is a style of traditional Japanese music. In the Edo period (1603–1867), pieces in the style were played on the,[1] and were mostly regional to Kamigata. The name means of (Kamigata in this instance), and suggests "not a song from Edo".
In the Edo period, were performed, composed and instructed by the Tōdōza, a guild of blind men; due to this, is also called ., as well as, is a typical form of in traditional Japanese music.
traces its oldest origins to music, and is the predecessor of a number of later pieces, having greatly influence the development of the genre throughout the Edo period; it can be said that both and stem from . In the present day, has spread across Japan, and in its course has been integrated into (music for the), and has strong ties with both and traditions.
Despite the heavy involvement of many other forms of music in the development of the traditional performing arts, such as and kabuki, the form of retains a strong character as purely instrumental music relatively independent of these traditions.
As a form of music, was established in Kamigata region in its early stage, then it was performed in Edo around Genroku era. Later, would change its form as musical accompaniment of kabuki in Edo; this new form was called . Due to the further popularization of the music of, the original came to have less occasion to be performed. Until the end of Edo period, had spread around not only Kamigata but also, to the east, Nagoya, and to the west, Chūgoku region, and Kyusyu region. After the Meiji period, was once again promoted toward Tokyo (formerly Edo), then spread out rapidly.
Today is popular in traditional music field across Japan, except in Okinawa. However, in Tokyo, the impression of is as the musical accompaniment of, and it is regarded that the music is composed according to the character of, with elegant and quiet feeling. However, the truth is that was created as dance accompaniment for, not opposite. The repertory of is only a part of repertory, and music itself requires more technical playing than other music, so that there are a lot of pieces which have strong character as instrumental music. Having said that, also has character as a part of traditional vocal music and developed along with it.
It can be regarded that introduction of the and the birth of occurred at the almost same time; therefore, has the longest history amongst varieties of music. The (Chinese lute) arrived in Japan at Sakai, Osaka via Ryukyu near the end of the Sengoku period. Blind musicians known as at Tōdōza improved the instrument and created what would be the . They used the plectrum of the Japanese to play the, thus creating the beginning of as music.
Ishimura-Kengyo is particularly regarded as originator of music. After that, musicians, mainly at Tōdōza, performed, composed and handed down . The existing oldest piece is considered as a work of the early years of Edo period.
Around the Genroku era,, which feature a consistent story, appeared., a blind official often engaged in music, apparently started to compose in Edo. The famous composers are Asari-kengyo and Sayama-Kengyo, and it seems that before long composers in Kamigata also took this style for their work. In the course of time, came to be used as musical accompaniment of kabuki.
Another tide around this era, instrumental aspect was focused intensively as well as vocal composition, so that pieces took an instrumental part without vocal, typically it was located in the middle part of a song. This musical interlude, instrumental part between singing is called, and this style is called .
In the early stages of the emergence of, simple works were common; however, this style developed hugely in the later Edo period and gained status as the mainstream type of music of .
Miscellaneous pieces which are not categorized as above were also composed. These kind of pieces are called .
contain some elements of popular music and light music, and this character of the style became the contact points between and popular songs. were composed not only by professional blind musicians, but also by amateur musicians, whose works were generally lyrical. In the middle of the 18th century, a great number of were composed, with the style becoming more sophisticated as a result. The center of that boom was Osaka. Notable pieces were,,[2] and .
Originally, blind musicians were engaged in three instruments used in – the, and – from the early years of Edo period. The all-inclusive term for these three instruments is .
These three instruments developed on their own course, and developed their own musical genres (for, for, for); ensembles including all three did not exist in early years. In the Genroku era, Ikuta-kengyou in Kyoto began creating ensemble pieces with and, hence and developed concurrently afterwards. Most of the existing pieces are composed by with an added part, so it can be regarded that was initially created as music, before came to develop with concurrently or afterwards.
The was often used together with other instruments, before finally all three instruments –, and – were used together, creating the ensemble.
At the end of the 18th century, composed many pieces which feature lyrics and stories taken from Noh. This was called . From the Genroku era to the end of 18th century, musical elements from were introduced into . Thus, has some relation with performing arts such as Noh and .
Around same time, a genre called emerged. This genre has comical contents. For example, animals such as rats, snails and raccoon doga are protagonists and make efforts to escape from difficult situations. Narrativity dominates this genre and sound effects are used.
is referred to special category within the field of, and requires variety of highly trained technical skills.
From the middle to the end of Edo period, pieces which had high musical achievement were composed. Key developments were long interludes and instrumental parts between blocks of vocal parts called . Many pieces in this style, known as, have been handed down and are extant today.
Minesaki-koutou, active in the end of 18th century in Osaka, achieved success in the field. He defined as long and technical instrumental parts within a piece and composed great number of pieces which focused on the 's technical playing. His follower, Mitsuhashi-koutou, increased the part within a piece, resulting in becoming longer and more varied than ever. As a result, came to have and emphasized instrumental part in the course of its development.
Around the Bunka era, Ichiura-kengyo from Osaka elaborated the ensemble playing of the . Most previous compositions had been almost in unison in ensembles; in contrast, Ichiura began composing polyphonic ensembles. Polyphonic parts for the were known as, a style which Yaezaki-kengyo sophisticated. Ensemble playing of the was also popular in that era, and pieces for were also composed.
Another similar style was ; composition of another piece based on an original piece, which would be played at the same time.
Later, the majority of composition moved to Kyoto. At first, Matsuura-kengyo composed a number of sophisticated in the Kyoto style; composed in Kyoto were called or . Kikuoka-kengyo (1792–1847 composed and contributed its development in Kyoto. Yaezaki-kengyo (1776–1848), who was also active in same era, composed the part of most pieces and arranged Kikuoka's compositions. The two musicians contributed greatly to their development, and can be said to have created the heyday of as a style; by integrating and together, here reached the perfection of its craft as music.
Around this era, Tsuyama-kengyo from Osaka invented an improved plectrum used in playing.
Mitsusaki-kengyo, a junior fellow musician of Kikuoka-kengyo, was active then. He was also a pupil of Yaezaki-kengyo. He focused on the because it had the possibility to develop more than, which had been developed far enough that there seemed to be little room to develop further. He composed some pieces featuring a solo, and this became a trigger to develop independently. Yoshizawa-kengyo took over and promoted this movement, then began to develop it gradually.
Mitsusaki-kengyo composed traditional, and in his original works, he composed both parts of and as the only composer, a novel concept at the time. Thus the instrumental parts were integrated and refined. His junior followers also took over this method. One of his followers, Yoshizawa-kengyo, went further; he composed three instrumental parts of, and by himself.
In the last years of the Edo period, became popular across Japan and was influenced and integrated into local styles of music.
In the Meiji period, developed independently, and composition of declined. composition did not disappear entirely, and some composers continued to create their own works; however, tunes composed only for the increased overwhelmingly., having already reached its perfection, saw little further room for improvement or innovation, whereas the could easily deal with the tonal scale elements from Western music and Chinese music. The modernising and fresh spirit of the Meiji period was suitable for the tone of the better than the, whose Edo-period sound reminded people of love affairs and the pleasure districts.
As the new government dissolved, musicians there lost their status, which had previous been protected by the privilege system, and musical activity changed accordingly. who lost their authority faced hardship, and had to earn their living by appearing in popular theater. Meanwhile, music had a chance once again to be well known by the general publkc, specifically in the eastern part of Japan such as Tokyo, where was not so much performed. Many musicians from the western part of Japan, such as the Kyusyu region and Osaka, found their way to Tokyo.
Later, after the period that Western things were valued exclusively had gone, became a popular music spread whole of country as well as and, and developed a wide range of listeners. Meanwhile, new compositions of reduced. However, the had taken a larger role in compositions in place of the, and pieces in the style accompanied by were far fewer in number. One notable composer was Michio Miyagi.
Up to today, composers habe tried to introduce various forms (such as Western sonatas) to the style. Today, ensembles consists of the, and . The has replaced the role of the in modern ensembles, though ensembles with the have not disappeared entirely.
In early modern Japanese music which involved the use of the, one feature was for a player to sing their own accompaniment. flourished in the Kyoto and Osaka regions, and thus was called or played by groups of blind men (see).
After the middle of the Edo period, –, and – started to contain common pieces to play in ensemble, then integrated themselves gradually, before finally consolidating with each other.
After end of the Edo period,, which had been developing along with, marked advanced development – thus sometimes is included in . However, originally was created for music, and early -oriented music such as accordingly is not in origin.
Most pieces for have been composed by blind musicians; thus, is regarded as an expression of emotion, and not of visual impression. As a musical style that has developed without relation to the performing arts, the general expression of is introspective and delicate, and less dramatically expressive than those styles developed in tandem and for accompaniment with the performing arts.
has the strongest aspects of instrumental ensemble among modern Japanese traditional music, as most of the pieces are played in ensemble. Along with the progress of, polyphonic and complex ensemble playing also developed. Most pieces have parts for, and, with some including a part for .
, which has a long instrumental interlude without a vocal part, is the most common and most often performed style of . This is because, the instrumental part, takes precedence over the vocal part. Some pieces make full use of the three octave range of the, which has led to the development of technically challenging parts.
Few pieces are purely instrumental; most include a vocal part. Some instrumental pieces for the, called, are arranged for . Most pieces in this style are considered to be highly artistic as pure instrumental music, not as a simple description of nature and emotion.
There exists some which require the use of up to 3 octaves, or 3 octaves and 3 degrees in the most extreme cases.
There is extensive use of ornamental techniques such as portamento, tremolo in, and some other special techniques to express the nature sound such as sound of wind or insects. In contrast, the use of percussive techniques, which create dramatic effects when playing for performing arts, is rare.
Most pieces have modulation at least once even if the piece is short, and pieces more than medium duration have frequent modulation. Common modulations are dominant key and sub-dominant key, though this is not always the case.
Most pieces more than medium duration have tuning change in middle of the piece at least once. Long pieces change tuning almost twice, and changing tuning three times is not uncommon. The purpose of tuning change is for modulation and to change the mood of the sound.
Singing usually uses the stretching of each one note, and its long vowel tone accompanies certain articulation. especially features skill of articulation; some pieces also focus on the articulation of singing. Vocal melody is based on the intonation of dialect of the Kansai region, where was born in.
Vocal melodies in usually utilise about 2 octaves. The character of a piece decides whether to use high tones more often than low tones, depending on the intent of the song – for example, a song for a woman, or a requiem.
Pieces which contain a narrative vocal part are very rare.
has developed without a relation to the performing arts, and thus dramatic expression is less used.
Great number of pieces and long history make Jiuta have many sub-styles. Thus classification is done by not only musical style, but also variety of viewpoint, accordingly a piece can belong to different class.Below are some examples.