pronounced as /notice/
In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages, the letter is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes that in English are called hard and soft . The sound of a hard (which often precedes the non-front vowels or a consonant) is usually the voiced velar plosive pronounced as /[ɡ]/ (as in gain or go) while the sound of a soft (typically before,, or) may be a fricative or affricate, depending on the language. In English, the sound of soft is the affricate pronounced as /link/, as in general, giant, and gym. A at the end of a word usually renders a hard (as in "rag"), while if a soft rendition is intended it would be followed by a silent (as in "rage").
This alternation has its origins in a historical palatalization of pronounced as //ɡ// which took place in Late Latin, and led to a change in the pronunciation of the sound pronounced as /[ɡ]/ before the front vowels pronounced as /[e]/ and pronounced as /[i]/. Later, other languages not descended from Latin, such as English, inherited this feature as an orthographic convention. The Scandinavian languages, however, have undergone their shift independently.
In English orthography, the pronunciation of hard is pronounced as //ɡ// and that of soft is pronounced as //dʒ//; the French soft, pronounced as //ʒ//, survives in a number of French loanwords (e.g. regime, genre), [ʒ] also sometimes occurs as an allophone of [dʒ] in some accents in certain words.
In words of Greco-Latinate origin, the soft pronunciation occurs before while the hard pronunciation occurs elsewhere. In some words of Germanic origin (e.g. get, give), loan words from other languages (e.g. geisha, pierogi), and irregular Greco-Latinate words (e.g. gynecology), the hard pronunciation may occur before as well. The orthography of soft is fairly consistent: a soft is almost always followed by . The notable exceptions are gaol (now more commonly spelled jail) and margarine (a French borrowing whose original hard softened for unknown reasons, even though the name Margaret has a hard). The soft pronunciation of algae, the only one heard in North America, is sometimes cited as an exception, but it is actually conformant, being an alternate digraph spelling for a vowel in the family.[1] and Romanian
Different languages use different strategies to indicate a hard pronunciation before front vowels:
A soft pronunciation before non-front vowels is usually indicated by a silent or (e.g. Italian giorno, French mangeons), though Spanish, Portuguese, French and Catalan use as in jueves.[6]
Icelandic orthography is a bit more complicated by having lenited pronunciations of .
In German, the g is mostly a hard g, also before e and i: geben (to give), Geld (money), Gier (greed), Gift (poison, venom). Soft g occurs in loanwords, usually preserving the original pronunciation. So in words of French origin like Orange (orange), logieren (to lodge) or Etage (floor), the g is pronounced as pronounced as /[ʒ]/; words taken from English like Gin or Gender use the pronounced as //dʒ//-sound. However others, such as agieren (act, agitate), Generation (generation) or Gymnasium (academic high school), are pronounced with a hard g. Some pronunciations vary by region: The word Giraffe is pronounced with a soft G in Austria, but with a hard G in Germany. The g in Magnet is pronounced as a hard g, but the gn in Champagner is pronounced like the French gn in champagne. The letter combination ng is usually merged to a velar nasal, and the g is not spoken in its own right; e.g., in the German word Finger, it is not audible as in the English word finger. However, when those letters are pronounced separately, as in compound words like Eingabe (input) or also in verbs like fingieren (to feign), both the n and the hard g is clearly audible. There are exceptions in loanwords like French-derived rangieren (to rank, to shunt), spoken with a velar nasal and a soft g (pronounced as /[ʒ]/).
Other languages typically have hard pronunciations except possibly in loanwords where it may represent pronounced as /[ʒ]/ or pronounced as /[dʒ]/.
The orthography of Luganda is similar to Italian in having a soft pronunciation before front vowels (namely) and indicates this soft pronunciation.
Because Esperanto orthography is phonemic, always represents a hard g; a soft g is represented by the accented letter .
The Vietnamese alphabet does not have a hard or a soft per se. However, since it was inherited from European Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian) except the diacritics which were from Greek; the letter never occurs in "soft positions", i.e. before, and where the digraph (colloquially known as gờ ghép "composed ") is used instead. Likewise, the trigraph (ngờ ghép "composed ") also replaces the digraph in those positions. "gh" can be explained as following Italian convention, and "ngh" as a form of analogy. However, there still is which is considered a digraph on its own, shortened to before, even in the word gì.
In Modern Greek, which uses the Greek alphabet, the Greek letter gamma (uppercase: ; lowercase:) – which is ancestral to the Roman letters and – has "soft-type" and "hard-type" pronunciations, though Greek speakers do not use such a terminology. The "soft" pronunciation (that is, the voiced palatal fricative pronounced as /[ʝ]/) occurs before and (both which represent pronounced as /[e]/), and before,,,, and (which all represent pronounced as /[i]/). In other instances, the "hard" pronunciation (that is, the voiced velar fricative pronounced as /[ɣ]/) occurs.
In the Russian alphabet (a variant of Cyrillic), represents both hard (твёрдый pronounced as /[ˈtvʲordɨj]/) and soft (мягкий pronounced as /[ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj]/) pronunciations, pronounced as /[ɡ]/ and pronounced as /[ɡʲ]/, respectively. The soft pronunciation of occurs before any of the "softening" vowels and the hard pronunciation occurs elsewhere. However, the letter functions as a "soft g" in the Romance sense, with alterations between and common in the language (e.g. ложиться, "to lie (down)", past tense лёг; подруга, "girlfriend", diminutive подружка). In other Slavic languages, there are similar phenomena involving (or) and (or).
In Modern Hebrew, which uses the Hebrew alphabet, the letter gimel typically has the pronounced as /[ɡ]/ sound within Hebrew words, although in some Sephardic dialects, it represents pronounced as /[ɡ]/ or pronounced as /[dʒ]/ when written with a dagesh (i.e., a dot placed inside the letter:), and pronounced as /[ɣ]/ when without a dagesh. An apostrophe-like symbol called a Geresh can be added immediately to the left of a gimel (i.e.,) to indicate that the gimel represents an affricate pronounced as //dʒ//).
Digraphs and trigraphs, such as,, and, have their own pronunciation rules.
While, which also has hard and soft pronunciations, exists alongside (which always indicates a hard pronunciation), has no analogous letter or letter combination which consistently indicates a hard sound, even though English uses consistently for the soft sound (the rationale for the spelling change of "gaol" to "jail"). This leads to special issues regarding the coherence of orthography when suffixes are added to words that end in a hard- sound. This additionally leads to many words spelled with g and pronounced with a hard, including what may be the most common g word "get". It has also resulted in the file format GIF having two possible pronunciations, with both hard and soft in common use.
When suffixes are added to words ending with a hard or soft, the sound is normally maintained. Sometimes the normal rules of spelling changes before suffixes can help signal whether the hard or soft sound is intended. For example, as an accidental byproduct of the rule that doubles consonants in this situation after a short vowel, a double will normally indicate the hard pronunciation (e.g. bagged is pronounced pronounced as //ˈbæɡd//, not as pronounced as //ˈbædʒd//).
There are occasional exceptions where alternations between the hard and soft sound occur before different suffixes. Examples are analogous (hard) vs. analogy (soft); similarly, prodigal with prodigy. These are generally cases where the entire word, including the suffix, has been imported from Latin, and the general Romance-language pattern of soft before front vowels, but hard otherwise, is preserved.
Sometimes a silent letter is added to help indicate pronunciation. For example, a silent usually indicates the soft pronunciation, as in change; this may be maintained before a suffix to indicate this pronunciation (as in changeable), despite the rule that usually drops this letter. A silent can also indicate a soft pronunciation, particularly with the suffixes -gion and -gious (as in region, contagious). A silent can indicate a hard pronunciation in words borrowed from French (as in analogue, league, guide) or words influenced by French spelling conventions (guess, guest); a silent serves a similar purpose in Italian-derived words (ghetto, spaghetti).
A silent can occur at the end of a word – or at the end of a component root word that is part of a larger word – after as well as word-internally. In this situation, the usually serves a marking function that helps to indicate that the immediately before it is soft. Examples include image, management, and pigeon. Such a silent also indicates that the vowel before is a historic long vowel, as in rage, oblige, and range. When adding one of the above suffixes, this silent is often dropped and the soft pronunciation remains. While commonly indicates a soft pronunciation, the silent may be dropped before another consonant while retaining the soft pronunciation in a number of words such judgment and abridgment. Also, the word veg, a clipped form of vegetate, retains the soft pronunciation despite being spelled without a silent (i.e., pronounced as if spelled vedge). Similarly, soft is sometimes replaced by in some names of commercial entities, such as with "Enerjy Software", or "Majic 105.7" in Cleveland, Ohio and some names commonly spelled with are given unusual soft spellings such as Genna and Gennifer.
English has many words of Romance origin, especially from French and Italian. The ones from Italian often retain the conventions of Italian orthography whereby represents hard before e and i and gi and ge represent soft (often even without any semivowel/vowel sound, thus representing /dʒ/ just as j usually does in English orthography). The ones from French and Spanish often retain the conventions of French orthography and Spanish orthography whereby represents hard before e and i and gi and ge represent soft (often realized as /ʒ/ in French and as /h/ or /χ/ in Spanish). A consequence of these orthographic tendencies is that g before o or a is almost never soft in English—one way in which English orthography, which is generally not especially phonemic or regular, displays strong regularity in at least one aspect. A few exceptions include turgor and digoxin, for which the most common pronunciations use soft despite the lack of "softness signal" gi or ge. But both of those words also have hard pronunciations that are accepted variants, which reflects the spelling pronunciation pressure generated by the strong regularity of the digraph conventions.
A number of two-letter combinations (digraphs) follow their own pronunciation patterns and, as such, may not follow the hard/soft distinction of . For example, often represents pronounced as /link/ (as in ring) or pronounced as //ŋɡ// as in finger. The letters, when final, represent pronounced as //ndʒ//, as in orange; when not final their pronunciation varies according to the word's etymology (e.g. pronounced as //ndʒ// in danger, pronounced as //ŋg// in anger, pronounced as //ŋ// in banger). In most cases, represents pronounced as /link/ as in dagger, but it may also represent pronounced as //dʒ// as in suggest and exaggerate. (The same pair of facts can also be said of how relates to hard and soft C, as, for example, in succinct and flaccid.) Other letter combinations that don't follow the paradigm include,, and .
The digraph is sometimes used to indicate a hard pronunciation before (e.g. guess, guitar, Guinness), including cases where is silent (e.g., rogue, intrigue, catalogue, analogue). In some cases, the intervening is pronounced as /w/ (distinguish, unguent).
All modern Romance languages make the hard/soft distinction with,[1]