Heterofullerene Explained

Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element.[1] [2] Based on spectroscopy, substitutions have been reported with boron (borafullerenes),[3] [4] nitrogen (azafullerenes),[5] [6] oxygen,[7] arsenic, germanium,[8] phosphorus,[9] silicon,[10] iron, copper, nickel, rhodium[11] and iridium.[12] Reports on isolated heterofullerenes are limited to those based on nitrogen [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] and oxygen.[18]

References

  1. Vostrowsky . O. . Hirsch . A. . 10.1021/cr050561e . Heterofullerenes . Chemical Reviews . 106 . 12 . 5191–5207 . 2006 . 17165685.
  2. Hummelen . Jan C. . Bellavia-Lund . Cheryl . Wudl . Fred . 1999 . Heterofullerenes. Fullerenes and Related Structures . Topics in Current Chemistry . 199 . 93–134 . 10.1007/3-540-68117-5_3 .
  3. Chai, Y. . Guo, T. . Jin, C. . Haufler, R. E. . Chibante, L. P. F. . Fure, J. . Wang, L. . Alford, J. M. . Smalley, R. E. . 10.1021/j100173a002 . Fullerenes with metals inside . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 95 . 20 . 7564 . 1991 .
  4. Muhr . H. -J. . Nesper . R. . Schnyder . B. . Kötz . R. . The boron heterofullerenes C59B and C69B: Generation, extraction, mass spectrometric and XPS characterization . 10.1016/0009-2614(95)01451-9 . Chemical Physics Letters . 249 . 5–6 . 399 . 1996 . 1996CPL...249..399M.
  5. Averdung . J. . Luftmann . H. . Schlachter . I. . Mattay . J. . Aza-dihydro[60]fullerene in the gas phase. A mass-spectrometric and quantumchemical study . 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00361-B . Tetrahedron . 51 . 25 . 6977 . 1995 . free .
  6. Lamparth . I. . Nuber . B. . Schick . G. . Skiebe . A. . Grösser . T. . Hirsch . A. . 10.1002/anie.199522571 . C59N+ and C69N+: Isoelectronic Heteroanalogues of C60 and C70 . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English . 34 . 20 . 2257 . 1995 .
  7. Christian . J. F. . Wan . Z. . Anderson . S. L. . 10.1016/0009-2614(92)80134-W . O++C60•C60O+ production and decomposition, charge transfer, and formation of C59O+. Dopeyball or [CO@C<sub>58</sub>]+ . Chemical Physics Letters . 199 . 3–4 . 373 . 1992 . 1992CPL...199..373C .
  8. Ohtsuki . T. . Ohno . K. . Shiga . K. . Kawazoe . Y. . Maruyama . Y. . Masumoto . K. . 10.1103/PhysRevB.60.1531 . Formation of As- and Ge-doped heterofullerenes . Physical Review B . 60 . 3 . 1531 . 1999 . 1999PhRvB..60.1531O .
  9. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199902)625:2<175::AID-ZAAC175>3.0.CO;2-2. Möschel, C. . Jansen, M. . 1999. Darstellung stabiler Phosphor-Heterofullerene im Hochfrequenzofen. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.. 625. 175–177. 2.
  10. 10.1063/1.478598 . Photolysis experiments on SiC mixed clusters: From silicon carbide clusters to silicon-doped fullerenes . The Journal of Chemical Physics . 110 . 14 . 6927–6938 . 1999 . 1999JChPh.110.6927P . Pellarin . M. . Ray . C. . Lermé . J. . Vialle . J. L. . Broyer . M. . Blase . X. . Kéghélian . P. . Mélinon . P. . Perez . A. .
  11. Branz . W. . Billas . I. M. L. . Malinowski . N. . Tast . F. . Heinebrodt . M. . Martin . T. P. . 10.1063/1.477410 . Cage substitution in metal–fullerene clusters . The Journal of Chemical Physics . 109 . 9 . 3425 . 1998 . 1998JChPh.109.3425B .
  12. 10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00301-3 . Experimental and computational studies of heterofullerenes . Nanostructured Materials . 12 . 5–8 . 1071–1076 . 1999 . Billas . I.M.L. . Branz . W. . Malinowski . N. . Tast . F. . Heinebrodt . M. . Martin . T.P. . Massobrio . C. . Boero . M. . Parrinello . M. .
  13. Harris, D.J. (1993) "Discovery of Nitroballs: Research in Fullerene Chemistry" http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/1993/CatWin_S05.html
  14. Hummelen . J. C. . Knight . B. . Pavlovich . J. . Gonzalez . R. . Wudl . F. . Isolation of the Heterofullerene C59N as Its Dimer (C59N)2 . 10.1126/science.269.5230.1554 . Science . 269 . 5230 . 1554–1556 . 1995 . 17789446. 1995Sci...269.1554H . 11370/ffe5ba8c-5336-4aed-9c78-0a26f31d459d . 31270587 . free .
  15. Keshavarz-K . M. . González . R. . Hicks . R. G. . Srdanov . G. . Srdanov . V. I. . Collins . T. G. . Hummelen . J. C. . Bellavia-Lund . C. . Pavlovich . J. . Wudl . 10.1038/383147a0 . F. . Holczer . K. . Synthesis of hydroazafullerene C59HN, the parent hydroheterofullerene . Nature . 383 . 6596 . 147 . 1996 . 1996Natur.383..147K . 4315682 .
  16. Nuber . B. . Hirsch . A. . 10.1039/CC9960001421 . A new route to nitrogen heterofullerenes and the first synthesis of (C69N)2 . Chemical Communications . 12 . 1421 . 1996 .
  17. Zhang . G. . Huang . S. . Xiao . Z. . Chen . Q. . Gan . L. . Wang . Z. . 10.1021/ja805072h . Preparation of Azafullerene Derivatives from Fullerene-Mixed Peroxides and Single Crystal X-ray Structures of Azafulleroid and Azafullerene . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 130 . 38 . 12614–12615 . 2008 . 18759401.
  18. Xin . N. . Huang . H. . Zhang . J. . Dai . Z. . Gan . L. . Fullerene Doping: Preparation of Azafullerene C59NH and Oxafulleroids C59O3 and C60O4 . 10.1002/anie.201202777 . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 51 . 25 . 6163–6166 . 2012 . 22573566 .

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