 March 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-37803-2. 206.
137. News: Ricardo . Gutierrez . AMEDDC&S NCOs honor WWII heroes . Fort Sam Houston . United States Army . April 10, 2009 . June 26, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090808195210/http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/04/10/19553-ameddcs-ncos-honor-wwii-heroes/ . August 8, 2009 . live .
     News: Laura . Wilcox . Veteran lobbies for Bataan Death March memorial . The Herald-Dispatch . Champion Publishing Inc. . May 24, 2008 . June 26, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090814183852/http://www.herald-dispatch.com/homepage/x141965404 . August 14, 2009 . live .
     Book: Robert Greenberger. The Bataan Death March: World War II Prisoners in the Pacific. 2009. Capstone. 978-0-7565-4095-1. 43.
138. Web site: Bataan Death March Memorial . . las-cruces-media.org . Visit Las Cruces . 6 February 2020 . The country's first federally funded monument honoring American and Filipino veterans of the Bataan Death March is on display at Veteran's Park in Las Cruces, NM. The monument was dedicated on April 13, 2002, marking the 60th anniversary of the march. .
139. News: Trinidad . Elson . 2 August 2012 . L.A.'s Historic Filipinotown Turns Ten: What's Changed? . KCET . Burbank . 13 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190820184824/https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/las-historic-filipinotown-turns-ten-whats-changed . August 20, 2019 . live .
     Web site: Historic Filipinotown . Kiang . Jazz . Mora . Andrea . Tran . Samantha . Nak . Katie . Damian Rodriguez . Julio . Cole . Sophia . Lucero . Thania . Park . Joyce . Cheeks . Constance . Charlie Kim, Anne Cong-Huyen . 29 May 2014 . Scalar . University of Southern California . 13 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191214021037/http://scalar.usc.edu/works/ethnic-los-angeles/historic-filipinotown-urban-ethnography-project . December 14, 2019 . live .
     Book: Cole, Marena. Reed Ueda Ph.D. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places [3 volumes]. https://books.google.com/books?id=q4I2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA574. 21 September 2017. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-4408-2865-2. 574–578. Historic Filipinotown.
140. Web site: Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050208082751/http://www.immigration.gov.ph/immigration_laws09.php . February 8, 2005. 2006-12-19 . August 29, 2003. Philippine Government, Bureau of Immigration.
141. Web site: Implementing Rules and Regulations for R.A. 9225 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061003211146/http://www.gov.ph/faqs/dualcitizenship_irr.asp . October 3, 2006 . 2006-12-19 . dead . Philippine Government, Bureau of Immigration.
142. Web site: A Life's Work Washed Away . Lim . Lydia . 7 September 2006 . Diverse . Cox, Matthews, and Associates, Inc. . 18 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180919062028/https://diverseeducation.com/article/6321/ . September 19, 2018 . live .
     Book: David Starkey. Living Blue in the Red States. 2007. U of Nebraska Press. 978-0-8032-0985-5. 282.
143. Garcetti Unveils Nation's First Filipino Veterans Memorial. November 13, 2006. Eric Garcetti, President, Los Angeles city council. 2007-12-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115014/http://www.ci.la.ca.us/council/cd13/cd13press/cd13cd13press13242318_11132006.pdf. May 20, 2011.
144. 2014 . 2014 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California . California Department of Transportation . 19 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701114940/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hseb/products/Named_Freeways_Final.pdf . 1 July 2015 . live . mdy-all .
145. Amparo . Malou . 5 June 2012 . The First Filipino-American Highway in the U.S. . Bakit Why . 19 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170914/http://bakitwhy.com/articles/first-filipino-american-highway-us . July 26, 2018 . live .
146. Web site: 109th Congress, H.CON.RES.218, Recognizing the centennial of sustained immigration from the Philippines to the United States ... . 2016-08-23 . December 15, 2005 . U.S. Library of Congress . https://web.archive.org/web/20161112020458/https://congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/218 . November 12, 2016 . live .
147. Web site: The Filipino Century Beyond Hawaii . December 13–17, 2006 . Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa . May 3, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120330005138/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/15376/601.The%20Filipino%20Century%20Beyond%20Hawaii.PDF;jsessionid=80CAF9962873E562B602C5453CE7C6A0?sequence=1 . March 30, 2012 . live .
148. Book: Montoya, Carina Monica. Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. 2009. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-6954-3. 96.
149. News: Johnson. Julie. Stockton native to lead church. Recordnet.com. August 9, 2008. January 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174150/https://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080809%2FA_LIFE05%2F808090301%2F-1%2FA_LIFE. December 15, 2018. live.
150. Web site: Filipino-American History MOnth . . California Teachers Association . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170704060112/http://www.cta.org/en/Parents-and-Community/Awareness-Holidays/Filipino-American-History-Month.aspx . July 4, 2017 . live .
     News: . California Declares Filipino American History Month . San Francisco Business Times . 10 September 2009 . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170525092655/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2009/09/07/daily59.html . May 25, 2017 . live .
     Web site: Filipino American History Month . . 2017-04-21 . San Diego Continuing Education . San Diego Community College District . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093145/http://www.sdce.edu/organization/presidents-blog/filipino-american-history-month . April 29, 2018 . live .
     News: Ang . Walter . 26 October 2017 . Some books on Filipino American history . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092608/http://usa.inquirer.net/7557/books-filipino-american-history . April 29, 2018 . live .
151. Web site: Austria Statement for Event at Philippines Embassy . Official House of Representatives website of Rep. Steve Austria . 2010-06-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100320075302/http://austria.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=44&parentid=24&sectiontree=23%2C24%2C44&itemid=80 . March 20, 2010 . mdy-all .
     Book: Lorraine H. Tong. Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress. 2000. DIANE Publishing. 978-1-4379-2908-9. 1.
     News: McCarty . Mary . 1 January 2013 . Steve Austria looks back on career in Congress . Dayton Daily News . 28 April 2018 . Austria made history in 2008 when he became the first son of a Filipino immigrant elected to the U.S. Houseof Representatives. . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092045/https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/steve-austria-looks-back-career-congress/HSlMh5JPo1gzlZ5FTKOICL/ . April 29, 2018 . live .
     Book: Thomas Borstelmann. The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality. 2012. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-14156-5. 293.
152. Web site: Mona Pasquil named interim Lt. Governor of CA . Asian Pacific Americans for Progress . January 25, 2011 . November 6, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722231058/http://www.apaforprogress.org/mona-pasquil-named-interim-lt-governor-ca . July 22, 2011 . dead . mdy-all .
153. News: . Jan. 10: A. Gabriel Esteban is first Filipino American president of an American university . Northwest Asian Weekly . Seattle . 3 February 2011 . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Marek . Lynne . 8 March 2018 . A layperson to lead DePaul University . Chicago Business . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Moral . Cheche V. . 8 January 2012 . A. Gabriel Esteban–the first Filipino (and lay) president of a major American university . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Makati City, Philippines . 8 February 2020 .
     News: . Filipino-American named Seton Hall University President . Asian Journal . San Diego . 18 February 2012 . 8 February 2020 .
     News: . Fil-Am UP grad is new Seton Hall University president . GMA News . Philippines . 20 October 2011 . 8 February 2020 .
154. Book: Kevin L. Nadal. Filipino-American National Historical Society Metropolitan New York Chapter. Filipinos in New York City. 2015. Arcadia Publishing. 978-1-4671-2308-2. 101.
     News: Pastor . Christina DC . 24 February 2018 . First Fil-Am Federal Judge Lorna Schofield: 'I had no Filipino consciousness growing up' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 1 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064516/http://usa.inquirer.net/10419/first-fil-federal-judge-lorna-schofield-no-filipino-consciousness-growing . May 2, 2018 . live .
     . CAPAC Leaders Applaud Schofield Nomination . United States House of Representatives . Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus . 25 April 2012 . 1 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064942/https://capac-chu.house.gov/press-release/capac-leaders-applaud-schofield-nomination . May 2, 2018 . live .
155. Book: Cheng, Cindy I-Fen. The Routledge Handbook of Asian American Studies. 8 December 2016. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-81391-0. 491.
     News: Constante . Agnes . 19 April 2018 . In California, Asian Americans find growing political power . NBC News . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Angeles . Steve . 24 January 2013 . The Filipino Champion: Rob Bonta, Making History in California . Balitang America . Daly City . 8 February 2020 . December 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201211545/https://balitangamerica.tv/the-filipino-champion-rob-bonta-making-history-in-california-2/ . dead .
156. News: Pimentel . Joseph . 9 October 2013 . California writing Filipino Americans into the history books . Public Radio International . Minneapolis, Minnesota . 23 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150424222908/http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-10-08/california-writing-filipino-americans-history-books . April 24, 2015 . live .
157. Web site: Six of Weber's 2014 Bills Signed by Governor . . 13 October 2014 . Dr. Shirley Weber . California State Assembly Democratic Caucus . 19 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822203813/https://a79.asmdc.org/news/six-weber%E2%80%99s-2014-bills-signed-governor . August 22, 2018 . live .
158. News: Guillermo . Emil . 18 December 2015 . California School to Bear Names of Filipino-American Labor Leaders Itliong, Vera Cruz . NBC News . 19 February 2020 .
     Revilla . Linda . 7 October 2015 . Remembering Our Manongs And The Delano Grape Strike . Positively Filipino . Burlingame, California . 19 February 2020 .
159. News: Rocha . Veronica . 23 February 2015 . 2 Inland Empire men sentenced in terrorist plot to kill Americans . Los Angeles Times . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025127/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-two-inland-empire-men-sentenced-terrorism-20150223-story.html . April 29, 2018 . live .
     News: ABS-CBN News . Angeles . Steve . 26 September 2014 . SoCal Jury finds Filipino Terror Suspect Guilty . Balitang America . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025330/https://balitangamerica.tv/fil-am-terror-suspect-found-guilty-faces-life-sentence/ . April 29, 2018 . live .
     News: Fernandez . Alexia . 9 August 2016 . Philippine lawmaker wants to ban Trump from the country . Los Angeles Times . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Johnson . Jenna . 5 August 2016 . Donald Trump now says even legal immigrants are a security threat . Washington Post . 8 February 2020 .
     News: Oriel . Christina M. . 19 August 2016 . Trump: 'Extreme vetting' needed for immigrants to US . Asian Journal . San Francisco . 19 February 2020 .
160. News: Parr . Rebecca . 11 August 2016 . Union City school first in nation named for Filipino-Americans . Mercury News . San Jose, California . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180658/https://www.mercurynews.com/2015/12/11/union-city-school-first-in-nation-named-for-filipino-americans/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
     News: . 14 December 2015 . Union City school to be first named after Filipino-Americans in US . KGO . San Francisco . 27 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180736/http://abc7news.com/education/union-city-school-to-be-first-named-after-filipino-americans-in-us/1122779/ . April 28, 2018 . live .
161. News: Lam . Charles . 6 March 2017 . First Filipino-American Bishop to Lead Diocese to Be Installed . NBC News . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092857/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/first-filipino-american-bishop-lead-diocese-be-installed-n729786 . April 29, 2018 . live .
     News: Mikita . Caoline . 7 March 2017 . Oscar Solis is the first Filipino American Catholic Bishop, a Northern Utah congregation celebrates . KSL . Salt Lake City . 28 April 2018 .
     News: Brockhaus . Hannah . 11 January 2017 . First Filipino-Born Bishop Will Head a U.S. Diocese . EWTN . National Catholic Register . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092130/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/the-first-filipino-will-head-a-u.s.-diocese . April 29, 2018 . live .
162. News: Sciaudone . Christiana . 11 February 2004 . Filipino American Bishop Is the First . Los Angeles Times . 28 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170113084208/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/feb/11/local/me-solis11 . January 13, 2017 . live .
163. Web site: Fil-Am writer wins top U.S. prize for children's novel INQUIRER.net. Bureau. INQUIRER.net US. usa.inquirer.net. en. 2018-07-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213213/http://usa.inquirer.net/10216/fil-writer-wins-top-u-s-prize-childrens-novel. July 4, 2018. live.
164. Burlingame . Jon . 5 March 2018 . 'Remember Me' Songwriter Robert Lopez Becomes First-Ever 'Double EGOT' Winner . Variety . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191207035243/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/remember-me-robert-lopez-first-ever-double-egot-coco-oscars-academy-awards-1202718241/ . December 7, 2019 . live .
     News: Gibbs . Alexandra . 6 March 2018 . Songwriter Robert Lopez becomes double EGOT winner after Oscars success . CNBC . United States . 6 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191207035242/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/05/oscars-robert-lopez-double-egot.html . December 7, 2019 . live .
165. News: Ramos . Dino-Ray . Tartaglione . Nancy . 6 January 2019 . Darren Criss Says "It's A Great Privilege" To Be First First Filipino American To Win Golden Globe . Deadline . Los Angeles . 8 February 2020 .
     News: . Darren Criss the first Filipino-American to win Golden Globe . Asia Times . Hong Kong . 7 January 2019 . 8 February 2019 .
     News: . What it means for Darren Criss to be first Fil-Am Golden Globe winner . ABS-CBN News . Philippines . 8 January 2019 . 8 February 2020 .
166. News: . 22 May 2020 . How COVID-19 has taken a toll on Filipino-American healthcare workers . WNYW . New York City . 31 May 2020 .
     News: Martin . Nina . Yeung . Bernice . 3 May 2020 . "Similar to Times of War": The Staggering Toll of COVID-19 on Filipino Health Care Workers . ProPublica . New York City . 31 May 2020 .
167. News: Orecchio-Egresitz . Haven . Canales . Katie . Lee . Yeji Jesse . 3 May 2020 . American hospitals have lost dozens of medical workers to the coronavirus. Here are some of their stories. . Business Insder . New York City . 31 May 2020 .
     News: Huang . Jose . 8 May 2020 . A Fifth Of California's Nurses Are Filipino. Their Burden Of The Coronavirus Pandemic Is Fast Emerging . LAist . Southern California Public Radio . Pasadena . 31 May 2020 .
     News: . Filipina Nurse Who Died from COVID-19 Honored By Community . Balitang America . Redwood City, California . 7 May 2020 . 31 May 2020 . May 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200529163444/https://balitangamerica.tv/filipina-nurse-who-died-by-covid-19-honored-by-community/ . dead .
     News: . Lost On The Frontline . Kaiser Health News . The Guardian . San Francisco . 29 May 2020 . 31 May 2020 .
     News: Wong . Tiffany . 21 July 2020 . Little noticed, Filipino Americans are dying of COVID-19 at an alarming rate . Los Angeles Times . 22 July 2020 .
     Web site: Constante . Agnes . December 7, 2020 . Filipino Americans have been hit hard by COVID-19, but the available data masks the impact . Center for Health Journalism . USC Annenberg . October 12, 2021 .
     News: Constante . Agnes . 4 June 2021 . Filipino American nurses, reflecting on disproportionate Covid toll, look ahead . NBC News . 22 October 2021 .
168. News: Srikrishnan . Maya . 6 December 2021 . The First Year of COVID: Filipinos Were Among Hardest Hit, But Hidden by Data . Voice of San Diego . 10 December 2021 . This reflected a nationwide trend. A September 2020 report from National Nurses United, the country’s largest nursing union, found that even though Filipino nurses make up only 4 percent of the nursing population nationwide, nearly a third of nurses who have died from the coronavirus in the country are Filipino. .