Historical rankings of presidents of the United States explained

In political studies, surveys have been conducted in order to construct historical rankings of the success of the presidents of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The scholarly rankings focus on presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.^{[1] [2] [3]} Popular-opinion polls typically focus on recent or well-known presidents.

History

20th century

A 1948 poll was conducted by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. of Harvard University.^[1] A 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger, who surveyed 75 historians.^[4] Schlesinger's son, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., conducted another poll in 1996.^{[5] [6]}

The Chicago Tribune surveyed 49 historians in 1982.^[7]

The Siena College Research Institute has conducted surveys in 1982, 1990, 1994, 2002, 2010, 2018 and 2022 - during the second year of the first term of each president since Ronald Reagan.^[8] These surveys collect presidential rankings from historians, political scientists, and presidential scholars in a range of attributes, abilities, and accomplishments.^[9] The 1994 survey placed only two presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln, above 80 points and two presidents, Andrew Johnson and Warren G. Harding, below 50 points.^{[10] [11]}

In 1996, William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver conducted and published a poll and in 1997, an accompanying book on the poll results.^[12] 719 people took part in the poll, primarily academic historians and political scientists, although some politicians and celebrities also took part. Participants from every state were included and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and "specialists in African American studies" as well as a few non-American historians. Poll respondents rated the presidents in five categories (leadership qualities, accomplishments, crisis management, political skill, appointments, and character and integrity) and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking.

2000–2017

A 2005 presidential poll was conducted by James Lindgren for the Federalist Society and The Wall Street Journal.^{[13] [14]} As in the 2000 survey, the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives, adjusting the results "to give Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars equal weight". Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three, but editor James Taranto noted that Democratic-leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth-worst president of all time while Republican scholars rated him the sixth-best, giving him a split-decision rating of "average".

In 2008, The Times daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own "top international and political commentators" to rank all 42 presidents "in order of greatness".^[15]

The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers. The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place four times: in 2000, 2009, 2017, and 2021.^{[16] [17] [18] [19]} The 2021 survey was of 142 presidential historians, surveyed by C-SPAN's Academic Advisor Team, made up of Douglas G. Brinkley, Edna Greene Medford, Richard Norton Smith, and Amity Shlaes. In the survey, each historian rates each president on a scale of one ("not effective") to 10 ("very effective") on presidential leadership in ten categories: Public Persuasion, Crisis Leadership, Economic Management, Moral Authority, International Relations, Administrative Skills, Relations with Congress, Vision/Setting An Agenda, Pursued Equal Justice for All and Performance Within the Context of His Times—with each category equally weighed.^[20] The results of all four C-SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent. Abraham Lincoln has taken the highest ranking in each survey and George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt have always ranked in the top five while James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, and Franklin Pierce have been ranked at the bottom of all four surveys.^[18]

The 2011 survey, the first poll asking UK academics to rate American presidents, was conducted by the United States Presidency Centre (USPC) at the Institute for the Study of the Americas (located in the University of London's School of Advanced Study). This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance. They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama, but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey. (Had he been included, he would have attained eighth place overall.)^[21]

In 2012, Newsweek magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900. The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Ronald Reagan, and Barack Obama as the best since that year.^[22]

A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson, and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10.^[23]

A 2016 survey of 71 British specialists by the Presidential History Network produced similar results to the 2011 USPC survey, with Barack Obama placed in the first quartile.^{[24] [25]}

2018–present

See also: List of controversies of recent U.S. Presidents. A second Presidential Greatness Project Expert Survey was sent to members of the Presidents and Executive Politics section of the APSA in 2018, ranked Donald Trump for the first time, putting him in last position.^[26] In the 2024 edition, Trump easily had the worst showing, with a score of 10.92 out of 100, while self-identified Republican historians rated Trump in the bottom five.^[27] The study organizers noted a drop in recent Republican presidents' scores by speculating that respondents put more weight towards a president's fealty towards political and institutional norms.^{[28] [29]} The first version of this poll was conducted in 2015.^[30]

The 2018 Siena poll of 157 presidential scholars reported George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Jefferson as the top five US presidents, with SCRI director Don Levy stating, "The top five, Mount Rushmore plus FDR, is carved in granite with presidential historians...."^[31] Donald Trump—entering the SCRI survey for the first time—joined Andrew Johnson and James Buchanan among the bottom three US presidents. George W. Bush, whom presidential scholars had rated fifth lowest in the previous 2010 survey, improved in position to 12th lowest. The 2022 Siena poll had Franklin Roosevelt first, Lincoln second, and Washington third, with the bottom three as Trump, Buchanan, and Johnson.

The 2021 C-SPAN poll showed a continued recent rehabilitation of Ulysses Grant, showed George W. Bush improving, Obama remaining high, and Trump with the fourth lowest ranking.

Scholar survey summary

Within each column:

 Blue  backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile. Yellow-green  backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of presidents.^[32]  Yellow  backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.At leftmost column head, click "triangles" to view the in-office order of each president.
At each survey column head, click on "triangles" to view the ranking order for each president in that survey.

^[33] ^[34]	President	Political party
data-sort-value="1"	1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		Independent	3	3	2	1	2	2	3	2	3	4	2	2	1	4	1	3	2	3	4	4	4	2	3	2	2
data-sort-value="2"	2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams		Federalist	13	16	15	14	14	19	10	15	12	17	17	13	13	12	13	16	11	14	12	14	10	15	9	10	9
data-sort-value="3"	3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson		Democratic-Republican	5	5	7	5	5	7	5	5	4	5	7	4	4	5	4	7	4	4	5	3	2	5	4	5	5
data-sort-value="4"	4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison		Democratic-Republican	11	10	16	7	12	17	15	13	14	6	20	15	17	9	15	18	17	10	9	8	9	17	14	12	14
data-sort-value="5"	5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe		Democratic-Republican	18	12	12	8	18	13	14	16	13	7	14	21	16	8	16	14	15	13	15	11	15	16	15	18	12
data-sort-value="6"	6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Q"	John Quincy Adams		Democratic-Republican	20	17	17	18	23	21	17	22	20	19	19	16	25	17	20	19	18	18	17	16	17	19	16	13	11
data-sort-value="7"	7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson		Democratic	21	23	22	19	15	18	16	9	9	14	13	14	10	13	6	13	5	8	11	9	13	7	7	6	6
data-sort-value="8"	8	data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin"	Martin Van Buren		Democratic	28	29	34	25	27	34	27	25	27	23	31	40	27	24	23	30	21	21	22	21	21	18	20	17	15
data-sort-value="9"	9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William H. Harrison		Whig	41	40	40	39	42	38	–	39	–	35	39	39	–	36	–	37	–	35	28	35	26	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="10"	10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		Independent^[35]	37	39	39	37	37	39	36	36	37	37	35	31	35	37	34	36	32	34	34	33	34	28	28	25	22
data-sort-value="11"	11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K"	James K. Polk		Democratic	25	15	18	12	20	14	22	19	16	12	12	9	9	11	10	12	9	11	14	13	12	10	12	8	10
data-sort-value="12"	12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor		Whig	38	36	35	30	35	31	33	33	33	33	29	28	33	34	31	28	29	29	33	34	29	26	27	24	25
data-sort-value="13"	13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore		Whig	39	38	38	38	38	37	39	37	35	38	37	33	36	38	35	35	31	36	35	32	32	31	29	26	24
data-sort-value="14"	14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce		Democratic	42	41	42	40	41	41	40	40	39	40	40	41	38	39	37	39	33	37	37	36	35	33	31	28	27
data-sort-value="15"	15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan		Democratic	44	44		43	43					42				41			38	40	39	38	37	34	33	29	26
data-sort-value="16"	16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln		Republican	1	2	1	3	1	1	2	1	2	3	1	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	2	2	3	1	1	1	1
data-sort-value="17"	17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson		National Union^[36]	43		43		40	42	37	41	36		41	24	37		36	40	37	39	40	39	38	30	32	23	19
data-sort-value="18"	18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S"	Ulysses S. Grant		Republican	17	21	20	24	21	22	23	28	29	26	23	18	29	35	32	33	33	38	38	37	36	32	35	30	28
data-sort-value="19"	19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B"	Rutherford B. Hayes		Republican	29	31	33	32	29	32	32	30	30	31	33	27	24	27	22	26	23	25	24	23	22	22	22	14	13
data-sort-value="20"	20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A"	James A. Garfield		Republican	30	27	27	28	34	29	–	31	–	27	28	34	–	33	–	29	–	30	26	30	25	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="21"	21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A"	Chester A. Arthur		Republican	33	33	30	34	31	35	35	32	32	25	32	22	26	30	26	32	26	28	27	26	24	24	23	21	17
data-sort-value="22/24"	22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland		Democratic	26	26	25	23	24	23	24	23	21	20	21	19	12	20	12	17	13	16	19	17	18	13	17	11	8
data-sort-value="23"	23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison		Republican	31	34	32	35	32	30	30	29	34	34	30	29	30	32	27	31	19	31	30	29	31	25	26	20	21
data-sort-value="25"	25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley		Republican	24	22	14	20	19	16	20	21	17	21	16	17	14	19	14	15	16	17	18	19	19	11	18	15	18
data-sort-value="26"	26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt		Republican	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	2	4	5	5	3	5	4	6	5	3	5	5	4	5	7	7
data-sort-value="27"	27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William H. Taft		Republican	23	25	23	22	22	24	25	20	25	24	24	29	20	21	19	24	22	20	21	20	20	20	19	16	16
data-sort-value="28"	28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson		Democratic	15	13	13	11	11	11	6	10	6	8	9	10	11	6	11	6	7	6	6	6	6	6	6	4	4
data-sort-value="29"	29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G"	Warren G. Harding		Republican	40	42	37	41	39	40	38	42	38	41	38	34	39	40	37	38									^[37]
data-sort-value="30"	30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge		Republican	34	32	24	31	28	27	31	27	28	29	26	26	23	29	25	27	30	33	36	31	30	29	30	27	23
data-sort-value="31"	31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover		Republican	36	37	36	36	36	36	29	38	26	36	34	36	31	31	29	34	33	24	29	28	27	21	21	19	20
data-sort-value="32"	32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D"	Franklin D. Roosevelt		Democratic	2	1	3	2	3	3	1	3	1	1	3	3	3	1	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	3	2	3	3
data-sort-value="33"	33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman		Democratic	6	7	6	9	6	6	8	6	7	9	5	7	7	7	7	5	8	7	7	7	7	8	8	8	–
data-sort-value="34"	34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D"	Dwight D. Eisenhower		Republican	8	6	5	6	7	5	9	7	10	10	8	6	8	10	9	9	10	9	8	12	11	9	11	21	–
data-sort-value="35"	35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F"	John F. Kennedy		Democratic	10	9	8	10	16	8	12	14	15	11	6	11	15	14	18	8	12	15	10	10	8	14	13	–	–
data-sort-value="36"	36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B"	Lyndon B. Johnson		Democratic	9	8	11	16	10	10	11	12	11	16	11	12	18	15	17	10	14	12	13	15	14	12	10	–	–
data-sort-value="37"	37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon		Republican	35	28	31	29	33	28	26	34	23	30	27	37	32	26	33	25	36	32	23	25	28	35	34	–	–
data-sort-value="38"	38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald R"	Gerald Ford		Republican	27	30	28	27	25	25	28	24	24	28	22	25	28	28	28	23	28	27	32	27	23	23	24	–	–
data-sort-value="39"	39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter		Democratic	22	24	26	26	26	26	18	26	18	32	25	32	34	25	30	22	27	19	25	24	33	27	25	–	–
data-sort-value="40"	40^[38]	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan		Republican	16	18	9	13	9	9	13	11	8	18	10	8	6	16	8	11	25	26	20	22	16	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="41"	41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H W"	George H. W. Bush		Republican	19	20	21	21	17	20	21	17	22	22	18	20	21	22	21	20	24	22	31	18	–	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="42"	42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton		Democratic	12	14	19	15	13	15	19	8	19	13	15	23	22	18	24	21	20	23	16	–	–	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="43"	43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W"	George W. Bush		Republican	32	35	29	33	30	33	34	35	31	39	36	37	19	23	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="44"	44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama		Democratic	7	11	10	17	8	12	7	18	(8)^[39]	15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="45"	45	data-sort-value="Trump, Donald"	Donald Trump		Republican		43	41	42		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
data-sort-value="46"	46	data-sort-value="Biden, Joe"	Joe Biden		Democratic	14	19	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Total surveyed<			-- future suggestion: for more than two footnotes, begin adding elements to prevent widening of column -->	45	45	44	44	44	43	41	43	40	43	42	42	40	42	39	41	39	41	41	40	39	36	36	31	29

Notable scholar surveys

1982 Murray–Blessing

The Murray–Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social, and economic issues.^[40] The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten presidents (and were split over the inclusion of either Lyndon B. Johnson or Dwight D. Eisenhower) and six of the worst seven (split over Jimmy Carter or Calvin Coolidge).

Rankings by liberals and conservatives

Rank	Liberals (n = 190)	Conservatives (n = 50)
1	Abraham Lincoln	Abraham Lincoln
2	Franklin D. Roosevelt	George Washington
3	George Washington	Franklin D. Roosevelt
4	Thomas Jefferson	Thomas Jefferson
5	Theodore Roosevelt	Theodore Roosevelt
6	Woodrow Wilson	Andrew Jackson
7	Andrew Jackson	Harry S. Truman
8	Harry S. Truman	Woodrow Wilson
9	Lyndon B. Johnson	Dwight D. Eisenhower
10	John Adams	John Adams
...	...	...
30	Calvin Coolidge	Jimmy Carter
31	Franklin Pierce	Richard Nixon
32	James Buchanan	Franklin Pierce
33	Andrew Johnson	Andrew Johnson
34	Ulysses S. Grant	James Buchanan
35	Richard Nixon	Ulysses S. Grant
36	Warren G. Harding	Warren G. Harding

2010 Siena College

Abbreviations

Bg = Background

PL = Party leadership

CAb = Communication ability

RC = Relations with Congress

CAp = Court appointments

HE = Handling of economy

L = Luck

AC = Ability to compromise

WR = Willing to take risks

EAp = Executive appointments

OA = Overall ability

Im = Imagination

DA = Domestic accomplishments

Int = Integrity

EAb = Executive ability

FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments

LA = Leadership ability

IQ = Intelligence

AM = Avoiding crucial mistakes

EV = Experts' view

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green  backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.Source:^[41]

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		7	18	12	3	3	4	1	3	4	1	4	9	4	2	2	3	1	12	1	3	4
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams			4	29	18	26	10	13	23	32	16	15	13	17	22	3	19	12	20	7	15	12	17
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson			1	4	6	4	6	16	6	11	8	5	5	3	6	14	5	7	6	1	6	5	5
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison			3	10	11	9	7	12	17	7	15	9	6	8	12	5	14	20	17	2	10	8	6
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe			9	12	15	8	14	9	9	8	17	8	16	16	8	10	11	2	13	15	7	9	7
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams			2	34	20	35	16	14	30	29	23	13	15	11	18	4	21	16	26	5	20	21	19
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson			30	2	10	14	27	28	4	38	5	19	12	13	14	23	6	19	5	23	12	13	14
8	data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin"	Martin Van Buren			16	13	23	19	24	38	33	13	32	25	24	24	27	29	23	25	27	22	27	24	23
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William Henry Harrison			24	30	25	31	33	27	42	35	30	24	37	35	36	30	33	39	24	31	33	34	35
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		33	42	39	42	39	31	22	39	26	34	35	29	34	33	37	35	36	33	32	36	37
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk			17	9	13	12	21	15	7	23	7	16	17	14	11	24	9	8	10	20	9	11	12
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor			37	35	28	37	37	24	36	34	28	28	34	27	37	21	31	34	25	37	25	33	33
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore			40	41	40	38	35	33	25	25	37	35	38	36	35	36	38	33	39	39	30	35	38
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce			38	37	37	41	40	34	35	36	38	38	39	39	39	38	40	40	40	38	35	40	40
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan			23	40	41	40	42	41	40	41	43	39	42	42	43	40	42	41	43	40	41	43	42
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln			28	6	2	6	4	5	13	1	2	2	1	2	1	1	1	5	2	3	2	1	3
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson			42	43	43	43	43	37	39	43	34	42	41	41	42	37	41	38	42	41	42	42	43
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant			26	28	24	22	25	29	21	22	22	40	28	26	26	27	34	24	21	29	31	31	26
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes			29	33	30	29	29	26	19	18	33	33	33	32	33	28	30	30	32	30	24	29	31
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield			20	22	22	24	32	23	41	27	31	29	25	28	25	25	26	31	23	26	22	27	27
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur			41	31	32	27	28	19	14	21	27	26	30	25	20	32	27	26	28	32	17	26	25
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland			19	16	17	15	17	22	20	19	24	18	20	22	17	19	17	21	19	25	14	19	20
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison			39	32	34	28	30	35	29	30	39	36	36	34	32	31	35	28	34	35	23	32	34
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley			21	14	19	11	23	18	24	20	21	20	21	23	19	22	18	15	18	27	11	20	21
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt			6	7	3	5	1	2	2	12	1	4	3	1	2	6	4	4	4	6	3	4	2
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft			14	36	29	30	18	20	32	24	36	22	23	30	21	18	25	23	31	18	28	23	24
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson			8	8	9	16	8	8	15	37	9	10	8	5	9	11	10	10	12	4	29	10	8
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding			43	38	36	34	36	39	37	26	40	43	43	43	40	42	43	37	41	43	39	41	41
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge			25	24	38	21	26	30	12	28	41	30	32	37	31	17	28	32	33	28	19	28	29
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover			10	26	31	33	19	43	43	40	42	32	26	38	41	13	29	36	37	14	40	38	36
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt			5	1	1	2	2	1	5	2	3	3	2	4	3	16	3	1	3	10	4	2	1
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman			35	15	14	20	15	6	11	15	6	7	7	15	7	8	8	6	9	17	8	6	9
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower			12	17	21	10	9	11	8	5	20	17	11	20	13	9	7	9	7	19	5	7	10
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy			13	19	4	13	12	7	27	6	10	6	14	7	15	35	13	17	11	11	16	14	11
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson			15	3	16	1	5	10	28	9	12	12	9	12	5	34	12	43	15	21	37	16	16
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon			18	20	26	36	38	25	34	33	14	37	22	19	24	43	24	11	29	16	43	37	30
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford			27	25	35	17	22	36	31	17	35	23	31	33	30	15	32	27	30	34	26	25	28
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter			31	39	27	39	20	40	38	31	25	21	29	21	29	7	36	29	35	13	36	30	32
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan			34	5	5	7	31	21	3	14	11	31	19	18	23	26	20	13	8	36	13	17	18
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush			11	27	33	23	34	32	26	16	29	27	27	31	28	20	22	14	22	24	18	22	22
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton			22	11	8	25	11	3	10	4	18	11	10	10	10	41	15	18	14	9	34	15	13
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush			36	23	42	32	41	42	18	42	19	41	40	40	38	39	39	42	38	42	38	39	39
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama			32	21	7	18	13	17	16	10	13	14	18	6	16	12	16	22	16	8	21	18	15
Seq.	President	Political party

2011 USPC

In September/October 2010, the United States Presidency Centre (USPC) of the Institute for the Study of the Americas at the University of London surveyed 47 British specialists on American history and politics. Presidents were rated from 1 to 10 in five categories:

1. vision/agenda-setting: "did the president have the clarity of vision to establish overarching goals for his administration and shape the terms of policy discourse?"
2. domestic leadership: "did the president display the political skill needed to achieve his domestic objectives and respond effectively to unforeseen developments?"
3. foreign policy leadership: "was the president an effective leader in promoting US foreign policy interests and national security?"
4. moral authority: "did the president uphold the moral authority of his office through his character, values, and conduct?"
5. positive historical significance of legacy: "did the president's legacy have positive benefits for America's development over time?"

William Henry Harrison (1841) and James Garfield (1881) were not rated because they died shortly after taking office. Barack Obama (2009–) ranked 8th in interim ranking as of January 2011, but was not counted in the final results (and thus did not affect the rankings of other presidents) because he had yet to complete a term.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) came in first overall and in the categories of vision/agenda, domestic leadership, and foreign policy leadership. Washington came in first for moral authority; Lincoln for his legacy. Morgan believes it is likely that Roosevelt's ranking (which only marginally surpassed Lincoln's) rose because the poll was conducted during the worst economic troubles since the 1930s.

Of presidents since 1960, only Ronald Reagan and (in interim results) Barack Obama placed in the top ten; Obama was the highest-ranked president since Harry Truman (1945–1953). Most of the other recent presidents held middling positions, though George W. Bush placed in the bottom ten, the lowest-ranked president since Warren Harding (1921–1923). Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969) "would have been placed much higher in recognition of his civil rights achievement but for the corrosive effect of Vietnam on his foreign policy and moral authority scores." As with US polls, the bottom five (other than Harding) were president before and after the Civil War.

One of the more significant differences from American polls is the relatively low ranking of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963), who placed fifteenth. British academics "seemingly faulted JFK for the gap between his rhetoric and his substantive achievements as president."

Abbreviations

VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda

DL = Domestic leadership

FPL = Foreign-policy leadership

MA = Moral authority

HL = Historical legacy (positive significance of)

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.

Each category is ranked according to its averaged numerical score (in parentheses). Source:

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		5 (8.22)	4 (7.78)	2 (7.89)	1 (9.20)	3 (9.18)	3 (84.5%)
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams			13 (6.33)	17 (5.56)	11 (7.05)	9 (7.15)	12 (6.26)	12 (64.7%)
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson			3 (8.29)	6 (7.57)	8 (7.14)	8 (7.16)	4 (8.16)	4 (76.6%)
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison			15 (6.23)	15 (5.78)	19 (5.75)	11 (6.72)	10 (6.38)	14 (61.7%)
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe			18 (5.97)	18 (5.55)	9 (7.08)	12 (6.27)	14 (6.18)	13 (62.1%)
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams			17 (6.00)	21 (4.89)	20 (5.69)	13 (6.00)	19 (5.22)	20 (55.6%)
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson			9 (7.50)	7 (7.29)	18 (6.08)	18 (5.63)	9 (6.40)	9 (65.8%)
8	data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van"	Martin Van Buren			27 (4.33)	25 (4.42)	27 (4.55)	27 (4.45)	25 (4.06)	27 (43.6%)
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William H. Harrison			–	–	–	–	–	–
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		37 (3.38)	37 (3.08)	30 (4.00)	35 (3.19)	38 (2.46)	37 (32.2%)
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk			12 (6.44)	13 (5.97)	14 (6.50)	22 (5.19)	20 (5.22)	16 (58.6%)
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor			33 (3.84)	33 (3.88)	28 (4.13)	26 (4.46)	34 (3.00)	33 (38.6%)
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore			36 (3.50)	35 (3.62)	35 (3.72)	32 (3.72)	32 (3.19)	35 (35.5%)
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce			40 (2.79)	39 (2.50)	39 (3.00)	37 (2.81)	39 (2.18)	39 (26.5%)
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan			39 (3.06)	40 (2.33)	40 (2.91)	38 (2.74)	40 (2.11)	40 (26.3%)
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln			2 (8.98)	2 (8.91)	3 (7.73)	2 (9.13)	1 (9.37)	2 (88.2%)
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson			26 (4.39)	38 (2.90)	31 (3.92)	36 (3.05)	36 (2.54)	36 (33.6%)
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant		Republican	30 (4.05)	30 (4.08)	26 (4.64)	31 (3.95)	26 (3.95)	29 (41.3%)
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes			28 (4.27)	26 (4.27)	33 (3.81)	30 (4.10)	31 (3.48)	30 (39.8%)
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield			–	–	–	–	–	–
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur			34 (3.74)	29 (4.22)	36 (3.68)	28 (4.26)	30 (3.48)	32 (38.8%)
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland			23 (5.44)	19 (5.28)	22 (5.16)	19 (5.56)	21 (5.06)	21 (53.0%)
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison			35 (3.68)	34 (3.68)	34 (3.75)	29 (4.24)	33 (3.04)	34 (36.8%)
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley			19 (5.95)	16 (5.58)	17 (6.28)	17 (5.86)	17 (5.46)	17 (58.3%)
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt			7 (8.11)	5 (7.76)	5 (7.61)	10 (7.09)	7 (7.28)	5 (75.7%)
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft			25 (4.61)	24 (4.59)	24 (4.73)	25 (4.97)	23 (4.18)	25 (46.1%)
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson			8 (8.11)	8 (6.98)	6 (7.50)	5 (7.30)	5 (7.43)	6 (75.7%)
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding			38 (3.32)	36 (3.23)	37 (3.62)	39 (2.21)	37 (2.52)	38 (29.8%)
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge			29 (4.22)	31 (4.07)	29 (4.02)	23 (5.07)	29 (3.56)	28 (41.9%)
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover			24 (4.87)	32 (4.02)	25 (4.72)	24 (5.00)	28 (3.78)	26 (44.8%)
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt			1 (9.11)	1 (9.04)	1 (8.77)	3 (8.43)	2 (9.32)	1 (89.3%)
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman			10 (7.06)	9 (6.79)	4 (7.72)	7 (7.28)	6 (7.32)	7 (72.3%)
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower			20 (5.81)	12 (6.13)	7 (7.21)	4 (7.40)	11 (6.34)	10 (65.8%)
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy			11 (6.96)	14 (5.79)	15 (6.41)	21 (5.42)	13 (6.23)	15 (61.6%)
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson			4 (8.23)	3 (8.55)	32 (3.87)	20 (5.45)	8 (6.53)	11 (65.3%)
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon			16 (6.11)	20 (5.09)	12 (6.83)	40 (2.02)	27 (3.89)	23 (47.9%)
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford			32 (3.93)	22 (4.72)	23 (4.89)	16 (5.87)	24 (4.11)	24 (47.0%)
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter			22 (5.60)	23 (4.72)	21 (5.62)	6 (7.28)	18 (5.38)	18 (57.2%)
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan			6 (8.17)	11 (6.28)	10 (7.06)	14 (5.89)	15 (5.89)	8 (66.6%)
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush			31 (4.04)	27 (4.24)	13 (6.64)	15 (5.87)	22 (4.71)	22 (51.0%)
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton			14 (6.28)	10 (6.46)	16 (6.39)	34 (3.48)	16 (5.57)	19 (56.4%)
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush			21 (5.64)	28 (4.22)	38 (3.82)	33 (3.55)	35 (2.75)	31 (39.6%)
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama			<	--fix sorting order to absolute numerical ranking-->11 (7.00)	11 (6.44)	19 (6.04)	8 (7.27)	8 (6.66)	8 (66.8%)
Seq.	President	Political party

2016 PHN

In 2016, the Presidential History Network surveyed 71 named British and Irish specialists. The questions were the same as in the USPC survey, which was directed by some of the same people. Some respondents did not rate presidents that they were not familiar with. The minimum number of responses (62) were for the rather obscure and inconsequential presidents Hayes, Arthur, Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison. 69–70 rated all recent presidents, from FDR on.

Abbreviations

VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda

DL = Domestic leadership

FPL = Foreign-policy leadership

MA = Moral authority

HL = Historical legacy (positive significance of)

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green  backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.

Each category is ranked according to its averaged numerical score. Source:

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		3 (8.46)	4 (7.65)	3 (7.69)	2 (8.90)	3 (8.94)	3 (8.33)
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams			18 (6.27)	14 (5.98)	11 (6.79)	11 (6.79)	10 (6.47)	10 (6.52)
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson			4 (8.38)	6 (7.20)	9 (6.83)	10 (6.82)	4 (7.65)	5 (7.38)
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison			15 (6.36)	13 (6.08)	20 (5.79)	12 (6.47)	13 (6.36)	15 (6.21)
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe			14 (6.40)	16 (5.80)	8 (7.02)	14 (6.16)	14 (6.20)	14 (6.32)
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams			20 (6.17)	19 (5.41)	17 (6.09)	13 (6.44)	15 (6.06)	17 (6.03)
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson			11 (7.24)	8 (6.73)	21 (5.67)	22 (5.00)	17 (5.63)	16 (6.05)
8	data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van"	Martin Van Buren			29 (4.57)	25 (4.76)	26 (4.58)	25 (4.46)	26 (4.11)	27 (4.50)
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William H. Harrison^[42]			–	–	–	–	–	–
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		36 (3.52)	36 (3.36)	33 (3.57)	32 (3.42)	35 (3.12)	36 (3.39)
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk			17 (6.30)	19 (5.41)	18 (6.06)	26 (4.36)	23 (4.75)	22 (5.38)
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor			34 (3.66)	35 (3.61)	34 (3.51)	30 (4.12)	33 (3.29)	33 (3.64)
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore			40 (2.80)	38 (3.10)	38 (3.00)	36 (2.86)	36 (2.78)	39 (2.91)
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce			39 (2.84)	40 (2.58)	40 (2.92)	37 (2.74)	40 (2.26)	40 (2.67)
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan			41 (2.69)	41 (2.31)	41 (2.82)	40 (2.33)	41 (2.13)	41 (2.46)
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln			2 (9.16)	1 (9.03)	2 (8.01)	1 (9.32)	1 (9.49)	2 (9.00)
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson			35 (3.54)	39 (2.95)	37 (3.41)	38 (2.73)	38 (2.56)	37 (3.04)
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant		Republican	24 (5.30)	22 (5.17)	23 (5.44)	21 (5.05)	22 (5.00)	23 (5.19)
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes			33 (3.83)	31 (3.92)	32 (3.70)	31 (3.67)	32 (3.44)	32 (3.71)
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield^[43]			–	–	–	–	–	–
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur			37 (3.36)	33 (3.78)	35 (3.49)	33 (3.38)	34 (3.18)	35 (3.44)
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland			23 (5.33)	24 (4.93)	24 (5.15)	20 (5.22)	24 (4.73)	24 (5.07)
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison			30 (4.06)	29 (4.10)	29 (4.10)	29 (4.13)	29 (3.55)	30 (3.99)
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley			22 (5.84)	18 (5.65)	16 (6.13)	18 (5.42)	21 (5.24)	20 (5.66)
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt			8 (8.07)	5 (7.55)	4 (7.62)	7 (7.03)	6 (7.07)	4 (7.47)
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft			28 (4.63)	27 (4.63)	25 (4.76)	24 (4.84)	25 (4.34)	25 (4.64)
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson			5 (8.37)	11 (6.26)	5 (7.53)	8 (7.00)	8 (7.01)	6 (7.23)
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding			38 (3.22)	37 (3.17)	36 (3.48)	39 (2.37)	39 (2.54)	38 (2.96)
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge			31 (3.90)	30 (4.00)	31 (3.83)	28 (4.29)	31 (3.48)	31 (3.90)
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover			27 (4.72)	34 (3.76)	28 (4.15)	27 (4.31)	30 (3.48)	29 (4.08)
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt			1 (9.31)	2 (9.00)	1 (9.11)	3 (8.40)	2 (9.23)	1 (9.01)
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman			12 (6.90)	9 (6.71)	5 (7.53)	9 (6.86)	7 (7.03)	8 (7.06)
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower			19 (6.22)	12 (6.09)	7 (7.13)	5 (7.30)	11 (6.44)	9 (6.64)
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy			9 (7.56)	17 (5.77)	13 (6.60)	16 (5.67)	12 (6.43)	12 (6.41)
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson			7 (8.16)	3 (8.46)	30 (4.06)	19 (5.23)	9 (6.59)	11 (6.50)
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon			21 (6.16)	21 (5.19)	19 (5.99)	41 (1.75)	28 (3.58)	26 (4.53)
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford			32 (3.85)	28 (4.38)	27 (4.46)	23 (4.94)	27 (4.06)	28 (4.34)
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter			16 (6.31)	23 (4.99)	22 (5.53)	6 (7.14)	18 (5.59)	18 (5.91)
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan			6 (8.19)	15 (5.86)	12 (6.72)	17 (5.64)	19 (5.51)	13 (6.38)
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush			26 (4.83)	26 (4.67)	10 (6.81)	15 (5.68)	20 (5.41)	21 (5.48)
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton			13 (6.88)	7 (6.93)	14 (6.35)	34 (3.22)	16 (5.85)	19 (5.85)
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush			25 (4.93)	32 (3.83)	39 (2.94)	35 (2.91)	37 (2.60)	34 (3.44)
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama			10 (7.39)	9 (6.71)	15 (6.30)	4 (7.86)	5 (7.44)	7 (7.14)
Seq.	President	Political party

2017 C-SPAN

Abbreviations

PP = Public persuasion

CL = Crisis leadership

EM = Economic management

MA = Moral authority

IR = International relations

AS = Administrative skills

RC = Relations with Congress

VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda

PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all

PCT = Performance within context of times

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green  backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.Source:^[44]

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		4	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	13	1	2
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams			22	17	15	11	13	21	24	20	15	19	19
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson			8	13	13	6	11	7	5	5	17	6	7
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison			18	19	19	9	22	17	13	18	18	16	17
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe			17	14	18	16	7	11	9	14	25	11	13
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams			33	23	17	12	15	18	32	15	9	22	21
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson			7	10	26	20	20	23	21	10	38	13	18
8	data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van"	Martin Van Buren			30	35	40	33	26	26	28	33	30	33	34
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William Henry Harrison			28	38	38	31	42	40	38	36	37	38	38
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		39	36	39	37	28	38	41	37	41	36	39
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk			13	9	14	27	16	9	11	11	36	12	14
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor			27	28	28	28	30	35	35	30	34	30	31
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore			40	34	34	36	34	36	36	39	39	37	37
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce			41	41	41	39	40	39	40	41	42	41	41
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan			43	43	42	43	43	41	42	43	43	43	43
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln			3	1	2	2	3	1	4	1	1	2	1
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson			42	42	37	41	39	43	43	42	40	42	42
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant			19	21	27	19	19	37	20	23	10	21	22
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes			29	30	25	32	33	29	30	32	32	28	32
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield			21	31	29	22	36	32	27	25	20	27	29
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur			37	32	31	35	35	28	29	34	27	32	35
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland			20	22	24	26	23	22	22	21	31	23	23
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison			32	33	32	30	27	30	26	31	24	31	30
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley			16	16	11	18	17	13	10	17	26	18	16
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt			2	5	4	5	4	4	7	4	11	4	4
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft			31	26	20	25	21	12	23	28	22	24	24
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson			11	11	9	8	12	8	16	7	35	10	11
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding			36	39	35	40	37	42	34	40	33	40	40
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge			24	29	22	21	29	25	18	29	29	26	27
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover			38	40	43	29	31	14	31	38	28	39	36
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt			1	3	5	3	1	3	3	3	8	3	3
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman			14	4	10	10	5	10	14	13	4	5	6
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower			12	6	6	4	6	5	6	16	12	7	5
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy			6	7	7	15	14	16	12	9	7	9	8
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson			15	20	12	24	38	6	1	8	2	14	10
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon			26	27	23	42	10	24	37	24	21	34	28
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford			34	24	30	23	25	27	19	35	14	25	25
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter			35	37	33	14	32	31	33	22	5	29	26
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan			5	8	16	13	9	33	8	6	23	8	9
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush			23	12	21	17	8	16	15	27	16	20	20
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton			9	18	3	38	18	20	17	19	6	17	15
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush			25	25	36	34	41	34	25	26	19	35	33
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama			10	15	8	7	24	19	39	12	3	15	12
Seq.	President	Political party

2018 Siena College

On February 13, 2019, Siena released its sixth presidential poll.^[45]

The poll was initiated in 1982 and occurs one year into the term of each new president. It is currently a survey of 157 presidential scholars across a range of leadership parameters.

The ranking awarded the top five spots to George Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Jefferson, in keeping with prior surveys. Washington had been ranked fourth in all previous surveys, and Franklin Roosevelt first.

(The numbers below do not match the source where there are ties in the rankings. They have instead been counted as ties are in other polls (e.g. 26, 27, 27, 27, 30 rather than 26, 27, 27, 27, 28), so that all categories span the range 1–44.)

Abbreviations

Bg = Background

Im = Imagination

Int = Integrity

IQ = Intelligence

L = Luck

WR = Willing to take risks

AC = Ability to compromise

EAb = Executive ability

LA = Leadership ability

CAb = Communication ability

OA = Overall ability

PL = Party leadership

RC = Relations with Congress

CAp = Court appointments

HE = Handling of economy

EAp = Executive appointments

DA = Domestic accomplishments

FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments

AM = Avoiding crucial mistakes

EV = Experts' view

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington	Independent	7	7	1	10	1	6	2	2	1	11	2	18	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	2	1
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams		Federalist	3	14	4	4	24	14	32	21	21	13	8	28	17	4	13	15	19	13	16	10	14
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson		Democratic-Republican	2	2	14	1	8	5	14	6	6	4	4	5	5	7	20	4	6	9	7	5	5
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison		Democratic-Republican	4	6	7	3	16	15	6	13	17	10	6	9	10	6	14	7	11	19	11	8	7
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe		Democratic-Republican	9	15	11	18	6	16	7	10	12	15	17	12	8	11	9	9	10	5	6	9	8
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams		Democratic-Republican	1	9	6	5	29	19	25	22	23	12	16	29	29	15	17	18	21	15	14	18	18
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson		Democratic	38	16	29	28	4	4	39	11	9	18	19	6	16	30	25	25	17	23	20	19	19
8	data-sort-value="Van Buren, Martin"	Martin Van Buren		Democratic	24	23	27	25	34	30	20	28	27	25	27	16	23	25	31	26	29	27	24	28	25
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William Henry Harrison		Whig	22 (tie)	39	28	37	44	34	42	39	29	31	37	36	38	42	41	40	42	44	37	39	39
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler	Independent	35	34	35	34	22	26	38	37	37	34	36	41	41	38	34	36	36	26	32	36	37
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk		Democratic	19	10	23	23	9	7	18	7	11	16	12	10	11	22	15	16	12	8	8	13	12
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor		Whig	31	27	22	32	37	24	27	26	25	32	32	35	32	37	27	33	27	30	26	30	30
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore		Whig	41	38	36	38	35	40 (tie)	33	38	39	40	39	40	40	39	37	37	37	37	33	37	38
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce		Democratic	39	40	38	40	39	40 (tie)	40	40	40	41	40	39	39	41	40	39	41	39	38	40	40
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan		Democratic	37	44	40	39	42	44	41	43	44	42	43	42	42	43	42	43	44	43	44	44	43
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln		Republican	29	1	2	2	18	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	4	3	4	2	1	6	2	1	3
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson		Democratic	43	43	41	42	40	36	44	44	43	44	42	44	44	44	43	42	43	41	43	43	44
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant		Republican	20	25	25	24	26	18	17	27	18	26	26	24	19	24	26	38	24	24	31	24	24
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes		Republican	36	31	32	29	23	37	24	34	33	30	31	33	30	27	22	30	35	31	28	29	32
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield		Republican	22 (tie)	26	21	20	41	32	26	25	24	23	24	27	26	34	29	27	34	34	27	25	28
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur		Republican	42	32	37	36	17	35	22 (tie)	30	34	36	35	34	33 (tie)	33	30	31	25	32	23	31	34
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland		Democratic	27	24	26	27	19	27 (tie)	22 (tie)	19	20	19	22	20	27	20	21	23	23	21	15	22	23
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison		Republican	34	35	30	35	28	38	34	36	35	35	34	31	28	35	32	34	32	29	29	33	35
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley		Republican	30	21	20	26	32	22	21	17	19	22	20	11	12	23	16	17	20	14	13	20	20
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt		Republican	5	4	8	6	2	2	15	4	4	5	5	7	7	9	3	5	4	3	5	4	4
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft		Republican	12	29	12	14	27	33	19	23	26	21	23	30	21	16	19	21	18	22	19	23	22
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson		Democratic	8	8	19	7	14	11	36	14	14	7	14	8	14	13	11	14	14	11	25	15	11
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding		Republican	40	42	42	43	33	43	35	41	41	39	41	38	36	36	35	41	38	36	39	41	41
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge		Republican	33	37	17	33	13	42	28	32 (tie)	38	37	33	26	24	31	24	32	33	35	22	32	31
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover		Republican	13	36	15	13	43	39	37	29	36	29	29	32	33 (tie)	26	44	35	39	33	40	35	36
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt		Democratic	6	3	16	12	5	3	4	3	3	2	3	1	3	2	2	3	3	1	4	3	2
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman		Democratic	32	17	9	21	12	8	12	8	10	14	10	14	15	17	8	10	7	4	9	7	9
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower		Republican	11	19	5	17	7	21	5	5	5	20	7	15	9	5	6	11	8	7	3	6	6
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy		Democratic	14	5	31	11	31	9	8	12	8	3	11	17	13	12	7	6	15	17	18	12	10
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson		Democratic	15	11 (tie)	34	22	25	10	9	9	13	17	9	3	2	8	12	8	5	40	35	17	16
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon		Republican	16	22	43	16	36	12	31	24	28	27	25	22	35	32	23	28	22	16	42	38	29
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford		Republican	18	33	10	30	30	31	11	31	30	33	30	25	25	21	33	24	31	28	21	27	27
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter		Democratic	26	20	3	15	38	27 (tie)	30	32 (tie)	32	24	28	37	37	19	38	22	28	25	34	26	26
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan		Republican	28	18	24	31	3	13	10	15	7	6	18	4	6	18	18	20	16	12	12	16	13
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush		Republican	10	28	18	19	20	27 (tie)	13	20	22	28	21	21	20	29	28	19	26	10	17	21	21
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton		Democratic	21	13	39	8	11	17	3	16	15	8	13	13	18	10	5	12	9	18	30	14	15
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush		Republican	17	30	33	41	21	20	29	35	31	38	38	19	22	28	36	29	30	38	36	34	33
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama		Democratic	25	11 (tie)	13	9	15	23	16	18	16	9	15	23	31	14	10	13	13	20	10	11	17
45	data-sort-value="Trump, Donald"	Donald Trump		Republican	44	41	44	44	10	25	43	42	42	43	44	43	43	40	39	44	40	42	41	42	42
Seq.	President	Political party

2021 C-SPAN

Abbreviations

PP = Public persuasion

CL = Crisis leadership

EM = Economic management

MA = Moral authority

IR = International relations

AS = Administrative skills

RC = Relations with Congress

VSA = Vision/Setting an agenda

PEJ = Pursued equal justice for all

PCT = Performance within context of times

O = Overall Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.Source:^[46]

Seq.	President	Political party
1	data-sort-value="Washington, George"	George Washington		4	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	14	2	2
2	data-sort-value="Adams, John"	John Adams			22	18	10	8	14	19	22	20	13	18	15
3	data-sort-value="Jefferson, Thomas"	Thomas Jefferson			7	8	11	11	11	6	5	6	20	6	7
4	data-sort-value="Madison, James"	James Madison			19	19	20	12	22	16	12	15	21	12	16
5	data-sort-value="Monroe, James"	James Monroe			17	14	17	14	6	10	9	14	25	11	12
6	data-sort-value="Adams, John Quincy"	John Quincy Adams			26	23	14	10	10	17	29	17	10	22	17
7	data-sort-value="Jackson, Andrew"	Andrew Jackson			8	13	25	32	23	27	24	10	39	19	22
8	data-sort-value="Buren, Martin Van"	Martin Van Buren			29	34	39	34	26	25	28	30	33	33	34
9	data-sort-value="Harrison, William Henry"	William Henry Harrison			38	39	41	35	41	40	40	37	36	40	40
10	data-sort-value="Tyler, John"	John Tyler		40	36	40	37	35	38	41	40	41	38	39
11	data-sort-value="Polk, James K."	James K. Polk			13	12	16	28	17	9	13	11	35	17	18
12	data-sort-value="Taylor, Zachary"	Zachary Taylor			31	29	30	29	31	35	37	32	34	34	35
13	data-sort-value="Fillmore, Millard"	Millard Fillmore			41	37	36	36	37	37	35	41	38	36	38
14	data-sort-value="Pierce, Franklin"	Franklin Pierce			42	42	38	39	40	39	39	42	42	41	42
15	data-sort-value="Buchanan, James"	James Buchanan			43	44	43	43	44	42	43	44	44	44	44
16	data-sort-value="Lincoln, Abraham"	Abraham Lincoln			2	1	1	1	3	1	4	1	1	1	1
17	data-sort-value="Johnson, Andrew"	Andrew Johnson			44	43	42	42	42	43	44	43	43	43	43
18	data-sort-value="Grant, Ulysses S."	Ulysses S. Grant			18	16	28	17	18	36	16	21	6	16	20
19	data-sort-value="Hayes, Rutherford B."	Rutherford B. Hayes			30	33	29	33	30	31	31	33	31	32	33
20	data-sort-value="Garfield, James A."	James A. Garfield			24	30	26	23	36	28	26	29	16	27	27
21	data-sort-value="Arthur, Chester A."	Chester A. Arthur			34	31	27	31	33	24	27	31	27	28	30
22/24	data-sort-value="Cleveland, Grover"	Grover Cleveland			20	24	22	25	24	23	25	22	29	25	25
23	data-sort-value="Harrison, Benjamin"	Benjamin Harrison			36	32	31	27	29	32	30	34	23	31	32
25	data-sort-value="McKinley, William"	William McKinley			15	15	13	21	16	12	10	18	26	14	14
26	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore"	Theodore Roosevelt			3	4	4	5	4	5	7	4	11	4	4
27	data-sort-value="Taft, William Howard"	William Howard Taft			28	26	19	22	20	15	20	26	19	23	23
28	data-sort-value="Wilson, Woodrow"	Woodrow Wilson			12	11	12	19	13	11	18	9	37	15	13
29	data-sort-value="Harding, Warren G."	Warren G. Harding			33	38	32	40	34	41	33	38	30	37	37
30	data-sort-value="Coolidge, Calvin"	Calvin Coolidge			21	27	21	18	27	21	15	27	24	24	24
31	data-sort-value="Hoover, Herbert"	Herbert Hoover			39	40	44	30	32	20	36	39	32	39	36
32	data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Franklin D."	Franklin D. Roosevelt			1	3	3	3	1	3	3	3	9	3	3
33	data-sort-value="Truman, Harry S."	Harry S. Truman			14	5	8	9	7	8	14	13	4	5	6
34	data-sort-value="Eisenhower, Dwight D."	Dwight D. Eisenhower			11	6	6	4	5	4	6	16	12	7	5
35	data-sort-value="Kennedy, John F."	John F. Kennedy			6	7	7	16	15	18	11	7	7	9	8
36	data-sort-value="Johnson, Lyndon B."	Lyndon B. Johnson			16	21	18	24	39	7	2	8	2	13	11
37	data-sort-value="Nixon, Richard"	Richard Nixon			27	28	24	41	12	26	38	23	28	35	31
38	data-sort-value="Ford, Gerald"	Gerald Ford			37	25	33	20	25	29	19	35	17	26	28
39	data-sort-value="Carter, Jimmy"	Jimmy Carter			35	35	37	7	28	34	34	24	5	30	26
40	data-sort-value="Reagan, Ronald"	Ronald Reagan			5	9	15	13	9	30	8	5	22	8	9
41	data-sort-value="Bush, George H. W."	George H. W. Bush			25	10	23	15	8	13	17	28	15	21	21
42	data-sort-value="Clinton, Bill"	Bill Clinton			10	20	5	38	19	22	23	19	8	20	19
43	data-sort-value="Bush, George W."	George W. Bush			23	22	35	26	38	33	21	25	18	29	29
44	data-sort-value="Obama, Barack"	Barack Obama			9	17	9	6	21	14	32	12	3	10	10
45	data-sort-value="Trump, Donald"	Donald Trump			32	41	34	44	43	44	42	36	40	42	41
Seq.	President	Political party

2022 Siena College

The Siena College Research Institute released their seventh poll results on June 22, 2022. The best 10% and worst 10% remain unchanged from their 2018 poll (top five: F. D. Roosevelt, Lincoln, Washington, T. Roosevelt, Jefferson; bottom five: A. Johnson, Buchanan, Trump, Harding, Pierce). 41% of the scholars polled said that if a president were to be added to Mount Rushmore, it should be FDR. 63% believed that the president should be elected by a national popular vote; whereas, 17% supported the Electoral College.^[47]

A year into his term, Joe Biden entered the ranking in the second quartile, at nineteenth place out of 45. Among recent presidents, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama moved up in the rankings, while George W. Bush and Donald Trump moved down, though part of the downward shift was due to the addition of a new president to the poll. Counting from the other direction, Trump remained unchanged at third place from last. The changes were relatively small (one or two places), apart from Obama, who moved up six places (14%) to eleventh place, in the first quartile. Notable shifts among earlier presidents included the continuing rehabilitation of Lyndon Johnson, up 8 places into the first quartile, and of Ulysses Grant, up 3 places (up 8 in the individual evaluations) into the second quartile; and the lessening appreciation of Andrew Jackson, down 4 places to the median (down 7, into the third quartile, in the individual evaluations); Ronald Reagan, down 5 places, remaining in the second quartile; and Zachary Taylor, down 6 places into the fourth quartile.^[48]

Abbreviations

Bg = Background (family, education, experience)

Im = Imagination

Int = Integrity

IQ = Intelligence

L = Luck

WR = Willing to take risks

AC = Ability to compromise

EAb = Executive ability

LA = Leadership ability

CAb = Communication ability (speak, write)

OA = Overall ability

PL = Party leadership

RC = Relationship with Congress

CAp = Court appointments

HE = Handling of U.S. economy

EAp = Executive appointments

DA = Domestic accomplishments

FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments

AM = Avoiding crucial mistakes

PV = Present overall view [the average ranking of the polled experts]^[49]

O = Overall rank [the average of the individual parameters]^[50]  Blue  backgrounds indicate first quartile. Green  backgrounds indicate second quartile. Yellow-green  backgrounds indicate the median. Yellow  backgrounds indicate third quartile. Orange  backgrounds indicate fourth quartile.

Source: Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents

Seq.	President	Political party
1	George Washington	Independent	6	6	3	12	1	5	3	3	3	11	3	18	3	1	4	1	4	2	1	3	3
2	John Adams		Federalist	5	16	5	4	26	20	35	23	23	12	15	31	33	8	15	17	18	17	20	14	16
3	Thomas Jefferson		Democratic-Republican	7	4	20	2	5	8	14	7	6	5	5	4	5	11	20	7	6	10	8	7	5
4	James Madison		Democratic-Republican	4	7	9	3	13	15	11	12	18	8	9	10	10	14	19	11	13	20	11	11	10
5	James Monroe		Democratic-Republican	13	15	16	21	8	14	7	13	14	15	16	17	9	15	12	13	9	6	6	12	12
6	John Quincy Adams		Democratic-Republican	2	11	7	5	25	19	28	24	21	13	17	29	35	17	13	18	20	15	13	18	17
7	Andrew Jackson		Democratic	38	17	37	32	6	4	41	18	11	20	22	5	21	35	30	26	22	29	27	26	23
8	Martin Van Buren		Democratic	22	24	30	25	37	28	20	29	26	27	29	15	30	27	36	27	30	25	25	29	29
9	William Henry Harrison		Whig	32	39	29	34	45	40	38	38	31	36	38	38	41	42	42	41	41	42	37	39	40
10	John Tyler	Independent	35	37	39	36	31	33	42	40	40	33	40	43	43	40	37	39	36	27	36	37	39
11	James K. Polk		Democratic	26	14	28	23	9	7	22	10	12	17	14	14	11	32	18	21	15	9	10	17	15
12	Zachary Taylor		Whig	40	29	25	38	38	30	33	35	28	39	33	39	36	37	29	34	31	35	23	32	36
13	Millard Fillmore		Whig	42	38	35	39	28	36	31	39	39	38	39	41	39	39	31	36	37	37	34	40	38
14	Franklin Pierce		Democratic	41	41	38	40	39	41	39	41	41	40	41	42	40	41	40	40	40	38	39	41	41
15	James Buchanan		Democratic	37	45	41	42	43	45	43	43	44	44	45	44	44	44	43	42	45	44	45	45	44
16	Abraham Lincoln		Republican	29	1	1	1	21	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	4	3	2	3	1	4	2	1	2
17	Andrew Johnson		Democratic	44	44	42	44	42	39	45	45	45	45	44	45	45	45	44	44	44	43	44	43	45
18	Ulysses S. Grant		Republican	31	23	18	24	19	16	16	22	13	19	20	22	16	20	23	38	17	22	31	16	21
19	Rutherford B. Hayes		Republican	29	31	32	29	20	37	23	32	32	31	31	30	26	22	28	23	32	33	19	30	31
20	James A. Garfield		Republican	25	25	22	20	41	30	25	26	24	21	24	26	19	31	24	29	29	30	21	27	27
21	Chester A. Arthur		Republican	39	34	36	37	16	34	29	34	36	34	36	35	28	32	27	33	28	34	22	34	33
22/24	Grover Cleveland		Democratic	34	28	23	26	22	29	27	20	20	23	27	20	23	25	32	23	26	24	24	24	26
23	Benjamin Harrison		Republican	27	32	33	33	29	35	33	36	34	32	34	36	29	28	33	31	35	32	28	31	34
25	William McKinley		Republican	23	26	26	28	33	25	26	15	19	22	18	11	14	24	16	19	23	11	14	21	22
26	Theodore Roosevelt		Republican	3	3	10	6	2	3	18	4	4	4	4	7	7	6	3	5	5	5	5	4	4
27	William Howard Taft		Republican	10	30	11	14	30	38	19	27	33	25	28	34	24	19	17	25	24	28	26	25	25
28	Woodrow Wilson		Democratic	9	9	21	8	15	11	37	9	17	10	13	8	13	16	11	15	11	13	30	15	13
29	Warren G. Harding		Republican	43	42	43	43	35	43	36	42	42	42	42	40	34	38	35	43	39	40	40	42	42
30	Calvin Coolidge		Republican	33	40	19	31	12	42	30	33	38	41	35	27	25	29	25	35	38	36	18	33	32
31	Herbert Hoover		Republican	14	36	15	15	44	44	40	28	37	29	32	33	38	30	45	32	42	31	42	38	37
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt		Democratic	1	2	14	10	6	2	2	2	1	2	2	1	2	2	1	2	2	1	4	2	1
33	Harry S. Truman		Democratic	28	13	8	19	11	9	13	8	8	14	10	12	15	12	7	9	8	3	7	5	7
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower		Republican	11	20	4	16	4	18	5	5	5	18	7	9	6	5	6	12	7	7	3	6	6
35	John F. Kennedy		Democratic	12	5	27	12	27	10	8	14	7	3	12	16	12	13	9	4	14	12	15	10	9
36	Lyndon B. Johnson		Democratic	16	10	31	18	18	6	6	6	9	16	6	3	1	4	8	6	3	39	35	9	8
37	Richard Nixon		Republican	17	21	44	17	36	12	21	25	27	26	25	23	32	26	22	30	16	14	41	36	28
38	Gerald Ford		Republican	24	33	13	30	32	32	15	30	30	35	30	28	20	23	38	22	33	26	29	28	30
39	Jimmy Carter		Democratic	21	19	2	11	40	26	24	31	29	24	26	37	37	18	34	16	25	23	32	23	24
40	Ronald Reagan		Republican	36	18	24	35	3	13	17	19	10	7	21	6	8	21	21	28	21	16	17	19	18
41	George H. W. Bush		Republican	8	27	17	22	24	27	12	17	22	28	19	24	17	36	26	20	27	8	12	22	20
42	Bill Clinton		Democratic	19	12	40	9	10	17	4	16	16	9	11	13	18	7	5	14	12	18	33	13	14
43	George W. Bush		Republican	20	35	34	41	23	22	32	37	35	37	37	21	22	34	39	37	34	41	38	35	35
44	Barack Obama		Democratic	18	7	6	7	14	21	10	11	15	6	8	19	27	9	10	8	10	19	9	8	11
45	Donald Trump		Republican	45	43	45	45	17	23	44	44	43	43	43	32	42	43	41	45	43	45	43	44	43
46	Joe Biden		Democratic	15	22	12	27	34	24	9	21	25	30	23	25	31	10	14	10	19	21	16	20	19
Seq.	President	Party

Scholar surveys of diversity and racism

Walton and Smith (2002–2020)

Professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith in their book American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom, ranked presidents for their views and actions on the topic of race.^[51] Presidents can be ranked twice since "White supremacist" refers only to personal belief; while the other categories incorporate policy actions as well.

Tillery and Greer (2019)

In May 2019, Dr. Alvin Tillery of the Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy at Northwestern University and Dr. Christina Greer of Fordham University "conducted a poll of 113 academic researchers and asked them to rate the 14 modern presidents on both their overall leadership and rhetoric on diversity and inclusion using a scale ranging from 0 to 100."^[53] Survey respondents were significantly more liberal than the national average, "with only 13 percent of the respondents describing themselves as either moderate, slightly conservative, or conservative."

Rank	Overall (performance + diversity and inclusion score)	Diversity and inclusion leadership score only
1		Franklin D. Roosevelt (83/100)		Barack Obama (75/100)
2		Barack Obama (77/100)		Bill Clinton (54/100)
3		Lyndon B. Johnson (69/100)		Jimmy Carter (43/100)
4		Bill Clinton (62/100)		George W. Bush (41/100)
5		John F. Kennedy (61/100)		Lyndon B. Johnson (40/100)
6		Harry S. Truman (57/100)		George H. W. Bush (34/100)
7		Dwight D. Eisenhower (54.4/100)		Franklin D. Roosevelt (31/100)
8		Ronald Reagan (54.1/100)		Gerald Ford (30/100)
9		Jimmy Carter (50/100)		John F. Kennedy (28.4/100)
10		George H. W. Bush (49/100)		Harry S. Truman (28/100)
11		Gerald Ford (39/100)		Ronald Reagan (27.8/100)
12		George W. Bush (38/100)		Dwight D. Eisenhower (26/100)
13		Richard Nixon (32/100)		Richard Nixon (24/100)
14		Donald Trump (11/100)		Donald Trump (9/100)

Public opinion polls

2010 Gallup poll

A Gallup poll taken on November 19–21, 2010, asked 1,037 Americans to say, based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents, whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office.^[54]

1. John F. Kennedy (85% approval/10% disapproval)
2. Ronald Reagan (74% approval/24% disapproval)
3. Bill Clinton (69% approval/30% disapproval)
4. George H. W. Bush (64% approval/34% disapproval)
5. Gerald Ford (61% approval/26% disapproval)
6. Jimmy Carter (52% approval/42% disapproval)
7. Lyndon B. Johnson (49% approval/36% disapproval)
8. George W. Bush (47% approval/51% disapproval)
9. Richard Nixon (29% approval/65% disapproval)

2011 Gallup poll

A Gallup poll about presidential greatness taken February 2–5, 2011, asked 1,015 American adults the following question: "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?"

1. Ronald Reagan (19%)
2. Abraham Lincoln (14%)
3. Bill Clinton (13%)
4. John F. Kennedy (11%)
5. George Washington (10%)
6. Franklin Roosevelt (8%)
7. Barack Obama (5%)
8. Theodore Roosevelt (3%)
9. Harry S. Truman (3%)
10. George W. Bush (2%)
11. Thomas Jefferson (2%)
12. Jimmy Carter (1%)
13. Dwight Eisenhower (1%)
14. George H. W. Bush (1%)
15. Andrew Jackson (<0.5%)
16. Lyndon B. Johnson (<0.5%)
17. Richard Nixon (<0.5%)

In addition, "Other" received 1%, "None" received 1% and "No opinion" received 5%.

Public Policy Polling

A Public Policy Polling poll taken between September 8–11, 2011, asked 665 American voters, based on what they know or remember about the nine then-most recent former presidents, whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office.^[55]

1. John F. Kennedy (74% favorability/15% unfavorability)
2. Ronald Reagan (60% favorability/30% unfavorability)
3. Bill Clinton (62% favorability/34% unfavorability)
4. George H. W. Bush (53% favorability/35% unfavorability)
5. Gerald Ford (45% favorability/26% unfavorability)
6. Jimmy Carter (45% favorability/43% unfavorability)
7. Lyndon B. Johnson (36% favorability/39% unfavorability)
8. George W. Bush (41% favorability/51% unfavorability)
9. Richard Nixon (19% favorability/62% unfavorability)

Vision Critical/Angus Reid poll

A Vision Critical/Angus Reid Public Opinion poll taken on February 18–19, 2011, asked 1,010 respondents about 11 former presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad president.^[56]

1. John F. Kennedy (80% approval/6% disapproval)
2. Ronald Reagan (72% approval/16% disapproval)
3. Bill Clinton (65% approval/24% disapproval)
4. Dwight D. Eisenhower (61% approval/6% disapproval)
5. Harry S. Truman (57% approval/7% disapproval)
6. Jimmy Carter (47% approval/28% disapproval)
7. George H. W. Bush (44% approval/38% disapproval)
8. Barack Obama (41% approval/33% disapproval)
9. Gerald Ford (37% approval/25% disapproval)
10. Lyndon B. Johnson (33% approval/27% disapproval)
11. George W. Bush (30% approval/55% disapproval)
12. Richard Nixon (24% approval/54% disapproval)

2013 Gallup poll

A Gallup poll taken November 7–10, 2013, asked 1,039 American adults the following question: "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history—as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?".^[57]

Gallup poll 2013

President	Outstanding	Above average	Average	Below average	Poor	No opinion	Weighted average^[58]
Dwight D. Eisenhower	10%	39%	36%	2%	1%	12%	3.63
John F. Kennedy	18%	56%	19%	2%	1%	4%	3.92
Lyndon B. Johnson	4%	16%	46%	14%	8%	12%	2.93
Richard Nixon	2%	13%	27%	29%	23%	6%	2.38
Gerald Ford	2%	14%	56%	15%	5%	8%	2.92
Jimmy Carter	4%	19%	37%	20%	15%	6%	2.76
Ronald Reagan	19%	42%	27%	6%	4%	2%	3.67
George H. W. Bush	3%	24%	48%	12%	10%	2%	2.98
Bill Clinton	11%	44%	29%	9%	6%	1%	3.45
George W. Bush	3%	18%	36%	20%	23%	1%	2.58
Barack Obama	6%	22%	31%	18%	22%	1%	2.72

2014 Quinnipiac poll

A Quinnipiac University poll taken June 24–30, 2014, asked 1,446 American registered voters who they believed were the best and worst presidents since World War II.^[59]

2017 Quinnipiac poll

Four years later, a Quinnipiac University poll taken January 20–25, 2017, asked 1,190 American voters who they believed were the best and worst presidents since World War II.^[60]

2017 Morning Consult poll

Including President Donald Trump for the first time, a Morning Consult poll taken February 9–10, 2017, asked 1,791 American registered voters who they believed were the best and worst presidents since World War II.^{[61] [62]}

2018 Quinnipiac poll

A Quinnipiac University poll taken March 3–5, 2018, asked 1,122 American voters who they believed were the best and worst presidents since World War II.^[63]

2021 Gallup poll

A Gallup poll taken January 4–15, 2021, asked 1,023 American adults the following question: "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history—as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?"^[64]

Gallup poll 2021

President	Outstanding	Above average	Average	Below average	Poor	Weighted average
John F. Kennedy	23%	47%	25%	2%	1%	3.83
Richard Nixon	4%	7%	26%	29%	30%	2.14
Jimmy Carter	6%	21%	43%	14%	10%	2.81
Ronald Reagan	17%	35%	30%	10%	6%	3.41
George H. W. Bush	7%	21%	53%	11%	6%	3.06
Bill Clinton	10%	26%	37%	16%	11%	3.08
George W. Bush	6%	18%	49%	16%	10%	2.91
Barack Obama	21%	35%	22%	11%	12%	3.45
Donald Trump	9%	20%	10%	14%	47%	2.30

Memorability of the presidents

In November 2014, Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal Science asking research subjects to name as many presidents as possible.^[65] They reported data from three generations as well as from an online survey conducted . The percentage of participants in the online survey sample who could name each president was the following:

1. Barack Obama (100%)
2. Bill Clinton (96%)
3. George W. Bush or George H. W. Bush (95%)
4. George Washington (94%)
5. Abraham Lincoln (88%)
6. John F. Kennedy (83%)
7. Richard Nixon (82%)
8. Jimmy Carter (79%)
9. Thomas Jefferson (72%)
10. Ronald Reagan (66%)
11. Gerald Ford (62%)
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt or Theodore Roosevelt (60%)
13. John Adams or John Quincy Adams (56%)
14. Dwight D. Eisenhower (54%)
15. Harry S. Truman (50%)
16. Andrew Jackson (47%)
17. Herbert Hoover (42%)
18. Andrew Johnson or Lyndon B. Johnson (41%)
19. William Howard Taft (39%)
20. James Madison (38%)
21. Ulysses S. Grant (38%)
22. James Monroe (30%)
23. Woodrow Wilson (29%)
24. Calvin Coolidge (22%)
25. James A. Garfield (19%)
26. James K. Polk (17%)
27. Warren G. Harding (16%)
28. William McKinley (15%)
29. John Tyler (12%)
30. James Buchanan (12%)
31. Grover Cleveland (11%)
32. William Henry Harrison or Benjamin Harrison (11%)
33. Martin Van Buren (11%)
34. Rutherford B. Hayes (10%)
35. Zachary Taylor (10%)
36. Millard Fillmore (8%)
37. Franklin Pierce (7%)
38. Chester A. Arthur (7%)

Reception

Gerard Baker, US editor for The Times, writes, "the 42 American presidents fall into a well-established, bell-curve or normal distribution on a chart – a handful of outstanding ones, a handful of duds, and a lot of so-sos. I couldn't, in all honesty therefore, really say that number 13 on the list is that much better than number 30."^[66]

Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham described "dichotomous or schizoid profiles" of presidents, making some hard to classify in his opinion. Historian Alan Brinkley said "there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, Wilson, Johnson, Nixon)". Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon: "How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"^[67]

David Herbert Donald, noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln, relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961, Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors. Kennedy remarked, "No one has a right to grade a president—even poor James Buchanan—who has not sat in his chair, examined the mail and information that came across his desk, and learned why he made his decisions."^[68] Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer has argued that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history and that they are "weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the White House."^[69] The broadly static nature of the rankings over multiple decades has also been called into question, particularly given the frequent exposure of previously unknown material about American government.^[70]

The first British survey, published in 2011, places some small government advocates higher than recent US surveys have: Thomas Jefferson at 4, Ronald Reagan at 8, and Andrew Jackson at 9 (compare 7, 10 and 13 in C-SPAN 2009).

Survey takers

In 2002, Ron Walters, former director of the University of Maryland's African American Leadership Institute, stated that ranking based on the presidents' ability to balance the interests of the majority and those of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics. Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction. Walters stated that there was a qualitative difference between presidential evaluations from white and African-American intellectuals. He gives as an example of this difference a comparison between two contemporary studies, a 1996 New York Times poll by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., where 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents as "Great", "Near Great", "High Average", "Average", "Below Average", or "Failure", and a survey performed by professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith and featured in their book American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom, where 44 African-American political scientists and historians ranked presidents as "White Supremacist", "Racist", "Racially Neutral", "Racially Ambivalent", or "Antiracist".^[71]

A 2012 analysis by Mark Zachary Taylor faulted presidential surveys with "partisan bias and subjective judgments", suggesting an algorithm to rank of the presidents based on objectively measurable economic statistics. His algorithm placed Franklin Roosevelt as the best president for the economy, followed by Harding, Hayes and McKinley tied for second. The worst-ranked presidents were Hoover and Van Buren, tied.^[72]

Alvin S. Felzenberg has criticized what he sees as a liberal bias in presidential rankings. In particular, he ranks Ronald Reagan in third place, substantially higher than averaged rankings. In reviewing his 2010 book, Michael Genovese says, "Felzenberg is upset—with some justification—at the liberal bias he sees as so prevalent in the ranking of U.S. presidents by historians and political scientists. To remedy this, he has provided a counter to the liberal bias with a conservative bias. In doing so, he commits all the sins of which he accuses liberals. This book is a mirror image of the work he finds so troubling....It is unscientific, impressionistic, and highly subjective."^[73]

See also

Individual presidents

• Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant
• Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding
• Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson

Other countries

• Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany
• Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia
• Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada
• Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands
• Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

Further reading

• Book: Bailey, Thomas A. . Thomas A. Bailey . Presidential Greatness: The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present . Appleton-Century . 1966 . New York . registration. → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian.
• Book: Murray, Robert K. . Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan . Blessing, Tim H. . Pennsylvania State University Press . 1994 . 978-0271010892 . 2., updated . University Park, PA.
• Nichols . Curt . 2012 . The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries . . 42 . 2 . 275–299 . 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03966.x . 0360-4918.
• Pfiffner . James P. . 2003 . Ranking the Presidents: Continuity and Volatility . White House Studies . 3 . 23 . 1535-4768 . Nova Science Publishers.

Notes and References

1. Maranell. Gary M.. The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls. The Journal of American History. June 1970. 57. 1. 104–113. 1900552. 10.2307/1900552. 154631219.
2. William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver. Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . 2000. .
3. Web site: Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President. February 18, 2011. Gallup. March 16, 2012. March 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120314210856/http://www.gallup.com/poll/146183/Americans-Say-Reagan-Greatest-President.aspx. live.
4. Schlesinger, Arthur M. "Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians". The New York Times. July 1962. pp. 12–13, 40–41, 43.
5. Web site: Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton. PBS. March 25, 2010. April 13, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100413234454/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/leadership/schlesinger.html#chart. live.
6. Schlesinger . Arthur M. . 1997-06-01 . Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton . Political Science Quarterly . en . 112 . 2 . 179–190 . 10.2307/2657937 . 2657937 . 0032-3195.
7. Book: DeGregorio, William A. . The complete book of U. S. presidents . 1991 . Barricade . 978-0-942637-37-3 . 3rd . New York . 704.
8. Web site: About the Presidents Study . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190924150628/https://scri.siena.edu/us-presidents-study/about-the-presidents-study/ . September 24, 2019 . September 24, 2019.
9. Web site: Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719163759/https://scri.siena.edu/2019/02/13/sienas-6th-presidential-expert-poll-1982-2018/ . July 19, 2019 . September 24, 2019.
10. https://web.archive.org/web/20060628235418/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/95%20Presidency%20Survey.htm "Historians Give Good Grades to Clinton Presidency in Siena College Survey"
11. https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095846/http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/2002/02AugPresidentsSurvey.htm "FDR America's Greatest President"
12. Book: Ridings . William J. . Rating the presidents: a ranking US leaders, from the great and honorable to the dishonest and incompetent . MacIver . Stuart B. . 1997 . Carol Publ. Group . 978-0-8065-1799-5 . A Citadel Press book . Secaucus, NY.
13. Web site: Taranto . James . James Taranto . September 12, 2005 . Opinion: Presidential Leadership; The Rankings . https://web.archive.org/web/20060207050558/http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110007243 . February 7, 2006 . OpinionJournal from The Wall Street Journal.
14. Book: Presidential leadership: rating the best and the worst in the White House . 2004 . Free Press . 978-0-7432-5433-5 . Taranto . James . A Wall Street journal book . New York . Leo . Leonard.
15. News: Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings. Griffin, Jeremy. Hines, Nico. The Times. October 28, 2008. March 24, 2010. London. December 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202042621/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whos-the-greatest-the-times-us-presidential-rankings-g6qv750mq3r. live.
16. http://static.c-span.org/files/pressCenter/C-SPANpresidentialsurveyPR021509.pdf "C-SPAN Releases Second Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership"
17. https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/ "Presidential Historians Survey 2017"
18. https://static.c-span.org/assets/documents/presidentSurvey/C-SPAN%20Historians%20Survey%20of%20President%20Leadership%20Feb%2017%202017%20press%20release%20PDF.pdf "C-SPAN Releases Third Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership"
19. https://static.c-span.org/assets/documents/presidentSurvey/2021+Press+Release.pdf "C-SPAN releases fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership"
20. https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=methodology "Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2021"
21. Iwan Morgan. "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis" . Institute for the Study of the Americas. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
22. Web site: From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos). The Daily Beast. September 24, 2012. April 13, 2014. April 24, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210738/http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/09/24/from-franklin-delano-roosevelt-to-john-f-kennedy-newsweek-s-10-best-presidents-photos.html. live.
23. Web site: Measuring Obama against the great presidents. Brandon Rottinghaus. February 13, 2015. The Brookings Institution. April 6, 2015. January 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160106025720/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/fixgov/posts/2015/02/13-obama-measuring-presidential-greatness-vaughn-rottinghaus. live.
24. Web site: UK Survey of US Presidents: Overall Ranking & Total Scores . Presidential History Network . 2016 . July 23, 2021 . July 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210723155339/https://presidentialhistorynetwork.wordpress.com/survey/overall-results/ . live .
25. Web site: UK Survey of US Presidents: Full dataset . Presidential History Network . 2016 . July 23, 2021 . June 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630144408/https://presidentialhistorynetwork.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/full-data-by-president.pdf . live .
26. News: Rottinghaus . Brandon . Vaughn . Justin S. . February 19, 2018 . Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180305092423/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html . March 5, 2018 . February 19, 2018 . The New York Times.
27. News: Chappell . Bill . February 19, 2024 . In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call . NPR.
28. News: Pengelly . Martin . 2024-02-20 . Trump ranked as worst US president in history, with Biden 14th greatest . 2024-02-23 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
29. Web site: Vaughn . Justin . Rottinghaus . Brandon . 2024-02-18 . Opinion: We know how voters feel about Trump and Biden. But how do the experts rank their presidencies? . 2024-02-23 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
30. Web site: Benson . Samuel . 2024-02-19 . Presidential rankings by academics place Obama, Biden above Reagan, Trump . 2024-02-20 . Deseret News . en.
31. Web site: February 13, 2019 . Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719163759/https://scri.siena.edu/2019/02/13/sienas-6th-presidential-expert-poll-1982-2018/ . July 19, 2019 . September 24, 2019 . Siena College Research Institute.
32. Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.
33. [Grover Cleveland]
34. William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from rankings of the presidents because of the brevity of their terms in office. In addition to Grover Cleveland's two presidential numbers, this contributes to the number of ranks assigned by some sources being less than the presidential complement of the era.
35. Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.
36. When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Not until 1868, long after the National Union Party had disbanded, did Johnson rejoin the Democratic Party.
37. Underline within a column indicates a given survey's lowest-ranking president (or presidents, in the event of a tie for last place).
38. Italics within row indicate rank awarded before president had completed term in office.
39. Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.
40. Murray and Blessing. p. 135.
41. Web site: Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents. Siena College. July 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100706090046/http://www.siena.edu/pages/179.asp?item=2566. July 6, 2010. May 19, 2017.
42. Harrison was only president for one month, therefore, he was not ranked in this survey.
43. Garfield was president for 6 and a half months, therefore, he was not ranked in this survey.
44. Web site: All Presidents. C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2017. C-SPAN. December 14, 2017. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222235618/https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/. live.
45. Web site: Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018. February 27, 2019. July 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190719163759/https://scri.siena.edu/2019/02/13/sienas-6th-presidential-expert-poll-1982-2018/. live.
46. Web site: All Presidents. C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021. C-SPAN. June 30, 2021. July 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210703102349/https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/. live.
47. Web site: American Presidents: Greatest and Worst. Siena's 7th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2022. . June 23, 2022 . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715114119/https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/ . live .
48. Web site: Graphics for American Presidents: Greatest and Worst . June 23, 2022 . June 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623191952/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Graphics-for-Presidents-Release-2.pdf . live .
49. The average evaluation. The wording on the survey was "your present overall view."
50. The average rank as calculated by Sienna from the data items in the table. This is usually within a few places of the average evaluation, but more divergent in the cases of Ulysses Grant and Richard Nixon.
51. News: Cox . Tony . February 19, 2007 . Race and Ranking the Best and Worst Presidencies . NPR - News and Notes.
52. Book: Walton, Hanes . 262 . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom . Smith . Robert C. . Wallace . Sherri L. . 2020-12-30 . Routledge . 978-1-003-02832-1 . 9 . 9th edition. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. . en . 10.4324/9781003028321.
53. Web site: Tillery Jr. . Alvin B. . May 31, 2019 . The First-Ever Expert Survey on Presidential Leadership on Diversity and Inclusion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190702143212/https://www.csdd.northwestern.edu/research/csdd-survey-results_presidential-leadership-poll_may-2019.pdf . July 2, 2019 . June 25, 2019 . Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy.
54. Web site: Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest. December 6, 2010. Gallup. March 16, 2012. March 14, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120314210852/http://www.gallup.com/poll/145064/Kennedy-Highest-Rated-Modern-President-Nixon-Lowest.aspx. live.
55. http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2011/09/jfk-reagan-clinton-most-popular-recent-ex-presidents.html "JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents"
56. http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/43774/kennedy-and-reagan-lead-list-of-good-presidents-for-americans/ "Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans"
57. Web site: Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President. Gallup. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160801184550/http://www.gallup.com/poll/165902/americans-rate-jfk-top-modern-president.aspx. August 1, 2016. mdy-all.
58. The weights were 5 for "Outstanding", 4 for "Above Average", 3 for "Average", 2 for "Below Average" and 1 for "Poor".
59. Web site: National (US) Poll – July 2, 2014 – Obama Is First as Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better. Quinnipiac University. July 3, 2014. July 3, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140703073437/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/news-and-events/quinnipiac-university-poll/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2056. live.
60. Web site: Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years. Quinnipiac University. January 27, 2017. January 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170126192518/https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2420. live.
61. Web site: Morning Consult National Tracking Poll February 09–10,2017. Politico. October 18, 2017. February 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131218/http://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000015a-418e-d93a-ad7e-dfded64d0002. live.
62. Web site: Poll: Trump and Obama Are America's Worst Presidents Since World War II. Morning Consult. 2017-02-15. October 18, 2017. October 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055213/https://morningconsult.com/2017/02/15/poll-trump-obama-americas-worst-presidents-since-world-war-ii/. live.
63. Web site: QU Poll Release Detail. Quinnipiac University. March 7, 2018. March 10, 2018. November 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201104184734/https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2526. live.
64. Web site: Jones . Jeffrey . Americans Expect History to Judge Trump Harshly . . January 19, 2021 . 20 January 2021 . January 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210119203641/https://news.gallup.com/poll/328670/americans-expect-history-judge-trump-harshly.aspx . live .
65. News: Carey. Benedict. Study on Cultural Memory Confirms: Chester A. Arthur, We Hardly Knew Ye. September 11, 2015. The New York Times. November 27, 2014. October 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151027091724/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/28/science/study-details-presidents-paths-from-power-to-dusty-corner-of-cultural-memory.html. live.
66. News: Hines . Nico . Griffin . Jeremy . 28 October 2008 . Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210730015509/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/whos-the-greatest-the-times-us-presidential-rankings-g6qv750mq3r . July 30, 2021 . 2022-03-17 . . en . 0140-0460.
67. Skidmore. 2001. p. 496-497
68. Donald, David H. Lincoln. 1995. p. 13.
69. Zelizer, Julian E. (February 21, 2011). Opinion: "What's wrong with presidential rankings" . CNN Opinion.
70. News: Mengisen . Annika . October 31, 2008 . The Presidents Ranked and Graded: A Q&A With the Author of The Leaders We Deserved . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200415065654/https://freakonomics.com/2008/10/31/the-presidents-ranked-and-graded-a-qa-with-the-author-of-the-leaders-we-deserved/ . April 15, 2020 . April 3, 2020 . Freakonomics.com.
71. Walters, Ronald (July 8, 2002)."Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?" . History News Network.
72. Taylor . Mark Zachary . October 2012 . An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach . PS: Political Science and Politics . 45 . 596–604 . 10.1017/S1049096512000698 . 41691393 . 154631454 . 4.
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