Heresy in the Catholic Church explained

Heresy is defined by the Catholic Church as "the obstinate denial or obstinate doubt after the reception of baptism of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith".[1] The term heresy connotes both the belief in itself, and the attitude towards said belief.

Definition and characteristics

Definition

Heresy has a specific meaning in the Catholic Church when it applies to someone's belief. There are four elements which constitute a person's formal heresy:

  1. the person in question must have had a valid Christian baptism
  2. the person claims to still be a Christian
  3. the person publicly and obstinately denies or positively doubts a truth that the Catholic Church regards as revealed by God (through the Scriptures or Sacred tradition)
  4. the disbelief must be morally culpable, that is, there must be a refusal to accept what is known to be a doctrinal imperative.

Therefore, to become a heretic and thus lose communion with the Catholic Church and hence no longer be Catholic, one must deny or question a truth that is taught by the Catholic Church as revealed by God, and at the same time know that the Catholic Church teaches it. However, if the person denied or questioned such a doctrine, but in good faith, that person is not considered a formal heretic by the Catholic Church, though it is an expression of material heresy.[2]

Canon 751 of the Latin Church's 1983 Code of Canon Law, promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1983, defines heresy as the following: "Heresy is the obstinate denial or doubt after the reception of baptism of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith". Heresy is contrasted with apostasy – "the total repudiation of the Christian faith" –, and with schism – " the refusal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff or of communion with the members of the Church subject to him".[3] This definition and contrast are reused in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catechism also contrasts heresy with incredulity, which is "the neglect of revealed truth or the willful refusal to assent to it".

Formal and material heresy

See also: Hylomorphism, Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology) and Free will in theology.

The Catholic Church distinguishes between formal and material heresy. The difference is the heretic's subjective disposition towards their opinion.

The heretic who is aware that their belief is at odds with Catholic teaching and yet freely and willingly continues to cling to their belief pertinaciously, "who denies a necessary truth out of vincible ignorance or from an error held out of bad or doubtful faith",[4] is a formal heretic. This sort of heresy is sinful because in this case the heretic freely and knowingly holds an opinion that, in the words of the Catholic Encyclopedia, "is destructive of the virtue of Christian faith [...] disturbs the unity, and challenges the Divine authority, of the Church" and "strikes at the very source of faith".

Material heresy refers to an opinion objectively contradictory to the teachings of the Church, which as such is heretical, but which is uttered by a person who does not know the belief is heretical. A person who holds a material heresy may therefore not be a heretic in the strict sense.[5] Material heresy is an opinion that is such that by holding it someone "denies a truth that must be held by divine and Catholic faith, but he is such because of invincible ignorance or because of an error held in good faith. Good faith in an erring man is a prudent judgment whereby the one in error thinks that he does not err, but on the contrary, that he is in possession of the truth". The opinion of a material heretic may produce the same objective results as formal heresy, but the heretic commits no sin by holding it.

Manifest, occult, public, and private heresy

The Catholic Church distinguishes between manifest, occult, public, and private heretics:[6]

Church membership

See also: Body of Christ and Mystici Corporis Christi.

Robert Bellarmine and most modern Catholic theologians (such as Palmieri, Billot,, and) consider that occult heretics "remain members of the Church, because the loss of membership of the Church, just as much as its acquisition, on account of the visibility of the Church, can only result from external legally ascertainable facts"; Ludwig Ott deems this opinion as "more probable".[7]

According to Ott, manifest heretics, even when they are only heretic materially, are not part of the Catholic Church. He adds that manifest material heretics "do not belong to the body of the Church, that is to the legal commonwealth of the Church. However, this does not prevent them from belonging spiritually to the Church by their desire to belong to the Church (votum Ecclesiae) and through this, achieving justification and salvation".

Salaverri and Nicolau give the following summary of theological opinions:[8]

Salaverri and Nicolau, for their part, consider that material (even if manifest) heretics along with occult heretics are part of the Catholic Church.[9]

Degrees

See main article: Theological censure. There are four degrees of heresy in the Catholic Church according to the Catholic Encyclopedia:

  1. Pertinacious adhesion to a doctrine contradictory to a point of faith clearly defined by the Catholic Church is heresy pure and simple, heresy in the first degree
  2. If the doctrine in question has not been expressly defined or is not clearly proposed as an article of faith in the ordinary, authorized teaching of the Catholic Church, an opinion opposed to it is styled sententia haeresi proxima, that is, an opinion approaching heresy
  3. Next, a doctrinal proposition, without directly contradicting a received dogma, may yet involve logical consequences at variance with revealed truth. Such a proposition is not heretical, it is a propositio theologice erronea, that is, erroneous in theology
  4. Lastly, the opposition to an article of faith may not be strictly demonstrable, but only reach a certain degree of probability. In that case the doctrine is termed sententia de haeresi suspecta, haeresim sapiens (scholarly heretic); that is, an opinion suspected, or savouring, of heresy

Other classifications of theological censures exist.

History

See also: Diversity in early Christian theology, History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance and List of people burned as heretics.

In the thirteenth century heresy was defined by Thomas Aquinas as "a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the faith of Christ, corrupt its dogmas". Aquinas continues:[10]

Then-Catholic priest Martin Luther made comments that were later summarized in the 1520 bull Exsurge Domine as: "Haereticos comburi est contra voluntatem Spiritus" ("It is contrary to the Spirit to burn heretics"). This summary was one of the statements specifically censured in this papal bull.[11] [12] When Luther did not accept the bull nor to give a broad recantation of his writings, he was excommunicated in the subsequent 1521 papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

Jansenism was an early modern theological movement popular in France in the mid-seventeenth century, that held that only a certain portion of humanity was predestined to be saved. The heresy according to Roman Catholic doctrine, lay in denying the role of free will in the acceptance and use of grace.

The last case of a heretic being executed was that of the schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll, accused of deism by the waning Spanish Inquisition and hanged to death 26 July 1826 in Valencia after a two-year trial.[13]

Modern Roman Catholic response to Protestantism

See also: Catholic–Protestant relations. Some of the doctrines of Protestantism that the Catholic Church considers heretical are: sola scriptura, sola fide, the universal priesthood of all believers, and the denial of transubstantiation.[14]

In his book The Meaning of Christian Brotherhood, Cardinal Ratzinger wrote:

See also

References

  1. Web site: Code of Canon Law, Canon 751 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308191029/https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib3-cann747-755_en.html#BOOK_III. . 2023-03-08 . 2023-01-22.
  2. Web site: Dictionary : HERESY . 2023-01-22 . www.catholicculture.org.
  3. Web site: Code of Canon Law - Book III - The teaching function of the Church (Cann. 747-755) . 2023-01-22 . www.vatican.va.
  4. Book: Salaverri . Joachim . Nicolau . Michaele . 2015 . Keep the Faith . 978-0-9912268-7-0 . IB: On the Church of Christ ; On Holy Scripture . Ramsey, New Jersey . 422 . en . Baker . Kenneth . Book III — Chapter I – Article III – Thesis 26 - §1047 . 942788647 . 195X.
  5. Encyclopedia: 2011 . heresies . The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization . Wiley-Blackwell . Malden . Oderberg . David S. . Kurian . George T . 1 . 1119 . 10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0652 . 9781405157629 . Heresy being a choice, the element of intent is essential to culpability. Theologians commonly distinguish between 'formal' and 'material' heresy. The distinction is between the matter of heresy, viz. an utterance expressing a proposition that does in fact contradict a dogma, and the formal element, viz. the utterance of the proposition in full knowledge that it contradicts the faith and that the church has proposed the opposite as a dogma. Hence a theologically uneducated person who denies, say, the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (defined in 1950), in ignorance of its being a dogma, has uttered the matter of heresy, but is in no wise a heretic strictly speaking. If it is pointed out to him that the Assumption is a dogma and he still denies it, though the proof put to him is clear, he will have committed formal heresy, i.e. heresy in the strict sense. Even if a person is doubtful about a proof put to him as to the existence of a dogma, as long as his rule of faith is to believe whatever the church teaches, he cannot be called a heretic even if he denies a de fide proposition. In other words, one does not have to be theologically well educated or informed to avoid heresy. Even the simplest peasant, as theologians are fond of putting it, can have the faith and avoid all heresy simply by having the interior disposition, not con- tradicted by habitual external action, to believe whatever the church teaches. Hence the term 'material heretic' is like the term 'rubber duck': a material heretic is not a heretic, he is only responsible for uttering a statement that is, in its content, objectively contrary to the faith. Moreover, canon law requires pertinacity, that is, an obstinate refusal to accept church teaching, not a one-off denial or expression of doubt. This follows the instruction of St. Paul in the letter to Titus (3:10): 'A man that is a heretic [''haereti'kon''], after the first and second admonition avoid, knowing that such a person is subverted, and sins, being condemned by his own judgment.'.
  6. Book: Salaverri . Joachim . Nicolau . Michaele . 2015 . Keep the Faith . 978-0-9912268-7-0 . IB: On the Church of Christ ; On Holy Scripture . Ramsey, New Jersey . 422–3 . en . Baker . Kenneth . Book III — Chapter I – Article III - §1047 . 942788647 . 195X.
  7. Book: Ott, Ludwig . Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma . Roman Catholic Books . n.d. . 978-1-929291-85-4 . Bastible . James . Fort Collins, Colorado . 311 . Lynch . Patrick . Book four — Part 2 – Chapter 5 – §19 - 3. . Ludwig Ott . 195X.
  8. Book: Salaverri . Joachim . Nicolau . Michaele . 2015 . Keep the Faith . 978-0-9912268-7-0 . IB: On the Church of Christ ; On Holy Scripture . Ramsey, New Jersey . 424–5 . en . Baker . Kenneth . Book III — Chapter I – Article III – Thesis 26 - §1052 . 942788647 . 195X.
  9. Book: Salaverri . Joachim . Nicolau . Michaele . 2015 . Keep the Faith . 978-0-9912268-7-0 . IB: On the Church of Christ ; On Holy Scripture . Ramsey, New Jersey . 425–6 . en . Baker . Kenneth . Book III — Chapter I – Article III – Thesis 26 - §1055 . 942788647 . In the first part we say: heretics, apostates and schismatics, who are formal and manifest, by that very fact are separated from the Church. [...]
    Therefore here we are not considering the further questions, which are debated among Catholic authors, about heretics, apostates and schismatics who are merely material or occult . 195X.
  10. Encyclopedia: Heresy . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1912 . . 6 March 2017.
  11. Book: Fredericq, Paul . Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae: Verzameling Van Stukken Pauselijke en Bisschoppelijke Inquisitie in de Nederlanden . 1900 . Vuylsteke . 4 . nl.
  12. Book: Bainton, Roland H.. Roland Bainton. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. registration. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press. 1950., pp. 145–147.
  13. News: 26 July 2010 . Daily TWiP - The Spanish Inquisition executes its last victim today in 1826 . dead . 8 June 2013 . 1 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101062713/http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/805877-196/daily-twip---the-spanish-inquisition-executes.html .
  14. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Protestantism . 2023-01-22 . www.newadvent.org.

Further reading

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