Haplogroup R (mtDNA) explained

R
Map:Haplogroup R (mtDNA) & subclades.PNG
Origin-Date: [1]
Origin-Place:Southeast Asia[2]
Ancestor:N
Descendants:R0, R1, R1b, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U
Mutations:12705, 16223[3]

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.[4]

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.[1]

This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.[5] It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.[6] The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia.[7]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern Indiashow higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[8] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.[4]

Archaeogenetics

The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).[9] [10]

Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[11]

Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.[12]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%).[13]

Subclades

Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the Sami people 40%.[16]

Observed in an Eastern hunter gatherer from Karelia, Russia, dated to 5500 BCE.[19]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

External links

Notes and References

  1. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 . Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock . 2009 . Soares . Pedro . Ermini . Luca . Thomson . Noel . Mormina . Maru . Rito . Teresa . Röhl . Arne . Salas . Antonio . Oppenheimer . Stephen . MacAulay . Vincent . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 . 6 . 740–59 . 19500773 . 2694979 .
  2. Larruga. Jose M. Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 23 May 2017. 10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5. 28535779. 17. 1. 115. 5442693 . 2017BMCEE..17..115L . free .
  3. 10.1002/humu.20921 . Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation . 2009 . Van Oven . Mannis . Kayser . Manfred . Human Mutation . 30 . 2 . E386–94 . 18853457. 27566749 . free .
  4. Larruga. Jose M. Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 23 May 2017. 10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5. 28535779. 17. 1. 115. 5442693 . 2017BMCEE..17..115L . free .
  5. Karmin . Monika . 2005 . 10062/567 . 692161090 . Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India: dissecting the phylogenetic tree of South Asian-specific lineages . M.Sc. Thesis . University of Tartu.
  6. 10.1086/425871 . Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N in India, Based on Complete Sequencing: Implications for the Peopling of South Asia . 2004 . Palanichamy . Malliya Gounder . Sun . Chang . Agrawal . Suraksha . Bandelt . Hans-Jürgen . Kong . Qing-Peng . Khan . Faisal . Wang . Cheng-Ye . Chaudhuri . Tapas Kumar . Palla . Venkatramana . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 75 . 6 . 966–78 . 15467980 . 1182158 .
  7. 10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5 . Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area . 2017 . Larruga JM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Golubenko MV, Cabrera VM . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 17 . 1 . 115 . 28535779 . 5442693 . 2017BMCEE..17..115L . free .
  8. Maji . Suvendu . Krithika . S. . Vasul . T.S. . Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N in India with Special Reference to Haplogroup R and its Sub-Haplogroup U . International Journal of Human Genetics . 8 . 1–2 . 85–96 . 2008. 10.1080/09723757.2008.11886022 . 14231815 .
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