World Happiness Report Explained

The World Happiness Report is a publication that contains articles and rankings of national happiness, based on respondent ratings of their own lives,[1] which the report also correlates with various (quality of) life factors.[2] The report primarily uses data from the Gallup World Poll. As of March 2024, Finland has been ranked the happiest country in the world seven times in a row.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Since 2024, the report has been published under a partnership between Gallup, the Wellbeing Research Centre at the University of Oxford, and the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.[8] The editorial team includes three founding editors, John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey D. Sachs, and editors, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Lara Aknin, and Shun Wang.[9]

History

In July 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 65/309 Happiness: Towards a Holistic Definition of Development[10] inviting member countries to measure the happiness of their people and to use the data to help guide public policy.

The first World Happiness Report was released on 1 April 2012, as a foundational text for the UN High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm,[11] drawing international attention.[12] On 2 April 2012, this was followed by the first UN High Level Meeting called Wellbeing and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm,[13] which was chaired by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Prime Minister Jigmi Thinley of Bhutan, a nation that adopted gross national happiness instead of gross domestic product as their main development indicator.[14]

The first report outlined the state of world happiness, causes of happiness and misery, and policy implications highlighted by case studies. In 2013, the second World Happiness Report was issued, and in 2015 the third. Since 2016, it has been issued on an annual basis on 20 March, to coincide with the UN's International Day of Happiness.[15]

Methods and philosophy

The rankings of national happiness are based on a happiness measurement survey undertaken world-wide by the polling company Gallup, Inc. Nationally representative samples of respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale.[16] The report correlates the life evaluation results with various life factors.[2]

The life factor variables used in the reports are reflective of determinants that explain national-level differences in life evaluations across research literature. However, certain variables, such as unemployment or inequality, are not considered because comparable data is not yet available across all countries. The variables used illustrate important correlations rather than causal estimates.[16]

The use of subjective measurements of wellbeing is meant to be a bottom-up approach which emancipates respondents to evaluate their own wellbeing.[17] In this context, the value of the Cantril Ladder is the fact that a respondent can self-anchor themselves based on their perspective.[18]

In the reports, experts in fields including economics, psychology, survey analysis, and national statistics, describe how measurements of well-being can be used effectively to assess the progress of nations, and other topics. Each report is organized by chapters that delve deeper into issues relating to happiness, including mental illness, the objective benefits of happiness, the importance of ethics, policy implications, and links with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) approach to measuring subjective well-being and other international and national efforts.

WELLBYs

From 2021 the World Happiness Report has advocated for the use of WELLBYs (Well-Being-Adjusted Life-Years); it argues that QALYs only count the individual patient's health-related quality of life, and instead WELLBYs should be used. Policy-makers should aim to maximise the WELLBYs of all who are born, and also include the WELLBYs of future generations (subject to a small discount rate).[19] [20] [21]

Happiness of the young and old

Country rankings for the young and the old are quite different, and systematically so, underscoring the fact that convergence between the two halves of Europe has been driven mainly by the rising happiness of the young. Countries ranking highest for the old are generally countries with high overall rankings, but include several where the young have recently fared very poorly.[22]

Overall rankCountry or regionLife evaluation
1 Lithuania7.795
2 Israel7.667
3 Iceland7.658
4 Serbia7.658
5 Denmark7.598
6 Luxembourg7.301
7 Finland7.319
8 Romania7.302
9 Netherlands7.122
107.060
11 Costa Rica7.057
12 Austria7.029
14 Switzerland6.955
15 Croatia6.951
16 Slovenia6.905
17 Kuwait6.900
18 El Salvador6.894
19 Sweden6.838
20 Australia6.822
21 Norway6.818
22 Ireland6.749
23 Mexico6.743
246.733
25 Belgium6.725
266.719
27 Panama6.678
28 New Zealand6.611
29 Nicaragua6.609
306.594
31 Uruguay6.561
32 Latvia6.523
33 United Kingdom6.503
34 Bosnia and Herzegovina6.491
35 Argentina6.469
36 United Arab Emirates6.448
37 Hungary6.442
38 Paraguay6.421
39 Slovakia6.411
40 Chile6.360
41 Bulgaria6.358
42 Italy6.346
43 Saudi Arabia6.324
44 Poland6.287
45 Estonia6.284
46 Thailand6.272
47 Portugal6.257
48 Germany6.234
49 France6.195
50 Guatemala6.188
51 Montenegro6.188
52 Cyprus6.068
536.060
54 Greece6.058
55 Singapore6.048
56 Spain6.043
57 Honduras6.030
58 Malta6.017
59 Canada5.977
60 Ecuador5.976
61 Brazil5.975
62 Dominican Republic5.973
63 United States5.968
64 Peru5.959
65 Malaysia5.942
665.934
67 Albania5.877
685.866
695.842
70 Kazakhstan5.841
71 Philippines5.823
72 Uzbekistan5.816
73 Armenia5.816
74 Japan5.785
755.784
76 Indonesia5.725
77 Colombia5.714
78 Bahrain5.707
79 Georgia5.696
80 China5.695
81 Libya5.607
82 Kyrgyzstan5.568
83 Ukraine5.463
845.455
85 Jamaica5.422
86 Mauritius5.369
87 Mongolia5.364
88 South Africa5.316
89 Congo5.304
90 Tajikistan5.281
915.221
92 Iraq5.216
93 Gabon5.185
94 Nepal5.166
95 Algeria5.158
965.139
97 Gabon5.106
98 Mozambique5.080
995.023
1004.975
101 Hong Kong4.969
102 Morocco4.923
103 Senegal4.893
1044.881
105 Turkey4.879
1064.874
107 Guinea4.873
1084.832
109 Namibia4.795
110 Cameroon4.657
111 Pakistan4.556
112 Nigeria4.548
113 Kenya4.505
114 Gambia4.485
115 Uganda4.471
116 Cambodia4.470
117 Liberia4.422
118 Jordan4.377
119 Benin4.372
120 Niger4.354
121 Burkina Faso4.341
122 Tunisia4.289
123 Mauritania4.269
124 Chad4.232
125 Myanmar4.228
126 Sri Lanka4.214
127 Madagascar4.186
128 Mali4.054
129 Togo3.977
130 India3.898
131 Bangladesh3.886
1323.861
133 Egypt3.781
134 Ethiopia3.566
135 Comoros3.561
136 Botswana3.502
137 Yemen3.502
138 Zambia3.421
139 Malawi3.383
140 Lesotho3.341
141 Zimbabwe3.295
142 Congo3.245
143 Sierra Leone3.186
144 Lebanon2.707
145 Afghanistan1.721

Annual report topics

The World Happiness Report has been published every year since 2012 (except for 2014).

In addition to ranking countries happiness and well-being levels, each report has contributing authors and most focus on a particular theme. The data used to rank countries in each report is drawn from the Gallup World Poll,[23] as well as other sources such as the World Values Survey, in some of the reports. The Gallup World Poll questionnaire[24] measures 14 areas within its core questions: (1) business & economic, (2) citizen engagement, (3) communications & technology, (4) diversity (social issues), (5) education & families, (6) emotions (well-being), (7) environment & energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11) health, (12) religion & ethics, (13) transportation, and (14) work.

2024 World Happiness Report

The 2024 World Happiness Report focused on happiness at different stages of life. Chapter 3 presents global data on child and adolescent wellbeing, whereas Chapters 4 and 5 focus on older age, covering the links between wellbeing and dementia and a deep dive into the wellbeing of older people in India.[25]

2023 World Happiness Report

The 2023 World Happiness Report was a triannual analysis of 2020–2022, heavily influenced by COVID-19 and other significant challenges.[26]

For the sixth consecutive year, Finland was ranked on top, followed by Denmark, Iceland, Israel and the Netherlands. In the top-10 rankings, Israel jumped five places, while Switzerland fell four places. Lithuania was the only new country in the top-20.[27]

2022 World Happiness Report

The 2022 World Happiness Report included a section looking at possible genetic effects on individual happiness.[28]

Finland is in the top position in the world happiness report in 2022. Followed by Denmark and Iceland in second and third place. Switzerland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Sweden, Norway, Israel and New Zealand, were among the top 10 'happiest' countries in the world Happiness, Benevolence, and Trust During COVID-19 and Beyond.

Among 146 countries ranked by the report, Afghanistan scores the lowest point of 2.523 and was ranked as the least 'happy' country in the world in 2022.

2021 World Happiness Report

The 2021 World Happiness Report, released on March 20, 2021, ranks 156 countries based on an average of three years of surveys between 2017 and 2019. The 2020 report especially focuses on the environment – social, urban, and natural, and includes links between happiness and sustainable development.[29]

Finland holds the rank of the happiest country in the world for the fourth consecutive year.[30] It is followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland and Netherlands. Afghanistan received the lowest score, with South Sudan and Rwanda just above it. In addition to country rankings, this is the second year that the World Happiness Report ranks cities. The happiest city in the world is Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The report shows that the happiness ranking of cities is almost identical to that of the countries they are in.

2020 World Happiness Report

The 2020 World Happiness Report, released on March 20, 2020, ranks 156 countries based on an average of three years of surveys between 2017 and 2019. The 2020 report especially focuses on the environment – social, urban, and natural, and includes links between happiness and sustainable development.[31]

Finland holds the rank of the happiest country in the world for the third consecutive year.[32] It is followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway. Afghanistan received the lowest score, with South Sudan and Zimbabwe just above it.[33] In addition to country rankings, this is the first year that the World Happiness Report ranks cities. The happiest city in the world is Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The report shows that the happiness ranking of cities is almost identical to that of the countries they are in.

In 2020, the editorial team expanded and Jan-Emmanuel De Neve became a co-editor, joining John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre became a fourth research pillar for the report. Associate editors were Lara Aknin, Haifang Huang and Shun Wang, and Sharon Paculor was recognized as production editor. From 2020, Gallup became a full data partner.

2019 World Happiness Report

The 2019 World Happiness Report focuses community. According to the 2019 Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world,[34] with Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and The Netherlands holding the next top positions.

The second chapter of the report, 'Changing World Happiness', measures year-to-year changes in happiness across countries. For this, changes are reported from 2005-2008 to 2016-2018. Of the 132 countries with data for 2005-2008 and 2016-2018, 106 had significant changes: 64 were significant increases and 42 were significant decreases. Benin was the top gainer, while Venezuela showed the greatest decrease. The chapter also considers how happiness has been affected by changes in the quality of government. The third chapter considers happiness and voting behaviour, with data suggesting that happier people are more likely to vote, and to vote for incumbents.

The fourth chapter is an examination of happiness and pro-social behaviour, finding that people are more likely to derive happiness from helping others when they feel free to choose whether or how to help, when they feel connected to the people they are helping, and when they can see how their help is making a difference.

The final topic of the report, digital and information technologies and happiness, is covered in the remaining chapters.

The editorial team for the 2019 report was expanded to include Lara Aknin as associate editor.

2018 World Happiness Report

The 2018 iteration was released on 20 March and focused on the relation between happiness and migration.

2017 World Happiness Report

The fifth World Happiness Report emphasizes the importance of the social foundations of happiness, which are analysed by comparing the life experiences between the top and bottom ten countries in the year’s happiness rankings. Norway topped the global happiness rankings in this report, jumping from fourth place in 2016 to first in 2017. It was followed by Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland. The second chapter of the report focuses on the global rankings and calculates that bringing the social foundations from the lowest levels up to world average levels in 2014-2016 would increase life evaluations by almost two points. This means that social foundations effects are together larger than those of GDP per capita and healthy life expectancy.

The third chapter focuses on economic growth and wellbeing in China, and shows that unemployment and changes in the social safety nets explain both the post-1990 fall in happiness levels and the subsequent recovery since 2005. The fourth chapter discusses the reasons why countries in Africa are generally lagging behind others in life evaluations. The fifth chapter analyses key determinants of happiness, including income, mental health, and physical health. The sixth chapter considers the determinant of employment and work in particular, emphasising the importance of employment for happiness across the world. The final chapter uses happiness history over the past ten years, analysing the case of the United States through the lens of social foundations of happiness.

2016 World Happiness Report

The 2016 World Happiness Report -Rome Addition was issued in two parts as an update. Part one had four chapters: (1) Setting the Stage, (2) The Distribution of World Happiness, (3) Promoting Secular Ethics, and (4) Happiness and Sustainable Development: Concepts and Evidence. Part two has six chapters: (1) Inside the Life Satisfaction Blackbox, (2) Human Flourishing, the Common Good, and Catholic Social Teaching, (3) The Challenges of Public Happiness: An Historical-Methodological Reconstruction, (4) The Geography of Parenthood and Well-Being: Do Children Make Us Happy, Where and Why?, and (5) Multidimensional Well-Being in Contemporary Europe: An Analysis of the Use of a Self-Organizing Map Applied to Share Data.

Chapter 1, Setting the Stage is written by John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs. This chapter briefly surveys the happiness movement ("Increasingly, happiness is considered to be the proper measure of social progress and the goal of public policy.") gives an overview of the 2016 reports and synopsis of both parts of the 2016 Update Rome Addition.

Chapter 2, The Distribution of World Happiness is written by John F. Helliwell, Hailing Huang, and Shun Wang. This chapter reports happiness levels of countries and proposes the use of inequalities of happiness among individuals as a better measure for inequality than income inequality, and that all people in a population fare better in terms of happiness when there is less inequality in happiness in their region. It includes data from the World Health Organization and World Development Indicators, as well as Gallup World Poll. It debunks the notion that people rapidly adapt to changes in life circumstances and quickly return to an initial life satisfaction baseline, finding instead that changes in life circumstances such as government policies, major life events (unemployment, major disability) and immigration change people's baseline life satisfaction levels. This chapter also addresses the measure for affect (feelings), finding that positive affect (happiness, laughter, enjoyment) has much "large and highly significant impact" on life satisfaction than negative affect (worry, sadness, anger). The chapter also examines differences in happiness levels explained by the factors of (1) social support, (2) income, (3) healthy life, (4) trust in government and business, (5) perceived freedom to make life decisions and (6) generosity.

Chapter 3, Promoting Secular Ethics is written by Richard Layard, This chapter argues for a revival of an ethical life and world, harkening to times when religious organizations were a dominant force. It calls on secular non-profit organizations to promote "ethical living in a way that provides inspiration, uplift, joy and mutual respect", and gives examples of implementation by a non-profit founded by Richard Layard,[35] the chapter author, Action for Happiness, which offers online information from positive psychology and Buddhist teachings.

Chapter 4, Happiness and Sustainable Development: Concepts and Evidence is written by Jeffrey Sachs. This chapter identifies ways that sustainable development indicators (economic, social and environmental factors) can be used to explain variations in happiness. It concludes with a report about an appeal to include subjective well-being indicators into the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Part Two 2016 Special Rome Edition was edited by Jeffrey Sacks, Leonardo Becchetti and Anthony Arnett.

Chapter 1, Inside the Life Satisfaction Blackbox is written by Leonardo Becchetti, Luisa Carrado,[36] and Paolo Sama. This chapter proposes using quality of life measurements (a broader range of variables that life evaluation) in lieu of or in addition to overall life evaluations in future World Happiness Reports.

Chapter 2, Human Flourishing, the Common Good, and Catholic Social Teaching is written by Anthony Annett. This chapter contains explanations for three theories: (1) It is human nature to broadly define happiness and understand the connection between happiness and the common good, (2) that the current understanding of individuality is stripped of ties to the common good, and (3) that there is a need to restore the common good as central value for society. The chapter also proposes Catholic school teachings as a model for restoring the common good as a dominant value.

Chapter 3, The Challenges of Public Happiness: An Historical-Methodological Reconstruction is written by Luigino Bruni and Stefano Zemagni. This chapter contemplates Aristotelian concepts of happiness and virtue as they pertain to and support the findings in the World Happiness Reports regarding the impact of social support, trust in government, and equality of happiness.

Chapter 4, The Geography of Parenthood and Well-Being. Do Children Make Us Happy, Where and Why? is written by Luca Stanca.[37] This chapter examines other research findings that children do not add happiness to parents. Using data from the World Values Survey, it finds that, with the exception of widowed parents, having children has a negative effect on life satisfaction for parents in 2/3 of the 105 countries studied, with parents in richer countries suffering more. Once parents are old, life satisfaction increases. The chapter concludes that "existing evidence is not conclusive" and a statement that the causes for the low life satisfaction levels may be that for richer countries, having children is valued less, and in poorer countries, people suffer in financial and time costs when they have children.

Chapter 5, Multidimensional Well-Being in Contemporary Europe: Analysis of the Use of Self-Organizing Map Allied to SHARE Data is written by Mario Lucchini, Luca Crivelli[38] and Sara della Bella. This chapter contains a study of well-being data from older European adults. It finds that this chapter's study results were consistent with the World Happiness Report 2016 update: positive affect (feelings) have a stronger impact on a person's satisfaction with life than do negative affect (feelings).

2015 World Happiness Report

The 2015 World Happiness Report has eight chapters: (1) Setting the Stage, (2) The Geography of World Happiness, (3) How Does Subjective Well-being Vary Around the World by Gender and Age?, (4) How to Make Policy When Happiness is the Goal, (5) Neuroscience of Happiness, (6) Healthy Young Minds Transforming the Mental Health of Children, (7) Human Values, Civil Economy, and Subjective Well-being, and (8) Investing in Social Capital.

Chapter 1, Setting the Stage is written by John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs. This chapter celebrates the success of the happiness movement ("Happiness is increasingly considered a proper means of social progress and public policy."), citing the OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being, a referendum in the EU requiring member nations to measure happiness, and the success of the World Happiness reports (with readership at about 1.5 million), and the adoption of happiness by the government of the United Arab Emirates, and other areas. It sets an aspiration of the inclusion of subjective well-being into the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (not fulfilled), and outlines the 2015 report. It also address the use of the term Happiness, identifying the cons (narrowness of the term, breath of the term, flakiness), and defining the use of the term for the reasons that the 2011 UN General Assembly Resolution 65/309 Happiness Towards A Holistic Approach to Development[39] and April 2012 UN High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm,[40] Bhutan's Gross National Happiness[41] philosophy, the term's "convening and attention attracting power", and the asset in a "double usage of happiness" as an emotional report and life evaluation.

Chapter 2, The Geography of Happiness is written by John F. Helliwell, Hailing Huang and Shun Wang. This chapter reports the happiness of nations measured by life evaluations. It includes color coded maps and an analysis of six factors the account for the differences: (1) social support in terms of someone to count on in times of need, (2) GDP per capita (income), (3) life expectancy (in terms of healthy years), (4) sense of corruption in government and business (trust), (5) perceived freedom to make life decisions, and (6) generosity. The first three factors were found to have the biggest impact on a population's happiness. Crisis (natural disasters and economic crisis) the quality of governance, and social support were found to be the key drivers for changes in national happiness levels, with the happiness of nations undergoing a crisis in which people have a strong sense of social support falling less than nations where people do not have a strong sense of social support.

Chapter 3, How Does Subjective Well-being Vary Around the Globe by Gender and Age? is written by Nicole Fortin, John F. Helliwell and Shun Wang. This chapter uses data for 12 experiences: happiness (the emotion), smiling or laughing, enjoyment, feeling safe at night, feeling well rested, and feeling interested, as well as anger, worry, sadness, depression, stress and pain to examine differences by gender and age. Findings reported include that there is not a lot of difference in life evaluations between men and women across nations or within ages in a nation (women have slightly higher life evaluations than men: 0.09 on a ten-point scale). It reports that overall happiness falls into a U shape with age on the x axis and happiness on the y, with the low point being middle age (45-50) for most nations (in some happiness does not go up much in later life, so the shape is more of a downhill slide), and that the U shape holds for feeling well rested in all regions. It finds that men generally feel safer at night than women but, when comparing countries, people in Latin America have the lowest sense of safety at night, while people in East Asia and Western Europe have the highest sense of safety at night. It also finds that as women age their sense of happiness declines and stress increases but worry decreases, as all people age their laughter, enjoyment and finding something of interest also declines, that anger is felt everywhere almost equally by men and women, stress peaks in the Middle Ages, and women experience depression more than men. It finds that where older people are happier, there is a sense of social support, freedom to make life choices and generosity (and income does not factor in as heavily as these three factors).

Chapter 4, How to Make Policy When Happiness is the Goal is written by Richard Layard and Gus O'Donnell. This chapter advocates for a "new form of cost-benefit analysis" for government expenditures in which a "critical level of extra happiness" yielded by a project is established. It contemplates the prioritization of increasing happiness of the happy vs. reducing misery of the miserable, as well as the issues of discount rate (weight) for the happiness of future generations. It includes a technical annex with equations for calculating the maximization for happiness in public expenditure, tax policy, regulations, the distribution of happiness and a discount rate.

Chapter 5, Neuroscience of Happiness is written by Richard J. Dawson and Brianna S. Schuyler. This chapter reports on research in brain science and happiness, identifying four aspects that account for happiness: (1) sustained positive emotion, (2) recovery of negative emotion (resilience), (3) empathy, altruism and pro-social behavior, and (4) mindfulness (mind-wandering/affective sickness). It concludes that the brain's elasticity indicates that one can change one's sense of happiness and life satisfaction (separate but overlapping positive consequences) levels by experiencing and practicing mindfulness, kindness, and generosity; and calls for more research on these topics.

Chapter 6, Healthy Young Minds: Transforming the Mental Health of Children is written by Richard Layard and Ann Hagell.[42] This chapter identifies emotional development as of primary importance, (compared to academic and behavioral factors) in a child's development and determination of whether a child will be a happy and well-functioning adult. It then focuses on the issue of mental illness in children, citing the statistic that while worldwide 10% of the world's children (approximately 200 million) suffer from diagnosable mental health problems, even in the richest nations, only one quarter of these children of them are in treatment. It identifies the action steps to treating children with mental health problems: local community-lead child well-being programs, training health care professions to identify mental health problems in children, parity of esteem for mental and physical problems and treatment, access to evidence-based mental health treatment for families and children, promotion of well-being in schools with well-being codes that inform the organizational behavior of schools, training teachers to identify mental health in children, teachings of life skills, measuring of children's well-being by schools, development of free apps available internationally to treat mental illness in teens, and inclusion of mental health with the goal of physical health in the Sustainable Development goals. The chapter lists the benefits of treating children's mental health: improved educational performance, reduction in youth crimes, improved earnings and employment in adulthood, and better parenting of the next generation.

Chapter 7, Human Values, Civil Economy and Subjective Well-being is written by Leonardo Bechhetti,[43] Luigino Bruni and Stefano Zamagni. This chapter begins with a critique of the field of economics ("Economics today looks like physics before the discovery of electrons"), identifying reductionism in which humans are conceived of as 100% self-interested individuals (economic reductionism), profit maximization is prioritized over all other interests (corporate reductionism), and societal values are narrowly identified with GDP and ignore environmental, cultural, spiritual and relational aspects (value reductionism). The chapter them focuses on a theoretical approach termed "Civil Economy paradigm", and research about it demonstrating that going beyond reductionism leads to greater socialization for people and communities, and a rise in priority of the values of reciprocity, friendship, trustworthiness, and benevolence. It makes the argument that positive social relationships (trust, benevolence, shared social identities) yield happiness and positive economic outcomes. It ends with recommendations for move from the dominant model of elite-competitive democracy to a participatory/deliberative model of democracy with bottom-up political and economic participation and incentives for non-selfish actions (altruistic people) and corporations with wider goals than pure profit (ethical and environmentally responsible corporations).

Chapter 8, Investing in Social Capital is written by Jeffrey Sachs. This chapter focuses on "pro-sociality" ("individuals making decisions for the common good that may conflict with short-run egoistic incentives"). It identifies pro-social behaviors: honesty, benevolence, cooperation and trustworthiness. It recommends investment in social capital through education, moral instruction, professional codes of conduct, public censure and condemnation of violators of public trust, and public policies to narrow income inequalities for countries where there is generalized distrust of government and business, pervasive corruption and lawless behavior (such as tax evasion).

2013 World Happiness Report

The 2013 World Happiness Report has eight chapters: (1) Introduction, (2) World Happiness: Trends, Explanations and Distribution, (3) Mental Illness and Unhappiness, (4) The Objective Benefits of Subjective Well-being, (5) Restoring Virtue Ethics in the Quest for Happiness, (6) Using Well-being as a Guide to Policy, (7) The OECD Approach to Measuring Subjective Well-being, and (8) From Capabilities to Contentment: Testing the Links between Human Development and Life Satisfaction.

Chapter 1, Introduction is written by John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs. It synopsizes the chapters and gives a discussion of the term happiness.

Chapter 2, World Happiness: Trends, Explanations and Distributions is written by John F. Helliwell and Shun Wang. It provides ratings among countries and regions for satisfaction with life using the Cantril Ladder, positive and negative affect (emotions), and log of GDP per capita, years of healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on in times of trouble, perceptions of corruption, prevalence of generosity, and freedom to make life choices.

Chapter 3, Mental Illness and Unhappiness is written by Richard Layard, Dan Chisholm, Vikram Patel, and Shekhar Saxel. It identifies the far ranging prevalence of mental illness around the world (10% of the world's population at one time) and provides the evidence showing that "mental illness is a highly influential - and...the single biggest - determinant of misery". It concludes with examples of interventions implemented by countries around the world.

Chapter 4, The Objective Benefits of Subjective Well-being is written by Jan-Emmanuel de Neve, Ed Diener, Louis Tay and Cody Xuereb. It provides an explanation of the benefits of subjective well-being (happiness) on health & longevity, income, productivity & organizational behavior, and individual & social behavior. It touches on the role of happiness in human evolution through rewarding behaviors that increase evolutionary success and beneficial to survival.

Chapter 5, Restoring Virtue Ethics in the Quest for Happiness is written by Jeffrey Sachs. It argues that "a renewed focus on the role of ethics, and in particular of virtuous behavior, in happiness could lead us to new and effective strategies for raising individual, national and global well-being", looking to the eightfold noble path (the teachings of the dharma handed down in the Buddhist tradition that encompass wise view/understanding, wise intention, wise speech, wise action, wise livelihood, and effort, concentration and mindfulness), Aristotelian philosophy (people are social animals, "with individual happiness secured only within a political community...[which] should organize its institutions to promote virtuous behavior), and Christian doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas ("placing happiness in the context of servicing God's will"). It gives an explanation of the evolution of the field of economics up t the "failures of hyper-commercialism" and suggests an antidote based on four global ethical values: (1) non-violence and respect for life, (2) justice and solidarity, (3) honesty and tolerance, and (4) mutual esteem and partnership.

Chapter 6, Using Well-being as Guide to Public Policy is written by Gus O'Donnell. This chapter gives a status report on the issues governments grapple with in adopting well-being and happiness measures and goals for policy, from understanding the data or establishing whether a specific policy improves well-being, to figuring out how to "incorporate well-being into standard policy making". It provides examples of efforts to measure happiness and well-being from Bhutan, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and cities and communities in the US, Canada, Australia and Tasmania. It identifies the key policy areas of health, transport and education for policy makers to focus on and includes discussions about interpersonal comparability (concentrating on "getting people out of misery" instead of making happy people happier), discount rate (do we invest more in happiness for people today or in the future?) and putting a monetary value on happiness for policy trade off decisions (e.g. If "a 10% reduction in noise increase SWB by one unit, then we can infer that a 10% reduction is "worth" $1,000" when $1,000 would increase a person's SWB by one unit).

Chapter 7, The OECD Approach to Measuring Subjective Well-being is written by Martine Durand and Conal Smith. This chapter was written the same year the OECD issued its Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being,[44] and is a synopsis of such. It includes a definition for subjective well-being: life evaluation (a person's reflection on their life and life circumstances), affect (positive and negative emotions) and eudaimonia; core measures, a discussion on data collection processes, survey and sample design, other aspects of using subjective well-being metrics, and ideas on how policy-makers can use subjective well-being data. It surveys the status of wealthy countries subjective well-being data collection process, and identifies future directions of experimentation and better income measures, citing the Easterlin Paradox as the basis for this call.

Chapter 8, From Capabilities to Contentment: Testing the Links between Human Development and Life Satisfaction is written by Jon Hall.[45] This chapter explains the components of human development using objective metrics: (1) education, health and command over income and nutrition resources, (2) participation and freedom, (3) human security, (4) equity, and (5) sustainability; key findings of the Human Development Index (HDI) ("weak relationship between economic growth and changes in health and education" as well as life expectancy), and examines the relationship between the HDI and happiness, finding that (1) components of the HDI "correlate strongly with better life evaluations", and (2) there is a strong relationship between life evaluation and the "non-income HDI". It contemplates measurement of conditions of life beyond the HDI that are important to well-being: (1) better working conditions, (2) security against crime and physical violence, (3) participation in economic and political activities, (4) freedom and (5) inequality. The concludes with the statements that the HDI and SWB have similar approaches and importantly connected, with the two disciplines offering alternative and complementary views of development.

2012 World Happiness Report

The 2012 World Happiness Report was issued at the UN High Level Meeting Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm[46] by editors John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs. Part one has an introduction (chapter 1) and three chapters: (2) the State of World Happiness, (3) Causes of Happiness and Misery, Some Policy Implications. Part two has three chapters, each a case study, of Bhutan, the United Kingdom Office of National Statistics, and the OECD.

Chapter 1, The Introduction is by Jeffrey Sachs and references Buddha and Aristotle, identifies today's era as the anthropocene, and identifies the reasons GDP is not a sufficient measure to guide governments and society.

Chapter 2, The State of World Happiness, is written by John F. Helliwell and Shun Wang,[47] and contains a discussion of subjective well-being measures that ranges from the validity of subjective well-being measures to the seriousness of happiness, happiness set points and cultural comparisons, and it includes data from the Gallup World Poll, European Social Survey, and the World Values Survey.[48]

Chapter 3, The Causes of Happiness and Misery is written by Richard Layard, Andrew Clark,[49] and Claudia Senik,[50] and contemplates research on the impact on happiness of the external factors of income, work, community and governance, values and religion, as well as the internal factors of mental health, physical health, family experience, education, and gender and age.

Chapter 4, Some Policy Implications, written by John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jeffrey Sachs, calls for a greater understanding on how governments can measure happiness, the determinants of happiness, and use of happiness data and findings about determinants for policy purposes. It also highlights the role of GDP ("GDP is important but not all that is important") as a guide to policy makers, the importance that policy makers should place on providing opportunities for employment; the role of happiness in policy making ("Making happiness an objective of governments would not therefore lead to the "servile society", and indeed quite the contrary...Happiness comes from an opportunity to mold one's own future, and thus depends on a robust level of freedom."); the role of values and religion ("In well-functioning societies there is widespread support for the universal value that we should treat others as we would like them to treat us. We need to cultivate social norms so that the rich and powerful are never given a feeling of impunity vis-à-vis the rest of society."); calls for wider access to psychological therapies in a section on mental health citing the fact that one third of all families are affected by mental illness; identifies improvements in physical health as "probably the single most important factor that has improved human happiness" and calls out the rich-poor gap in health care between rich and poor countries; calls on workplace and governmental policies that encourage work–life balance and reduce stress, including family support and child care; and states that "Universal access to education is widely judged to be a basic human right..." The chapter concludes with a philosophical discussion.

Chapter 5, Case Study: Bhutan Gross National Happiness and the GNH Index is written by Karma Ura,[51] Sabine Alkire,[52] and Tsoki Zangmo. It gives a short history of the development of the Gross National Happiness (GNH) concept in Bhutan, and an explanation of the GNH index, data collection and data analysis process, including the rating methodology to determine if an individual experiences happiness sufficiency levels, as well as the policy and lifestyle implications

Chapter 6, Case Study: ONS Measuring Subjective Well-being: The UK Office of National Statistics Experience is written by Stephen Hicks. It covers the basis for the creation of the Measuring National Well-being Programme[53] in the UK's Office of National Statistics[54] (ONS), and the development of their methodology for measuring well-being.

Chapter 5, Case Study OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being is an explanation about the process and rationale the OECD was undertaking to develop its Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being,[55] which it issued in 2013.

International rankings

Data is collected from people in over 150 countries. Each variable measured reveals a populated-weighted average score on a scale running from 0 to 10 that is tracked over time and compared against other countries. These variables currently include:

Each country is also compared against a hypothetical nation called Dystopia. Dystopia represents the lowest national averages for each key variable and is, along with residual error, used as a regression benchmark. The six metrics are used to explain the estimated extent to which each of these factors contribute to increasing life satisfaction when compared to the hypothetical nation of Dystopia, but they themselves do not have an effect on the total score reported for each country.[56]

2024 report

The 2024 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2021–2023.

Overall rankCountry or regionLife evaluation
1 Finland7.741
2 Denmark7.583
3 Iceland7.525
4 Sweden7.344
5 Israel7.341
6 Netherlands7.319
7 Norway7.302
8 Luxembourg7.122
9 Switzerland7.060
10 Australia7.057
11 New Zealand7.029
12 Costa Rica6.955
13 Kuwait6.951
14 Austria6.905
15 Canada6.900
16 Belgium6.894
17 Ireland6.838
186.822
19 Lithuania6.818
20 United Kingdom6.749
21 Slovenia6.743
22 United Arab Emirates6.733
23 United States6.725
24 Germany6.719
25 Mexico6.678
26 Uruguay6.611
27 France6.609
28 Saudi Arabia6.594
296.561
30 Singapore6.523
316.503
32 Romania6.491
33 El Salvador6.469
34 Estonia6.448
35 Poland6.442
36 Spain6.421
37 Serbia6.411
38 Chile6.360
39 Panama6.358
40 Malta6.346
41 Italy6.324
42 Guatemala6.287
43 Nicaragua6.284
44 Brazil6.272
45 Slovakia6.257
46 Latvia6.234
47 Uzbekistan6.195
48 Argentina6.188
49 Kazakhstan6.188
50 Cyprus6.068
51 Japan6.060
526.058
53 Philippines6.048
546.043
55 Portugal6.030
56 Hungary6.017
57 Paraguay5.977
58 Thailand5.976
59 Malaysia5.975
60 China5.973
61 Honduras5.968
62 Bahrain5.959
63 Croatia5.942
64 Greece5.934
65 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.877
66 Libya5.866
67 Jamaica5.842
68 Peru5.841
69 Dominican Republic5.823
70 Mauritius5.816
715.816
725.785
735.784
74 Ecuador5.725
75 Kyrgyzstan5.714
76 Montenegro5.707
77 Mongolia5.696
78 Colombia5.695
795.607
80 Indonesia5.568
81 Bulgaria5.463
82 Armenia5.455
83 South Africa5.422
845.369
85 Algeria5.364
86 Hong Kong5.316
87 Albania5.304
88 Tajikistan5.281
895.221
90 Mozambique5.216
91 Georgia5.185
92 Iraq5.166
93 Nepal5.158
945.139
95 Gabon5.106
965.080
97 Guinea5.023
98 Turkey4.975
99 Senegal4.969
1004.923
101 Azerbaijan4.893
102 Nigeria4.881
1034.879
104 Cameroon4.874
105 Ukraine4.873
106 Namibia4.832
107 Morocco4.795
108 Pakistan4.657
109 Niger4.556
110 Burkina Faso4.548
111 Mauritania4.505
112 Gambia4.485
113 Chad4.471
114 Kenya4.470
115 Tunisia4.422
116 Benin4.377
117 Uganda4.372
118 Myanmar4.354
119 Cambodia4.341
120 Ghana4.289
121 Liberia4.269
122 Mali4.232
123 Madagascar4.228
124 Togo4.214
125 Jordan4.186
126 India4.054
127 Egypt3.977
128 Sri Lanka3.898
129 Bangladesh3.886
130 Ethiopia3.861
1313.781
132 Comoros3.566
133 Yemen3.561
134 Zambia3.502
1353.502
136 Malawi3.421
137 Botswana3.383
138 Zimbabwe3.341
1393.295
140 Sierra Leone3.245
141 Lesotho3.186
142 Lebanon2.707
143 Afghanistan1.721

2023 report

The 2023 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2020–2022.

Overall rankCountry or region
1 Finland
2 Denmark
3 Iceland
4 Israel
5 Netherlands
6 Sweden
7 Norway
8 Switzerland
9 Luxembourg
10 New Zealand
11 Austria
12 Australia
13
14
15 United States
16 Germany
17 Belgium
18 Czech Republic
19 United Kingdom
20 Lithuania
21 France
22 Slovenia
23 Costa Rica
24 Romania
25 Singapore
26 United Arab Emirates
27
28 Uruguay
29 Slovakia
30 Saudi Arabia
31 Estonia
32 Spain
33 Italy
34
35 Chile
36 Mexico
37 Malta
38 Panama
39 Poland
40 Nicaragua
41 Latvia
42 Bahrain
43 Guatemala
44 Kazakhstan
45 Serbia
46 Cyprus
47 Japan
48 Croatia
49 Brazil
50 El Salvador
51 Hungary
52 Argentina
53 Honduras
54 Uzbekistan
55 Malaysia
56 Portugal
57
58 Greece
59 Mauritius
60 Thailand
61 Mongolia
62 Kyrgyzstan
63
64 China
65
66 Paraguay
67 Montenegro
68 Jamaica
69
70
71 Bosnia and Herzegovina
72 Colombia
73 Dominican Republic
74 Ecuador
75 Peru
76 Philippines
77 Bulgaria
78 Nepal
79 Armenia
80 Tajikistan
81 Algeria
82 Hong Kong
83 Albania
84 Indonesia
85 South Africa
86
87
88
89
90 Georgia
91 Guinea
92 Ukraine
93
94 Gabon
95 Nigeria
96 Cameroon
97 Mozambique
98 Iraq
99
100 Morocco
101
102 Senegal
103 Mauritania
104 Burkina Faso
105 Namibia
106 Turkey
107 Ghana
108 Pakistan
109 Niger
110 Tunisia
111 Kenya
112 Sri Lanka
113 Uganda
114 Chad
115 Cambodia
116 Benin
117 Myanmar
118 Bangladesh
119 Gambia
120 Mali
121 Egypt
122 Togo
123 Jordan
124 Ethiopia
125 Liberia
126 India
127 Madagascar
128 Zambia
129
130 Comoros
131 Malawi
132 Botswana
133
134 Zimbabwe
135 Sierra Leone
136 Lebanon
137 Afghanistan
|-|* indicates the country does not have survey information in 2022. Their averages are based on the 2020 and 2021 surveys.

2022 report

The 2022 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2019–2021.

Overall rankCountry or region
1 Finland
2 Denmark
3 Iceland
4 Switzerland
5 Netherlands
6 Luxembourg
7 Sweden
8 Norway
9 Israel
10 New Zealand
11 Austria
12 Australia
13
14
15 Canada
16 United States
17 United Kingdom
18 Czech Republic
19 Belgium
20 France

2020 report

The 2020 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2017–2019. Finland is the 'happiest' country in the world, followed by Denmark, Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. The data comes from the Gallup World Poll, based entirely on survey scores and answers to the main life evaluation question asked in the poll.

Overall rankCountry or region
1 Finland7.8091.2851.5000.9610.6620.1600.478
2 Denmark7.6461.3271.5030.9790.6650.2430.495
3 Switzerland7.5601.3911.4721.0410.6290.2690.408
4 Iceland7.5041.3271.5481.0010.6620.3620.145
5 Norway7.4881.4241.4951.0080.6700.2880.434
6 Netherlands7.4491.3391.4640.9760.6140.3360.369
7 Sweden7.3531.3221.4330.9860.6500.2730.442
8 New Zealand7.3001.2421.4871.0080.6470.3260.461
9 Austria7.2941.3171.4371.0010.6030.2560.281
10 Luxembourg7.2381.5371.3880.9860.6100.1960.367
11 Canada7.2321.3021.4351.0230.6440.2820.352
12 Australia7.2231.3101.4771.0230.6220.3250.336
13 United Kingdom7.1651.2731.4580.9760.5250.3730.323
14 Israel7.1291.2161.4031.0080.4210.2670.100
15 Costa Rica7.1210.9811.3750.9400.6450.1310.096
167.0941.4471.4710.9760.5880.2950.373
177.0761.3141.3690.9720.5640.2520.309
18 United States6.9401.3741.4050.8320.5350.2980.152
19 Czech Republic6.9111.2121.4050.8950.5060.0460.050
20 Belgium6.8641.2961.3990.9650.5000.1470.209
21 United Arab Emirates6.7911.4311.2510.7880.6530.2810.220
22 Malta6.7731.2531.4430.9720.6330.3410.179
23 France6.6641.2681.4591.0300.5140.1130.227
24 Mexico6.4651.0241.2260.8320.5540.0830.083
256.4551.3271.3580.8780.4490.1510.132
26 Uruguay6.4401.0711.4250.8570.5940.1320.193
27 Saudi Arabia6.4061.3341.3100.7600.5480.0870.163
28 Spain6.4011.2311.4211.0510.4260.1650.110
29 Guatemala6.3990.7541.1740.7060.6130.1710.098
30 Italy6.3871.2361.3471.0230.3210.1700.040
31 Singapore6.3771.5201.3951.1380.6350.2190.533
32 Brazil6.3760.9531.3630.7660.4830.1320.107
33 Slovenia6.3631.2091.4650.9330.6470.1460.077
34 El Salvador6.3480.7491.1490.7530.5240.1190.117
356.3250.8401.1840.6730.5570.3250.009
36 Panama6.3051.0981.3760.8790.5800.0970.054
37 Slovakia6.2811.1951.4240.8530.4240.1170.011
38 Uzbekistan6.2580.6971.4340.7170.6930.3630.280
39 Chile6.2281.0971.3230.8890.4170.1560.063
40 Bahrain6.2271.2971.3150.8390.6100.2870.127
41 Lithuania6.2151.1941.4330.7950.4200.0540.081
42 Trinidad and Tobago6.1921.1681.4070.6590.5530.1990.015
436.1861.1691.3100.8680.5580.0630.161
446.1630.9321.3340.8100.5270.0920.046
456.1591.2131.1491.0260.4590.2280.051
466.1370.6201.2710.8030.5600.2130.174
476.1241.1201.1940.7920.5350.0680.001
486.1021.4251.2450.7760.5700.1330.113
496.1011.0741.3960.7630.5910.1870.084
506.0581.1231.4530.6990.4970.1540.110
516.0221.1921.4530.8430.5770.1250.202
52 Philippines6.0060.7751.2450.6020.6220.1290.130
53 Hungary6.0001.1641.4230.8070.3860.0700.028
54 Thailand5.9991.0071.3480.7940.6090.3770.032
55 Argentina5.9751.0281.3730.8500.5210.0700.060
56 Honduras5.9530.5991.1870.7920.5680.2570.087
57 Latvia5.9501.1411.4140.7780.3290.0750.090
58 Ecuador5.9250.8531.2210.8390.5550.1150.087
59 Portugal5.9111.1691.3400.9790.5900.0530.028
60 Jamaica5.8900.7791.4080.7880.5530.1160.030
615.8721.2451.1341.0230.2590.1700.095
62 Japan5.8711.2671.3321.0730.4950.0360.181
63 Peru5.7970.9191.2080.8240.5130.0920.027
64 Serbia5.7780.9881.3270.8280.3950.1500.059
655.7470.7311.1420.6620.5740.1380.073
665.6930.6170.8730.4700.4050.2290.123
675.6920.8981.3680.7360.5870.2040.065
68 Dominican Republic5.6890.9831.3290.7420.5630.1120.116
69 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.6740.9181.2040.8140.3050.2640.001
705.6080.7081.2370.7130.3900.1740.014
71 Tajikistan5.5560.4751.2180.6810.5210.1820.222
72 Montenegro5.5461.0101.2660.8390.3030.1490.098
735.5461.1271.3790.6800.3990.0990.046
74 Kyrgyzstan5.5420.5131.3410.6810.6150.3010.030
75 Belarus5.5401.0191.3870.7530.2910.0900.194
765.5361.2131.1831.0260.4780.1990.200
77 Greece5.5151.1281.1690.9790.1740.0000.049
78 Hong Kong5.5101.3771.2441.1370.4590.2880.332
79 Croatia5.5051.1091.3110.9010.3810.1140.012
80 Libya5.4891.0221.1960.6160.4510.1430.172
81 Mongolia5.4560.9051.4590.6160.3560.2640.047
82 Malaysia5.3841.1681.1740.7890.5970.2750.062
835.3530.7181.2530.8190.6510.1360.090
84 Indonesia5.2860.8921.1550.6100.5680.5430.038
855.2330.5370.8000.1550.3970.1700.093
86 Benin5.2160.3660.3520.3280.4060.1970.126
87 Maldives5.1980.9381.4020.9140.5480.2240.072
885.1940.6340.7580.4580.3870.1170.119
89 Azerbaijan5.1650.9901.1810.7310.4680.0400.247
905.1600.9351.1830.8030.4100.1860.025
91 Ghana5.1480.5760.9660.4320.4770.2610.057
92 Nepal5.1370.4441.1010.6690.4810.3010.128
93 Turkey5.1321.1271.1970.7810.2540.0860.121
94 China5.1240.9911.1320.8670.6020.0790.117
95 Turkmenistan5.1191.0091.5100.6120.5150.3230.034
96 Bulgaria5.1021.0471.4610.7780.4180.1040.000
97 Morocco5.0950.7590.6450.7450.4500.0400.077
98 Cameroon5.0850.5040.9000.2700.4390.1980.054
995.0530.7701.3490.7670.2720.0870.064
100 Algeria5.0050.9441.1430.7450.0840.1190.129
101 Senegal4.9810.5040.9550.5180.3520.1640.082
102 Guinea4.9490.3900.7510.3340.3720.2490.112
103 Niger4.9100.1080.7040.2990.4350.2080.138
1044.8890.7150.9870.4860.6120.2730.194
105 Albania4.8830.9070.8300.8460.4620.1710.025
106 Cambodia4.8480.5451.0710.5880.6750.2330.073
107 Bangladesh4.8330.5560.8690.6950.6040.1770.177
108 Gabon4.8290.9881.1060.5230.3690.0520.056
109 South Africa4.8140.9021.2590.4070.4350.1260.060
110 Iraq4.7850.9821.0110.5290.2840.1530.073
111 Lebanon4.7720.8891.1920.7890.1860.1590.022
112 Burkina Faso4.7690.3020.9290.3130.3220.1860.126
113 Gambia4.7510.2570.8830.3530.4030.4260.158
114 Mali4.7290.3520.9730.2350.3780.1700.062
115 Nigeria4.7240.6460.9870.1680.4350.2210.048
116 Armenia4.6770.8081.0350.7760.3780.1070.105
117 Georgia4.6730.8470.7310.6950.4850.0480.174
1184.6721.0290.8860.7490.3010.2770.143
119 Jordan4.6330.7851.1400.7780.4250.0910.152
120 Mozambique4.6240.1790.9550.3240.5610.2200.163
121 Kenya4.5830.4760.9050.5360.5190.3940.067
122 Namibia4.5710.8401.2460.4070.4450.0760.054
123 Ukraine4.5610.7801.3210.6990.3190.1790.010
124 Liberia4.5580.1740.9210.3920.4060.2270.051
1254.5530.5881.1950.6140.2990.0920.072
126 Uganda4.4320.3121.0520.3780.4020.2650.064
127 Chad4.4230.3020.7390.1090.2290.2110.086
128 Tunisia4.3920.8750.8720.7810.2360.0560.044
129 Mauritania4.3750.5401.1130.4250.1860.1290.122
130 Sri Lanka4.3270.8981.1950.7920.5290.2530.049
1314.3110.0620.8330.2770.3650.2540.081
1324.3080.8281.0650.2160.3000.0670.147
133 Myanmar4.3080.6781.0980.4950.5970.5700.188
134 Comoros4.2890.4160.7230.4370.1810.2590.100
135 Togo4.1870.2680.5480.3430.3040.2010.115
136 Ethiopia4.1860.3151.0010.4840.4130.2280.117
137 Madagascar4.1660.2450.8240.5010.1930.1910.076
138 Egypt4.1510.8750.9830.5970.3740.0690.095
139 Sierra Leone3.9260.2410.7480.2040.3820.2580.048
140 Burundi3.7750.0000.4040.2950.2750.1870.212
141 Zambia3.7590.5370.8960.3640.4910.2510.087
142 Haiti3.7210.2850.6470.3740.1690.4640.162
143 Lesotho3.6530.4551.0890.1010.4090.1030.050
144 India3.5730.7310.6440.5410.5810.2370.106
145 Malawi3.5380.1770.5300.4460.4870.2130.132
146 Yemen3.5270.3931.1770.4150.2440.0950.087
147 Botswana3.4790.9981.0860.4940.5090.0330.102
1483.4760.4570.8730.4430.5090.2720.204
149 Central African Republic3.4760.0410.0000.0000.2930.2540.028
150 Rwanda3.3120.3430.5230.5720.6040.2360.486
151 Zimbabwe3.2990.4261.0480.3750.3770.1510.081
1522.8170.2890.5530.2090.0660.2100.111
153 Afghanistan2.5670.3010.3560.2660.0000.1350.001

2019 report

The 2019 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2016–2018. As per the 2019 Happiness Index, Finland is the 'happiest' country in the world. Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Netherlands hold the next top positions. The report was published on 20 March 2019 by UN. The full report can be read at 2019 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness.

Overall rankCountry or region
1 Finland7.7691.3401.5870.9860.5960.1530.393
2 Denmark7.6001.3831.5730.9960.5920.2520.410
3 Norway7.5541.4881.5821.0280.6030.2710.341
4 Iceland7.4941.3801.6241.0260.5910.3540.118
5 Netherlands7.4881.3961.5220.9990.5570.3220.298
6 Switzerland7.4801.4521.5261.0520.5720.2630.343
7 Sweden7.3431.3871.4871.0090.5740.2670.373
8 New Zealand7.3071.3031.5571.0260.5850.3300.380
9 Canada7.2781.3651.5051.0390.5840.2850.308
10 Austria7.2461.3761.4751.0160.5320.2440.226
11 Australia7.2281.3721.5481.0360.5570.3320.290
12 Costa Rica7.1671.0341.4410.9630.5580.1440.093
13 Israel7.1391.2761.4551.0290.3710.2610.082
14 Luxembourg7.0901.6091.4791.0120.5260.1940.316
15 United Kingdom7.0541.3331.5380.9960.4500.3480.278
16 Ireland7.0211.4991.5530.9990.5160.2980.310
17 Germany6.9851.3731.4540.9870.4950.2610.265
18 Belgium6.9231.3561.5040.9860.4730.1600.210
19 6.8921.4331.4570.8740.4540.2800.128
20 Czech Republic6.8521.2691.4870.9200.4570.0460.036
21 United Arab Emirates6.8251.5031.3100.8250.5980.2620.182
22 Malta6.7261.3001.5200.9990.5640.3750.151
23 Mexico6.5951.0701.3230.8610.4330.0740.073
24 France6.5921.3241.4721.0450.4360.1110.183
25 6.4461.3681.4300.9140.3510.2420.097
26 Chile6.4441.1591.3690.9200.3570.1870.056
27 Guatemala6.4360.8001.2690.7460.5350.1750.078
28 Saudi Arabia6.3751.4031.3570.7950.4390.0800.132
29 Qatar6.3741.6841.3130.8710.5550.2200.167
30 Spain6.3541.2861.4841.0620.3620.1530.079
31 Panama6.3211.1491.4420.9100.5160.1090.054
32 Brazil6.3001.0041.4390.8020.3900.0990.086
33 Uruguay6.2931.1241.4650.8910.5230.1270.150
34 Singapore6.2621.5721.4631.1410.5560.2710.453
35 El Salvador6.2530.7941.2420.7890.4300.0930.074
36 Italy6.2231.2941.4881.0390.2310.1580.030
37 Bahrain6.1991.3621.3680.8710.5360.2550.110
38 Slovakia6.1981.2461.5040.8810.3340.1210.014
396.1921.2311.4770.7130.4890.1850.016
40 Poland6.1821.2061.4380.8840.4830.1170.050
41 Uzbekistan6.1740.7451.5290.7560.6310.3220.240
42 Lithuania6.1491.2381.5150.8180.2910.0430.042
43 Colombia6.1250.9851.4100.8410.4700.0990.034
44 Slovenia6.1181.2581.5230.9530.5640.1440.057
45 Nicaragua6.1050.6941.3250.8350.4350.2000.127
466.1000.8821.2320.7580.4890.2620.006
47 Argentina6.0861.0921.4320.8810.4710.0660.050
48 Romania6.0701.1621.2320.8250.4620.0830.005
49 Cyprus6.0461.2631.2231.0420.4060.190 0.041
50 Ecuador6.0280.9121.3120.8680.4980.1260.087
51 Kuwait6.0111.0501.4090.8280.5570.3590.028
52 Thailand6.0081.0501.4090.8280.5570.3590.028
53 Latvia5.9401.1871.4650.8120.2640.0750.064
545.8951.3011.2191.0360.1590.1750.056
55 Estonia5.8931.2371.5280.8740.4950.1030.161
56 Jamaica5.8900.8311.4780.8310.4900.1070.028
57 Mauritius5.8881.1201.4020.7980.4980.2150.060
58 Japan5.8861.3271.4191.0880.4450.0690.140
59 Honduras5.8600.6421.2360.8280.5070.2460.078
60 Kazakhstan5.8091.1731.5080.7290.4100.1460.096
615.7790.7761.2090.7060.5110.1370.064
62 Hungary5.7581.2011.4100.8280.1990.0810.020
63 Paraguay5.7430.8551.4750.7770.5140.1840.080
645.7181.2631.2521.0420.4170.1910.162
65 Peru5.6970.9601.2740.8540.4550.0830.027
66 Portugal5.6931.2211.4310.9990.5080.0470.025
67 Pakistan5.6530.6770.8860.5350.3130.2200.098
685.6481.1831.4520.7260.3340.0820.031
69 Philippines5.6310.8071.2930.6570.5580.1170.107
70 Serbia5.6031.0041.3830.8540.2820.1370.039
715.5290.6851.3280.7390.2450.1810.000
72 Libya5.5251.0441.3030.6730.4160.1330.152
73 Montenegro5.5231.0511.3610.8710.1970.1420.080
74 Tajikistan5.4670.4931.0980.7180.3890.2300.144
75 Croatia5.4321.1551.2660.9140.2960.1190.022
76 Hong Kong5.4301.4381.2771.1220.4400.2580.287
77 Dominican Republic5.4251.0151.4010.7790.4970.1130.101
78 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.3860.9451.2120.8450.2120.2630.006
79 Turkey5.3731.1831.3600.8080.1950.083 0.106
80 Malaysia5.3391.2211.1710.8280.5080.2600.024
81 Belarus5.3231.0671.4650.7890.2350.0940.142
82 Greece5.2871.1811.1560.9990.0670.0000.034
83 Mongolia5.2850.9481.5310.6670.3170.2350.038
845.2740.9831.2940.8380.3450.1850.034
85 Nigeria5.2650.6961.1110.2450.4260.2150.041
86 Kyrgyzstan5.2610.5511.4380.7230.5080.3000.023
87 Turkmenistan5.2471.0521.5380.6570.3940.2440.028
88 Algeria5.2111.0021.1600.7850.0860.0730.114
89 Morocco5.2080.8010.7820.7820.4180.0360.076
90 Azerbaijan5.2081.0431.1470.7690.3510.0350.182
91 Lebanon5.1970.9871.2240.8150.2160.1660.027
92 Indonesia5.1920.9311.2030.6600.4910.4980.028
93 China5.1911.0291.1250.8930.5210.0580.100
945.1750.7411.3460.8510.5430.1470.073
95 Bhutan5.0820.8131.3210.6040.4570.3700.167
96 Cameroon5.0440.5490.9100.3310.3810.1870.037
97 Bulgaria5.0111.0921.5130.8150.3110.0810.004
98 Ghana4.9960.6110.8680.4860.3810.2450.040
994.9440.5690.8080.2320.3520.1540.090
100 Nepal4.9130.4461.2260.6770.4390.2850.089
101 Jordan4.9060.8371.2250.8150.3830.1100.130
102 Benin4.8830.3930.4370.3970.3490.1750.082
1034.8120.6730.7990.5080.3720.1050.093
104 Gabon4.7991.0571.1830.5710.2950.0430.055
1054.7960.7641.0300.5510.5470.2660.164
106 South Africa4.7220.9601.3510.4690.3890.1300.055
107 Albania4.7190.9470.8480.8740.3830.1780.027
1084.7070.9601.4270.8050.1540.0640.047
109 Cambodia4.7000.5741.1220.6370.6090.2320.062
1104.6960.6571.2470.6720.2250.1030.066
111 Senegal4.6810.4501.1340.5710.2920.1530.072
112 Somalia4.6680.0000.6980.2680.5590.2430.270
113 Namibia4.6390.8791.3130.4770.4010.0700.056
114 Niger4.6280.1380.7740.3660.3180.1880.102
115 Burkina Faso4.5870.3311.0560.3800.2550.1770.113
116 Armenia4.5590.8501.0550.8150.2830.0950.064
1174.5481.1000.8420.7850.3050.2700.125
118 Guinea4.5340.3800.8290.3750.3320.2070.086
119 Georgia4.5190.8860.6660.7520.3460.0430.164
120 Gambia4.5160.3080.9390.4280.3820.2690.167
121 Kenya4.5090.5120.9830.5810.4310.3720.053
122 Mauritania4.4900.5701.1670.4890.0660.1060.088
123 Mozambique4.4660.2040.9860.3900.4940.1970.138
124 Tunisia4.4610.9211.0000.8150.1670.0590.055
125 Bangladesh4.4560.5620.9280.7230.5270.1660.143
126 Iraq4.4371.0430.9800.5740.2410.1480.089
1274.4180.0941.1250.3570.2690.2120.053
128 Mali4.3900.3851.1050.3080.3270.1530.052
129 Sierra Leone4.3740.2680.8410.2420.3090.2520.045
130 Sri Lanka4.3660.9491.2650.8310.4700.2440.047
131 Myanmar4.3600.7101.1810.5550.5250.5660.172
132 Chad4.3500.3500.7660.1920.1740.1980.078
133 Ukraine4.3320.8201.3900.7390.1780.1870.010
134 Ethiopia4.2860.3361.0330.5320.3440.2090.100
1354.2120.8111.1490.0000.3130.0740.135
136 Uganda4.1890.3321.0690.4430.3560.2520.060
137 Egypt4.1660.9131.0390.6440.2410.0760.067
138 Zambia4.1070.5781.0580.4260.4310.2470.087
139 Togo4.0850.2750.5720.4100.2930.1770.085
140 India4.0150.7550.7650.5880.4980.2000.085
141 Liberia3.9750.0730.9220.4430.3700.2330.033
142 Comoros3.9730.2740.7570.5050.1420.2750.078
143 Madagascar3.9330.2740.9160.5550.1480.1690.041
144 Lesotho3.8020.4891.1690.1680.3590.1070.093
145 Burundi3.7750.0460.4470.3800.2200.1760.180
146 Zimbabwe3.6630.3661.1140.4330.3610.1510.089
147 Haiti3.5970.3230.6880.4490.0260.4190.110
148 Botswana3.4881.0411.1450.5380.4550.0250.100
1493.4620.6190.3780.4400.0130.3310.141
150 Malawi3.4100.1910.5600.4950.4430.2180.089
151 Yemen3.3800.2871.1630.4630.1430.1080.077
152 Rwanda3.3340.3590.7110.6140.5550.2170.411
1533.2310.4760.8850.4990.4170.2760.147
154 Afghanistan3.2030.3500.5170.3610.0000.1580.025
155 Central African Republic3.0830.0260.0000.1050.2250.2350.035
1562.8530.3060.5750.2950.0100.2020.091

2018 report

The 2018 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2015–2017. As per the 2018 Happiness Index, Finland is the 'happiest' country in the world. Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland hold the next top positions. The report was published on 14 March 2018 by UN. The full report can be read at 2018 Report. The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness. The World Happiness Report 2018, which ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, and 117 countries by the happiness of their immigrants, was released on March 14 at a launch event at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican.

Overall rankCountry or region
1 Finland7.6321.3051.5920.8740.6810.2020.393
2 Norway7.5941.4561.5820.8610.6860.2860.340
3 Denmark7.5551.3511.5900.8680.6830.2840.408
4 Iceland7.4951.3431.6440.9140.6770.3530.138
5 Switzerland7.4871.4201.5490.9270.6600.2560.357
6 Netherlands7.4411.3611.4880.8780.6380.3330.295
7 Canada7.3281.3301.5320.8960.6530.3210.291
8 New Zealand7.3241.2681.6010.8760.6690.3650.389
9 Sweden7.3141.3551.5010.9130.6590.2850.383
10 Australia7.2721.3401.5730.9100.6470.3610.302
11 United Kingdom7.1901.2441.4330.8880.4640.2620.082
12 Austria7.1391.3411.5040.8910.6170.2420.224
13 Costa Rica7.0721.0101.4590.8170.6320.1430.101
14 Ireland6.9771.4481.5830.8760.6140.3070.306
15 Germany6.9651.3401.4740.8610.5860.2730.280
16 Belgium6.9271.3241.4830.8940.5830.1880.240
17 Luxembourg6.9101.5761.5200.8960.6320.1960.321
18 United States6.8861.3981.4710.8190.5470.2910.133
19 Israel6.8141.3011.5590.8830.5330.3540.272
20 United Arab Emirates6.7742.0960.7760.6700.2840.186N/A
21 Czech Republic6.7111.2331.4890.8540.5430.0640.034
22 Malta6.6271.2701.5250.8840.6450.3760.142
23 France6.4891.2931.4660.9080.5200.0980.176
24 Mexico6.4881.0381.2520.7610.4790.0690.095
25 Chile6.4761.1311.3310.8080.4310.1970.061
266.4411.3651.4360.8570.4180.1510.078
27 Panama6.4301.1121.4380.7590.5970.1250.063
28 Brazil6.4190.9861.4740.6750.4930.1100.088
29 Argentina6.3881.0731.4680.7440.5700.0620.054
30 Guatemala6.3820.7811.2680.6080.6040.1790.071
31 Uruguay6.3791.0931.4590.7710.6250.1300.155
32 Qatar6.3741.6491.3030.7480.6540.2560.171
33 Saudi Arabia6.3711.3791.3310.6330.5090.0980.127
34 Singapore6.3431.5291.4511.0080.6310.2610.457
35 Malaysia6.3221.1611.2580.6690.3560.3110.059
36 Spain6.3101.2511.5380.9650.4490.1420.074
37 Colombia6.2600.9601.4390.6350.5310.0990.039
386.1921.2231.4920.5640.5750.1710.019
39 Slovakia6.1731.2101.5370.7760.3540.1180.014
40 El Salvador6.1670.8061.2310.6390.4610.0650.082
41 Nicaragua6.1410.6681.3190.7000.5270.2080.128
42 Poland6.1231.1761.4480.7810.5460.1080.064
43 Bahrain6.1051.3381.3660.6980.5940.2430.123
44 Uzbekistan6.0960.7191.5840.6050.7240.3280.259
45 Kuwait6.0831.4741.3010.6750.5540.1670.106
46 Thailand6.0721.0161.4170.7070.6370.3640.029
47 Italy6.0001.2641.5010.9460.2810.1370.028
48 Ecuador5.9730.8891.3300.7360.5560.1140.120
49 Belize5.9560.8071.1010.4740.5930.1830.089
50 Lithuania5.9521.1971.5270.7160.3500.0260.006
51 Slovenia5.9481.2191.5060.8560.6330.1600.051
52 Romania5.9451.1161.2190.7260.5280.0880.001
53 Latvia5.9331.1481.4540.6710.3630.0920.066
54 Japan5.9151.2941.4620.9880.5530.0790.150
55 Mauritius5.8911.0901.3870.6840.5840.2450.050
56 Jamaica5.8900.8191.4930.6930.5750.0960.031
575.8751.2661.2040.9550.2440.1750.051
585.8351.2291.2110.9090.4950.1790.154
595.8101.1511.4790.5990.3990.0650.025
60 Kazakhstan5.7901.1431.5160.6310.4540.1480.121
61 Cyprus5.7621.2291.1910.9090.4230.202 0.035
625.7520.7511.2230.5080.6060.1410.054
63 Estonia5.7391.2001.5320.7370.5530.0860.174
64 Paraguay5.6810.8351.5220.6150.5410.1620.074
65 Peru5.6630.9341.2490.6740.5300.0920.034
665.6620.8551.2300.5780.4480.2740.023
675.6400.6571.3010.6200.2320.1710.000
68 Turkmenistan5.6361.0161.5330.5170.4170.1990.037
69 Hungary5.6201.1711.4010.7320.2590.0610.022
70 Libya5.5660.9851.3500.5530.4960.1160.148
71 Philippines5.5240.7751.3120.5130.6430.1200.105
72 Honduras5.5040.6201.2050.6220.4590.1970.074
73 Belarus5.4831.0391.4980.7000.3070.1010.154
74 Turkey5.4831.1481.3800.6860.3240.106 0.109
75 Pakistan5.4720.6520.8100.4240.3340.2160.113
76 Hong Kong5.4301.4051.2901.0300.5240.2460.291
77 Portugal5.4101.1881.4290.8840.5620.0550.017
78 Serbia5.3980.9751.3690.6850.2880.1340.043
79 Greece5.3581.1541.2020.8790.1310.0000.044
80Lebanon5.3580.9651.1790.7850.5030.2140.136
81 Montenegro5.3471.0171.2790.7290.2590.1110.081
82 Croatia5.3211.1151.1610.7370.3800.1200.039
83 Dominican Republic5.3020.9821.4410.6140.5780.1200.106
84 Algeria5.2950.9791.1540.6870.0770.0550.135
85 Morocco5.2540.7790.7970.6690.4600.0260.074
86 China5.2460.9891.1420.7990.5970.0290.103
87 Azerbaijan5.2011.0241.1610.6030.4300.0310.176
88Tajikistan5.1990.4741.1660.5980.2920.1870.034
895.1850.9591.2390.6910.3940.1730.052
90 Jordan5.1610.8221.2650.6450.4680.1300.134
91 Nigeria5.1550.6891.1720.0480.4620.2010.032
92 Kyrgyzstan5.1310.5301.4160.5940.5400.2810.035
93 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.1290.9151.0780.7580.2800.2160.000
94 Mongolia5.1250.9141.5170.5750.3950.2530.032
955.1030.7151.3650.7020.6180.1770.079
96 Indonesia5.0930.8991.2150.5220.5380.4840.018
97 Bhutan5.0820.7961.3350.5270.5410.3640.171
98 Somalia4.9820.0000.7120.1150.6740.2380.282
99 Cameroon4.9750.5350.8910.1820.4540.1830.043
100 Bulgaria4.9331.0541.5150.7120.3590.0640.009
101 Nepal4.8800.4251.2280.5390.5260.3020.078
1024.8060.9961.4690.6570.1330.0560.052
103 Gabon4.7581.0361.1640.4040.3560.0320.052
1044.7430.6421.2170.6020.2660.0860.076
105 South Africa4.7240.9401.4100.3300.5160.1030.056
1064.7071.0590.7710.6910.4590.2820.129
1074.6710.5410.8720.0800.4670.1460.103
108 Ghana4.6570.5920.8960.3370.4990.2120.029
109 Senegal4.6310.4291.1170.4330.4060.1380.082
1104.6230.7201.0340.4410.6260.2300.174
111 Tunisia4.5920.9000.9060.6900.2710.0400.063
112 Albania4.5860.9160.8170.7900.4190.1490.032
113 Sierra Leone4.5710.2560.8130.0000.3550.2380.053
1144.5590.6820.8110.3430.5140.0910.077
115 Bangladesh4.5000.5320.8500.5790.5800.1530.144
116 Sri Lanka4.4710.9181.3140.6720.5850.3070.050
117 Iraq4.4561.0100.9710.5360.3040.1480.095
118 Mali4.4470.3701.2330.1520.3670.1390.056
119 Namibia4.4410.8741.2810.3650.5190.0510.064
120 Cambodia4.4330.5491.0880.4570.6960.2560.065
121 Burkina Faso4.4240.3141.0970.2540.3120.1750.128
122 Egypt4.4190.8851.0250.5530.3120.0920.107
123 Mozambique4.4170.1980.9020.1730.5310.2060.158
124 Kenya4.4100.4931.0480.4540.5040.3520.055
125 Zambia4.3770.5621.0470.2950.5030.2210.082
126 Mauritania4.3560.5571.2450.2920.1290.1340.093
127 Ethiopia4.3500.3080.9500.3910.4520.2200.146
128 Georgia4.3400.8530.5920.6430.3750.0380.215
129 Armenia4.3210.8160.9900.6660.2600.0770.028
130 Myanmar4.3080.6821.1740.4290.5800.5980.178
131 Chad4.3010.3580.9070.0530.1890.1810.060
1324.2450.0691.1360.2040.3120.1970.052
133 India4.1900.7210.7470.4850.5390.1720.093
134 Niger4.1660.1310.8670.2210.3900.1750.099
135 Uganda4.1610.3221.0900.2370.4500.2590.061
136 Benin4.1410.3780.3720.2400.4400.1630.067
137 Sudan4.1390.6051.2400.3120.0160.1340.082
138 Ukraine4.1030.7931.4130.6090.1630.1870.011
139 Togo3.9990.2590.4740.2530.4340.1580.101
140 Guinea3.9640.3440.7920.2110.3940.1850.094
141 Lesotho3.8080.4721.2150.0790.4230.1160.112
142 Angola3.7950.7301.1250.2690.0000.0790.061
143 Madagascar3.7740.2620.9080.4020.2210.1550.049
144 Zimbabwe3.6920.3571.0940.2480.4060.1320.099
145 Afghanistan3.6320.3320.5370.2550.0850.1910.036
146 Botswana3.5901.0171.1740.4170.5570.0420.092
147 Malawi3.5870.1860.5410.3060.5310.2100.080
148 Haiti3.5820.3150.7140.2890.0250.3920.104
149 Liberia3.4950.0760.8580.2670.4190.2060.030
1503.4620.6890.3820.5390.0880.3760.144
151 Rwanda3.4080.3320.8960.4000.6360.2000.444
152 Yemen3.3550.4421.0730.3430.2440.0830.064
1533.3030.4550.9910.3810.4810.2700.097
1543.2540.3370.6080.1770.1120.2240.106
155 Central African Republic3.0830.0240.0000.0100.3050.2180.038
156 Burundi2.9050.0910.6270.1450.0650.1490.076

2017 report

The 2017 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2014–2016. For that timespan, Norway was the overall 'happiest' country in the world, even though oil prices had dropped. Close behind were Denmark, Iceland and Switzerland in a tight pack. Four of the top five countries follow the Nordic model. All the top ten countries had high scores in the six categories. The ranked follow-on countries in the top ten are: Finland, the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Sweden.

Table of data for 2017:[57]

Overall RankChange in rankCountryChange in score
1data-sort-value="3" 3 Norway7.537data-sort-value="0.039" 0.0391.6161.5340.7970.6350.3620.3162.277
2data-sort-value="-1" 1 Denmark7.522data-sort-value="-0.004" 0.0041.4821.5510.7930.6260.3550.4012.314
3data-sort-value="0" Iceland7.504data-sort-value="0.003" 0.0031.4811.6110.8340.6270.4760.1542.323
4data-sort-value="-2" 2 Switzerland7.494data-sort-value="-0.015" 0.0151.5651.5170.8580.6200.2910.3672.277
5data-sort-value="0" Finland7.469data-sort-value="0.056" 0.0561.4441.5400.8090.6180.2450.3832.430
6data-sort-value="1" 1 Netherlands7.377data-sort-value="0.038" 0.0381.5041.4290.8110.5850.4700.2832.295
7data-sort-value="-1" 1 Canada7.316data-sort-value="-0.088" 0.0881.4791.4810.8350.6110.4360.2872.187
8data-sort-value="0" New Zealand7.314data-sort-value="-0.020" 0.0201.4061.5480.8170.6140.5000.3832.046
9data-sort-value="0" Australia7.284data-sort-value="-0.029" 0.0291.4841.5100.8440.6020.4780.3012.065
10data-sort-value="0" Sweden7.284data-sort-value="-0.007" 0.0071.4941.4780.8310.6130.3850.3842.098
11data-sort-value="0" Israel7.213data-sort-value="-0.054" 0.0541.3751.3760.8380.4060.3300.0852.802
12data-sort-value="2" 2 Costa Rica7.079data-sort-value="-0.008" 0.0081.1101.4160.7600.5800.2150.1002.899
13data-sort-value="-1" 1 Austria7.006data-sort-value="-0.113" 0.1131.4871.4600.8150.5680.3160.2212.139
14data-sort-value="-1" 1 United States6.993data-sort-value="-0.111" 0.1111.5461.4200.7740.5060.3930.1362.218
15data-sort-value="4" 4 Ireland6.977data-sort-value="0.070" 0.0701.5361.5580.8100.5730.4280.2981.774
16data-sort-value="0" Germany6.951data-sort-value="-0.043" 0.0431.4881.4730.7990.5630.3360.2772.016
17data-sort-value="1" 1 Belgium6.891data-sort-value="-0.038" 0.0381.4641.4620.8180.5400.2320.2512.124
18data-sort-value="2" 2 Luxembourg6.863data-sort-value="-0.008" 0.0081.7421.4580.8450.5970.2830.3191.620
19data-sort-value="4" 4 United Kingdom6.714data-sort-value="-0.011" 0.0111.4421.4960.8050.5080.4930.2651.704
20data-sort-value="4" 4 Chile6.652data-sort-value="-0.053" 0.0531.2531.2840.8190.3770.3270.0822.510
21data-sort-value="7" 7 United Arab Emirates6.648data-sort-value="0.075" 0.0751.6261.2660.7270.6080.3610.3241.735
22data-sort-value="-5" 5 Brazil6.635data-sort-value="-0.317" 0.3171.1071.4310.6170.4370.1620.1112.769
23data-sort-value="4" 4 Czech Republic6.609data-sort-value="0.013" 0.0131.3531.4340.7540.4910.0880.0372.452
24data-sort-value="2" 2 Argentina6.599data-sort-value="-0.051" 0.0511.1851.4400.6950.4950.1090.0602.614
25data-sort-value="-4" 4 Mexico6.578data-sort-value="-0.200" 0.2001.1531.2110.7100.4130.1210.1332.837
26data-sort-value="-4" 4 Singapore6.572data-sort-value="-0.167" 0.1671.6921.3540.9490.5500.3460.4641.216
27data-sort-value="3" 3 Malta6.527data-sort-value="0.039" 0.0391.3431.4880.8220.5890.5750.1531.557
28data-sort-value="1" 1 Uruguay6.454data-sort-value="-0.091" 0.0911.2181.4120.7190.5790.1750.1782.172
29data-sort-value="10" 10 Guatemala6.454data-sort-value="0.130" 0.1300.8721.2560.5400.5310.2830.0772.894
30data-sort-value="-5" 5 Panama6.452data-sort-value="-0.249" 0.2491.2341.3730.7060.5500.2110.0712.307
31data-sort-value="1" 1 France6.442data-sort-value="-0.036" 0.0361.4311.3880.8440.4700.1300.1732.006
32data-sort-value="1" 1 Thailand6.424data-sort-value="-0.050" 0.0501.1281.4260.6470.5800.5720.0322.040
33data-sort-value="2" 26.422data-sort-value="0.043" 0.0431.4341.3850.7940.3610.2580.0642.127
34data-sort-value="3" 3 Spain6.403data-sort-value="0.042" 0.0421.3841.5320.8890.4090.1900.0711.928
35data-sort-value="1" 1 Qatar6.375data-sort-value="0.000"1.8711.2740.7100.6040.3300.4391.145
36data-sort-value="-5" 5 Colombia6.357data-sort-value="-0.124" 0.1241.0711.4020.5950.4770.1490.0472.616
37data-sort-value="-3" 3 Saudi Arabia6.344data-sort-value="-0.035" 0.0351.5311.2870.5900.4500.1480.2732.065
38data-sort-value="5" 5 Trinidad and Tobago6.168data-sort-value="0.000"1.3611.3800.5200.5190.3250.0092.053
39data-sort-value="2" 2 Kuwait6.105data-sort-value="-0.134" 0.1341.6331.2600.6320.4960.2280.2151.640
40data-sort-value="5" 5 Slovakia6.098data-sort-value="0.020" 0.0201.3251.5050.7130.2960.1370.0242.098
41data-sort-value="1" 1 Bahrain6.087data-sort-value="-0.131" 0.1311.4881.3230.6530.5370.1730.2571.656
42data-sort-value="5" 5 Malaysia6.084data-sort-value="0.079" 0.0791.2911.2850.6190.4020.4170.0662.004
6.080N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
43data-sort-value="5" 5 Nicaragua6.071data-sort-value="0.079" 0.0790.7371.2870.6530.4480.3020.1312.514
44data-sort-value="7" 7 Ecuador6.008data-sort-value="0.032" 0.0321.0011.2860.6860.4550.1500.1402.290
45data-sort-value="1" 1 El Salvador6.003data-sort-value="-0.065" 0.0650.9101.1820.5960.4320.0780.0902.715
46data-sort-value="11" 11 Poland5.973data-sort-value="0.138" 0.1381.2921.4460.6990.5200.1580.0591.798
47data-sort-value="2" 2 Uzbekistan5.971data-sort-value="-0.016" 0.0160.7861.5490.4980.6580.4160.2471.817
48data-sort-value="2" 2 Italy5.964data-sort-value="-0.013" 0.0131.3951.4450.8530.2560.1730.0281.813
49data-sort-value="7" 75.963data-sort-value="0.107" 0.1071.2821.4690.5470.3740.0520.0332.206
50data-sort-value="2" 2 Belize5.956data-sort-value="0.000"0.9081.0810.4500.5480.2400.0972.632
51data-sort-value="2" 2 Japan5.920data-sort-value="-0.001" 0.0011.4171.4360.9130.5060.1210.1641.363
52data-sort-value="8" 8 Lithuania5.902data-sort-value="0.089" 0.0891.3151.4740.6290.2340.0100.0122.228
53data-sort-value="-15" 15 Algeria5.872data-sort-value="-0.483" 0.4831.0921.1460.6180.2330.0690.1462.568
54data-sort-value="14" 14 Latvia5.850data-sort-value="0.290" 0.2901.2611.4050.6390.3260.1530.0741.994
55data-sort-value="0"5.838data-sort-value="-0.059" 0.0590.7291.2520.5890.2410.2090.0102.808
56data-sort-value="2" 25.838data-sort-value="0.003" 0.0031.4021.1280.9000.2580.2070.0631.880
57data-sort-value="14" 14 Romania5.825data-sort-value="0.297" 0.2971.2181.1500.6850.4570.1340.0042.177
58data-sort-value="1" 15.823data-sort-value="0.001" 0.0010.8341.2280.4740.5590.2260.0602.443
59data-sort-value="6" 6 Turkmenistan5.822data-sort-value="0.164" 0.1641.1311.4930.4380.4180.2500.2591.833
60data-sort-value="-6" 6 Kazakhstan5.819data-sort-value="-0.100" 0.1001.2851.3840.6060.4370.2020.1191.785
61data-sort-value="1" 15.810data-sort-value="0.039" 0.0391.3471.1860.8350.4710.2670.1551.549
62data-sort-value="1" 1 Slovenia5.758data-sort-value="-0.010" 0.0101.3411.4530.7910.5730.2430.0451.313
63data-sort-value="1" 1 Peru5.715data-sort-value="-0.028" 0.0281.0351.2190.6300.4500.1270.0472.207
64data-sort-value="2" 2 Mauritius5.629data-sort-value="-0.019" 0.0191.1891.2100.6380.4910.3610.0421.698
65data-sort-value="4" 4 Cyprus5.621data-sort-value="0.075" 0.0751.3561.1310.8450.3550.2710.0411.621
66data-sort-value="6" 6 Estonia5.611data-sort-value="0.094" 0.0941.3211.4770.6950.4790.0990.1831.358
67data-sort-value="-6" 6 Belarus5.569data-sort-value="-0.233" 0.2331.1571.4450.6380.2950.1550.1561.723
68data-sort-value="-1" 1 Libya5.525data-sort-value="-0.090" 0.0901.1021.3580.5200.4660.1520.0931.835
69data-sort-value="9" 9 Turkey5.500data-sort-value="0.111" 0.1111.1981.3380.6380.3010.0470.1001.879
70data-sort-value="0" Paraguay5.493data-sort-value="-0.045" 0.0450.9331.5070.5790.4740.2240.0911.685
71data-sort-value="4" 4 Hong Kong5.472data-sort-value="0.014" 0.0141.5521.2630.9430.4910.3740.2940.555
72data-sort-value="10" 10 Philippines5.430data-sort-value="0.151" 0.1510.8581.2540.4680.5850.1940.0991.973
73data-sort-value="13" 13 Serbia5.395data-sort-value="0.218" 0.2181.0691.2580.6510.2090.2200.0411.947
74data-sort-value="6" 6 Jordan5.336data-sort-value="0.033" 0.0330.9911.2390.6050.4180.1720.1201.791
75data-sort-value="16" 16 Hungary5.324data-sort-value="0.179" 0.1791.2861.3430.6880.1760.0780.0371.716
76data-sort-value="-3" 3 Jamaica5.311data-sort-value="-0.199" 0.1990.9261.3680.6410.4740.2340.0551.612
World5.305N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
77data-sort-value="-3" 3 Croatia5.293data-sort-value="-0.195" 0.1951.2230.9680.7010.2560.2480.0431.854
78data-sort-value="-1" 15.279data-sort-value="-0.122" 0.1220.9511.1380.5410.2600.3200.0572.011
79data-sort-value="4" 4 China5.273data-sort-value="0.028" 0.0281.0811.1610.7410.4730.0290.0231.765
80data-sort-value="12" 12 Pakistan5.269data-sort-value="0.137" 0.1370.7270.6730.4020.2350.3150.1242.792
81data-sort-value="-2" 2 Indonesia5.262data-sort-value="-0.052" 0.0520.9961.2740.4920.4430.6120.0151.429
82data-sort-value="-38" 385.250data-sort-value="-0.834" 0.8341.1281.4310.6170.1540.0650.0641.789
83data-sort-value="5" 5 Montenegro5.237data-sort-value="0.076" 0.0761.1211.2380.6670.1950.1980.0881.729
84data-sort-value="6" 6 Morocco5.235data-sort-value="0.084" 0.0840.8780.7750.5980.4080.0320.0882.456
85data-sort-value="-4" 4 Azerbaijan7.342data-sort-value="-0.057" 0.0571.1541.1520.5410.3980.0450.1811.762
86data-sort-value="3" 3 Dominican Republic5.230data-sort-value="0.075" 0.0751.0791.4020.5750.5530.1870.1141.319
87data-sort-value="12" 12 Greece5.227data-sort-value="0.194" 0.1941.2891.2390.8100.0960.0000.0431.749
88data-sort-value="5" 5 Lebanon5.225data-sort-value="0.096" 0.0961.0751.1300.7350.2890.2640.0381.695
89data-sort-value="5" 5 Portugal5.195data-sort-value="0.072" 0.0721.3151.3670.7960.4980.0950.0161.108
90data-sort-value="-3" 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.182data-sort-value="0.019" 0.0190.9821.0690.7050.2040.3290.0001.892
91data-sort-value="13" 13 Honduras5.181data-sort-value="0.310" 0.3100.7311.1440.5830.3480.2360.0732.066
92data-sort-value="3" 35.175data-sort-value="0.054" 0.0541.0651.2080.6450.3260.2540.0601.617
93data-sort-value="-17" 17 Somalia5.151data-sort-value="-0.289" 0.2890.0230.7210.1140.6020.2920.2823.117
94data-sort-value="2" 25.074data-sort-value="0.013" 0.0130.7891.2770.6520.5710.2350.0881.462
95data-sort-value="8" 8 Nigeria5.074data-sort-value="0.199" 0.1990.7841.2160.0570.3950.2310.0262.365
96data-sort-value="4" 4 Tajikistan5.041data-sort-value="0.045" 0.0450.5251.2710.5290.4720.2490.1461.849
97data-sort-value="-13" 13 Bhutan5.011data-sort-value="-0.185" 0.1850.8851.3400.4960.5020.4740.1731.140
98data-sort-value="-13" 13 Kyrgyzstan5.004data-sort-value="-0.181" 0.1810.5961.3940.5530.4550.4290.0391.537
99data-sort-value="8" 8 Nepal4.962data-sort-value="0.169" 0.1690.4801.1790.5040.4400.3940.0731.891
100data-sort-value="1" 1 Mongolia4.955data-sort-value="0.048" 0.0481.0271.4930.5580.3940.3380.0331.111
101data-sort-value="15" 15 South Africa4.829data-sort-value="0.370" 0.3701.0551.3850.1870.4790.1390.0731.511
102data-sort-value="-4" 4 Tunisia4.805data-sort-value="-0.240" 0.2401.0070.8680.6130.2900.0500.0871.890
103data-sort-value="5" 54.775data-sort-value="0.021" 0.0210.7161.1560.5660.2550.1140.0891.879
104data-sort-value="16" 16 Egypt4.735data-sort-value="0.373" 0.3730.9900.9970.5200.2820.1290.1141.702
105data-sort-value="24" 24 Bulgaria4.714data-sort-value="0.497" 0.4971.1611.4340.7080.2890.1130.0110.996
106data-sort-value="5" 5 Sierra Leone4.709data-sort-value="0.074" 0.0740.3680.9840.0060.3190.2930.0712.668
107data-sort-value="7" 7 Cameroon4.695data-sort-value="0.182" 0.1820.5640.9460.1330.4300.2360.0512.334
108data-sort-value="-3" 34.692data-sort-value="-0.121" 0.1211.1570.7120.6390.2490.3870.0491.499
109data-sort-value="0" Albania4.644data-sort-value="-0.011" 0.0110.9960.8040.7310.3810.2010.0401.490
110data-sort-value="0" Bangladesh4.608data-sort-value="-0.035" 0.0350.5870.7350.5330.4780.1720.1241.979
111data-sort-value="2" 2 Namibia4.574data-sort-value="0.000"0.9641.0980.3390.5200.0770.0931.482
112data-sort-value="10" 10 Kenya4.553data-sort-value="0.197" 0.1970.5601.0680.3100.4530.4450.0651.652
113N/A Mozambique4.550N/A0.2340.8710.1070.4810.3220.1792.356
114data-sort-value="5" 5 Myanmar4.545data-sort-value="0.150" 0.1500.3671.1230.3980.5140.8380.1891.115
115data-sort-value="13" 13 Senegal4.535data-sort-value="0.316" 0.3160.4791.1800.4090.3780.1830.1151.790
116data-sort-value="-10" 10 Zambia4.514data-sort-value="-0.281" 0.2810.6361.0030.2580.4620.2500.0781.827
117data-sort-value="-5" 5 Iraq4.497data-sort-value="-0.078" 0.0781.1030.9790.5010.2890.2000.1071.319
118data-sort-value="16" 16 Gabon4.465data-sort-value="0.344" 0.3441.1981.1560.3570.3120.0440.0761.323
119data-sort-value="-4" 4 Ethiopia4.460data-sort-value="-0.048" 0.0480.3390.8650.3530.4090.3130.1652.016
120data-sort-value="-3" 3 Sri Lanka4.440data-sort-value="0.025" 0.0251.0101.2600.6250.5610.4910.0740.419
121data-sort-value="0" Armenia4.376data-sort-value="0.016" 0.0160.9011.0070.6380.1980.0830.0271.521
122data-sort-value="-4" 4 India4.315data-sort-value="-0.089" 0.0890.7920.7540.4550.4700.2320.0921.519
123data-sort-value="7" 7 Mauritania4.292data-sort-value="0.091" 0.0910.6481.2720.2850.0960.2020.1371.652
124data-sort-value="1" 14.291data-sort-value="0.019" 0.0190.8090.8320.2900.4350.1210.0801.724
125data-sort-value="1" 1 Georgia4.286data-sort-value="0.034" 0.0340.9510.5710.6500.3090.0540.2521.500
126data-sort-value="1" 14.280data-sort-value="0.044" 0.0440.0921.2290.1910.2360.2460.0602.225
127data-sort-value="8" 8 Mali4.190data-sort-value="0.117" 0.1170.4761.2810.1690.3070.1830.1051.668
128data-sort-value="11" 114.180data-sort-value="0.264" 0.2640.6030.9050.0490.4480.2010.1301.845
129data-sort-value="11" 11 Cambodia4.168data-sort-value="0.261" 0.2610.6021.0060.4300.6330.3860.0681.043
130data-sort-value="3" 3 Sudan4.139data-sort-value="0.000"0.6601.2140.2910.0150.1820.0901.687
131data-sort-value="-7" 7 Ghana4.120data-sort-value="-0.156" 0.1560.6670.8740.2960.4230.2570.0251.578
132data-sort-value="-9" 9 Ukraine4.096data-sort-value="-0.228" 0.2280.8951.3950.5760.1230.2700.0230.814
133data-sort-value="13" 13 Uganda4.081data-sort-value="0.342" 0.3420.3811.1300.2180.4430.3260.0571.526
134data-sort-value="11" 11 Burkina Faso4.032data-sort-value="0.293" 0.2930.3501.0430.2160.3240.2510.1201.727
135data-sort-value="7" 7 Niger4.028data-sort-value="0.172" 0.1720.1620.9930.2690.3640.2290.1391.874
136data-sort-value="-4" 4 Malawi3.970data-sort-value="-0.186" 0.1860.2330.5130.3150.4670.2870.0732.082
137data-sort-value="7" 7 Chad3.936data-sort-value="0.173" 0.1730.4380.9540.0410.1620.2160.0542.071
138data-sort-value="-7" 7 Zimbabwe3.875data-sort-value="-0.318" 0.3180.3761.0830.1970.3360.1890.0951.598
139N/A Lesotho3.808N/A0.5211.1900.0000.3910.1570.1191.430
140data-sort-value="1" 1 Angola3.795data-sort-value="-0.071" 0.0710.8581.1040.0500.0000.0980.0701.614
141data-sort-value="13" 13 Afghanistan3.794data-sort-value="0.434" 0.4340.4010.5820.1810.1060.3120.0612.151
142data-sort-value="-5" 5 Botswana3.766data-sort-value="-0.208" 0.2081.1221.2220.3420.5050.0990.0990.378
143data-sort-value="10" 10 Benin3.657data-sort-value="0.173" 0.1730.4310.4350.2100.4260.2080.0611.886
144data-sort-value="4" 4 Madagascar3.644data-sort-value="-0.051" 0.0510.3060.9130.3750.1890.2090.0671.585
145data-sort-value="-9" 9 Haiti3.603data-sort-value="-0.425" 0.4250.3690.6400.2770.0300.4890.1001.697
146data-sort-value="1" 1 Yemen3.593data-sort-value="-0.131" 0.1310.5920.9350.3100.2490.1040.0571.346
147data-sort-value="-4" 43.591data-sort-value="-0.241" 0.2410.3970.6010.1630.1470.2860.1171.880
148data-sort-value="2" 2 Liberia3.533data-sort-value="-0.089" 0.0890.1190.8720.2300.3330.2670.0391.673
149data-sort-value="2" 2 Guinea3.507data-sort-value="-0.100" 0.1000.2450.7910.1940.3490.2650.1111.552
150data-sort-value="5" 5 Togo3.495data-sort-value="0.192" 0.1920.3050.4320.2470.3800.1970.0961.837
151data-sort-value="1" 1 Rwanda3.471data-sort-value="-0.044" 0.0440.3690.9460.3260.5820.2530.4550.540
152data-sort-value="4" 43.462data-sort-value="0.393" 0.3930.7770.3960.5010.0820.4940.1511.062
153data-sort-value="-4" 43.349data-sort-value="-0.317" 0.3170.5111.0420.3650.3900.3540.0660.621
154data-sort-value="3" 3 Burundi2.905data-sort-value="0.000"0.0920.6300.1520.0600.2040.0841.683
155N/A Central African Republic2.693N/A0.0000.0000.0190.2710.2810.0572.066

2016 report

The 2016 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2013–2015.Legend:[58]

Italics: States with limited recognition and disputed territories
Overall Rank
[59]
Country
17.526data-sort-value="-0.401" -0.401data-sort-value="1.4417843819"data-sort-value="1.1637449265"data-sort-value="0.7950401306"data-sort-value="0.5794125795"data-sort-value="0.3617095649"data-sort-value="0.4445321858"
27.509data-sort-value="0.035" 0.035data-sort-value="1.5273342133"data-sort-value="1.1452364922"data-sort-value="0.8630290627"data-sort-value="0.5855717659"data-sort-value="0.2808253467"data-sort-value="0.4120327234"
37.501data-sort-value="0.000" 0.000data-sort-value="1.4266554117"data-sort-value="1.1832593679"data-sort-value="0.8673328161"data-sort-value="0.5662423372"data-sort-value="0.4767839015"data-sort-value="0.1497474164"
47.498data-sort-value="0.082" 0.082data-sort-value="1.5774401426"data-sort-value="1.1268956661"data-sort-value="0.795789361"data-sort-value="0.596085906"data-sort-value="0.3789480925"data-sort-value="0.3577578962"
57.413data-sort-value="-0.259" -0.259data-sort-value="1.4059786797"data-sort-value="1.134640336"data-sort-value="0.8109139204"data-sort-value="0.5710368156"data-sort-value="0.2659190819"data-sort-value="0.4100397825"
67.404data-sort-value="-0.041" -0.041data-sort-value="1.4401477575"data-sort-value="1.0960981846"data-sort-value="0.8276035786"data-sort-value="0.5737001896"data-sort-value="0.4483413696"data-sort-value="0.3132919967"
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2013 report

The 2013 report features the happiness score averaged over the years 2010–2012.

Rank[60] Country Happiness
1 Denmark7.693
2 Norway7.655
3 Switzerland7.650
4 Netherlands7.512
5 Sweden7.480
6 Canada7.477
7 Finland7.389
8 Austria7.369
9 Iceland7.355
10 Australia7.350
11 Israel7.301
12 Costa Rica7.257
13 New Zealand7.221
14 United Arab Emirates7.144
15 Panama7.143
16 Mexico7.088
17 United States7.082
18 Ireland7.076
19 Luxembourg7.054
20 7.039
21 Belgium6.967
22 United Kingdom6.883
23 Oman6.853
24 Brazil6.849
25 France6.764
26 Germany6.672
27 Qatar6.666
28 Chile6.587
29 Argentina6.562
30 Singapore6.546
31 Trinidad and Tobago6.519
32 Kuwait6.515
33 Saudi Arabia6.480
34 Cyprus6.466
35 Colombia6.416
36 Thailand6.371
37 Uruguay6.355
38 Spain6.322
39 Czech Republic6.290
40 Suriname6.269
41 6.267
42 6.221
43 Japan6.064
44 Slovenia6.060
45 Italy6.021
46 Slovakia5.969
47 Guatemala5.965
48 Malta5.964
49 Ecuador5.865
50 5.857
51 Poland5.822
52 El Salvador5.809
53 5.791
54 Paraguay5.779
55 Peru5.776
56 Malaysia5.760
57 Kazakhstan5.671
58 Croatia5.661
59 Turkmenistan5.628
60 Uzbekistan5.623
61 Angola5.589
62 Albania5.550
63 5.533
64 Hong Kong5.523
65 Nicaragua5.507
66 Belarus5.504
67 Mauritius5.477
68 5.464
69 5.463
70 Greece5.435
71 Lithuania5.426
72 Estonia5.426
73 Algeria5.422
74 Jordan5.414
75 Jamaica5.374
76 Indonesia5.348
77 Turkey5.345
78 Libya5.340
79 Bahrain5.312
80 Montenegro5.299
81 Pakistan5.292
82 Nigeria5.248
83 5.222
84 Honduras5.142
85 Portugal5.101

Criticism

Metrics

Critics have pointed out the difference between evaluations and experiences of well-being.[61] [62] For instance Colombia came 37th in the 2018 World Happiness Report rankings but first by daily emotional experience in Gallup's Positive Experience Index.[63] The inconsistencies in the results of different happiness measurement surveys have also been noted, for instance, a Pew survey of 43 countries in 2014 (which excluded most of Europe) had Mexico, Israel, and Venezuela finishing first, second and third.[64] Others point out that the variables of interest used by the World Happiness Report are more appropriate for measuring national-level rather than individual-level happiness.[65]

Methodology

The World Happiness Report's use of a single-item indicator of subjective well-being is fundamentally different from more traditional Index approaches which use a range of indicators such as the United Nations' Human Development Index, the OECD Better Life Index of 2011, or the Social Progress Index of 2013. There has also been an ongoing debate regarding single-item and multi-item scales as measures of life satisfaction.[66]

The idea that subjective well-being can be captured by a survey has also been contested by economists, who have identified that people’s assessments of their happiness can be affected by how, for example, their country’s education system grades exams, and that survey questions on subjective well-being are affected by response styles.[67]

Legitimacy

In 2014, British journalist Michael Booth questioned the legitimacy of the Nordic countries' freedom and happiness rankings in his book The Almost Nearly Perfect People. In it, he criticizes Denmark's environmental footprint and notes that the taxes and personal debt levels among its citizens are the highest in the world.[68] He also writes that in Finland, the most common type of prescription medications in the country are antipsychotic. He also points out the country's high alcohol consumption, murder, and suicide rates.[69] Further, he argues that he doesn't think the Danes were the world's happiest people, but instead described them as the "most satisfied".[70]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FAQ. worldhappiness.report. en. 2019-08-27.
  2. Web site: Home. worldhappiness.report.
  3. News: Astor . Maggie . Want to Be Happy? Try Moving to Finland . March 14, 2018 . . March 14, 2018 .
  4. News: Pullella . Philip . Finland Is World's Happiest Country, U.S. Discontent Grows: U.N. Report . March 14, 2018 . . March 14, 2018 .
  5. Web site: In a Lamentable Year, Finland Again is the Happiest Country in the World . 19 March 2021 . Sustainable Development Solutions Network . 19 March 2021.
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