Haplogroup O-M175 Explained

O-M175
Map:Haplogrupo O (ADN-Y).PNG
Origin-Date:41,750 (95% CI 30,597<-> 46,041) years ago[1]

44,700 or 38,300 ybp
Tmrca:33,943 (95% CI 25,124 <-> 37,631) years (Karmin 2022)

35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate[2]
Ancestor:NO
Descendants:Primary:
O1 (O-F265); O2 (O-M122) 
Secondary:
O1a (O-M119); O1b (O-M268);
O2a (O-M324); O2b (O-F742)
Mutations:M175 (+ numerous other SNPs).[3]

Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.

The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Japanese Archipelago, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Burma, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongols (especially those who are citizens of the PRC), Koreans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Japanese, Thais, Polynesians, Miao people, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan,[4] Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic,[5] and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.[6]

Origins

Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see,,, and) or East Asia (see) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).[7] [8]

Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

Distribution

This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region. It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, India and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 67% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan,[4] even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is only about 3.3% to 10.8%.[9] (It is notable that 75% of cases of haplogroup O-M175 observed in the Kazakh sample of Ashirbekov et al. 2017, of which 10.8% have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M175, have been contributed by the Naimans themselves; only 3.1% of the remainder of the Kazakh sample with the Naimans excluded belong to haplogroup O-M175.) It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O.[8] [10] Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214;[11] considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175.

An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50),[12] while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%.[13] [14] O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia.[15] 12% of Uyghurs, 6.8% of Kalmyks[16] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians, 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% and 4.0% of Buryats.[17]

In the Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6%[18] but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the Dargins of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%.[19] In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3%, 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan[20] 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan but 1% in Afghanistan, 3.1% in Burusho .

Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population,[21] 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in Cape Other Muslims.[21] It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole.[22]

Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8%,[23] and in Cubans, 1.5%.[24]

Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American.[25] Another study gives 0.5% African American.[26]

Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).

Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon's males, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis, Gujars and Yousafzais. There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon.[27] [28] [29] 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122.[30] [31]

Russians in China East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of the Russian sample.[32] The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China.[33]

Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample.[34] [35] [36] [37]

O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.[38]

O-M175*

A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) . However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[39] and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples . The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).

A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[40]

O-F265 (O1)

O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP.[41] O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP. Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.

O-M119 (O1a)

See main article: Haplogroup O-M119. O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.

O-M268 (O1b)

See main article: Haplogroup O-M268.

O-M122 (O2)

See main article: Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA). Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia .

O-F742 (O2b)

Language families and genes

See also: Classification of Southeast Asian languages and East Asian languages.

Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages.The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from and . This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem . It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

See main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups.

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

ISOGG 2017 tree (ver. 12.244).[87]

See also

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Sources for conversion tables

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045
  2. Poznik . G David . Xue . Yali . Mendez . Fernando L . Willems . Thomas F . Massaia . Andrea . Wilson Sayres . Melissa A . Ayub . Qasim . McCarthy . Shane A . Narechania . Apurva . Kashin . Seva . Chen . Yuan . Banerjee . Ruby . Rodriguez-Flores . Juan L . Cerezo . Maria . Shao . Haojing . Gymrek . Melissa . Malhotra . Ankit . Louzada . Sandra . Desalle . Rob . Ritchie . Graham R S . Cerveira . Eliza . Fitzgerald . Tomas W . Garrison . Erik . Marcketta . Anthony . Mittelman . David . Romanovitch . Mallory . Zhang . Chengsheng . Zheng-Bradley . Xiangqun . Abecasis . Gonçalo R . McCarroll . Steven A . Flicek . Paul . Underhill . Peter A . Coin . Lachlan . Zerbino . Daniel R . Yang . Fengtang . Lee . Charles . Clarke . Laura . Auton . Adam . Erlich . Yaniv . Handsaker . Robert E . Bustamante . Carlos D . Tyler-Smith . Chris . Tyler-Smith . C . Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences . Nature Genetics . June 2016 . 48 . 6 . 593–599 . 10.1038/ng.3559 . 27111036 . 4884158 .
  3. ISOGG 2017
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  28. 35046511 . 2022 . Tariq . M. . Ahmad . H. . Hemphill . B. E. . Farooq . U. . Schurr . T. G. . Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . Scientific Reports . 12 . 1 . 1027 . 10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3 . 8770644 . 2022NatSR..12.1027T .
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  36. https://twitter.com/nrken19/status/1493354265548570627
  37. https://twitter.com/nrken19/status/1529874531430563841
  38. Wang . Chuan-Chao. Wang . Ling-Xiang . Shrestha . Rukesh . Zhang . Manfei . Huang . Xiu-Yuan . Hu. Kang . Jin. Li . Li . Hui . Pereira . Luísa M. Sousa Mesquita . Aug 4, 2014. Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor. PLOS ONE . 9 . 8 . e103772. 10.1371/journal.pone.0103772 . free. 25090432. 4121179. 2014PLoSO...9j3772W.
  39. O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*".
  40. Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Witzel M, King RJ, Underhill PA, Villems R, Chiaroni J . 6 . Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge . PLOS ONE . 8 . 10 . e76748 . 2013 . 24204668 . 3799995 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 . 2013PLoSO...876748D . free .
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  42. https://www.yfull.com/tree/O/ YFull Haplogroup YTree
  43. https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O at 23mofang
  44. https://www.theytree.com/tree/O-F175 Phylogenetic tree of Haplogroup O-F175 at TheYtree
  45. https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/o-3/dna-results O Y-Haplogroup Project
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  47. Yan S, Wang CC, Li H, Li SL, Jin L . Genographic Consortium . An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4 . European Journal of Human Genetics . 19 . 9 . 1013–5 . September 2011 . 21505448 . 3179364 . 10.1038/ejhg.2011.64 .
  48. Damgaard . Peter de Barros . Marchi . Nina . Rasmussen . Simon . Peyrot . Michaël . Renaud . Gabriel . Korneliussen . Thorfinn . Moreno-Mayar . J. Víctor . Pedersen . Mikkel Winther . Goldberg . Amy . Usmanova . Emma . Baimukhanov . Nurbol . Loman . Valeriy . Hedeager . Lotte . Pedersen . Anders Gorm . Nielsen . Kasper . Afanasiev . Gennady . Akmatov . Kunbolot . Aldashev . Almaz . Alpaslan . Ashyk . Baimbetov . Gabit . Bazaliiskii . Vladimir I. . Beisenov . Arman . Boldbaatar . Bazartseren . Boldgiv . Bazartseren . Dorzhu . Choduraa . Ellingvag . Sturla . Erdenebaatar . Diimaajav . Dajani . Rana . Dmitriev . Evgeniy . Evdokimov . Valeriy . Frei . Karin M. . Gromov . Andrey . Goryachev . Alexander . Hakonarson . Hakon . Hegay . Tatyana . Khachatryan . Zaruhi . Khaskhanov . Ruslan . Kitov . Egor . Kolbina . Alina . Kubatbek . Tabaldiev . Kukushkin . Alexey . Kukushkin . Igor . Lau . Nina . Margaryan . Ashot . Merkyte . Inga . Mertz . Ilya V. . Mertz . Viktor K. . Mijiddorj . Enkhbayar . Moiyesev . Vyacheslav . Mukhtarova . Gulmira . Nurmukhanbetov . Bekmukhanbet . Orozbekova . Z. . Panyushkina . Irina . Pieta . Karol . Smrčka . Václav . Shevnina . Irina . Logvin . Andrey . Sjögren . Karl-Göran . Štolcová . Tereza . Taravella . Angela M. . Tashbaeva . Kadicha . Tkachev . Alexander . Tulegenov . Turaly . Voyakin . Dmitriy . Yepiskoposyan . Levon . Undrakhbold . Sainbileg . Varfolomeev . Victor . Weber . Andrzej . Wilson Sayres . Melissa A. . Kradin . Nikolay . Allentoft . Morten E. . Orlando . Ludovic . Nielsen . Rasmus . Sikora . Martin . Heyer . Evelyne . Kristiansen . Kristian . Willerslev . Eske . 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes . Nature . May 2018 . 557 . 7705 . 369–374 . 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 . 29743675 . 2018Natur.557..369D . 1887/3202709 . 13670282 . free .
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  53. Karafet . T. M. . Hallmark . B. . Cox . M. P. . Sudoyo . H. . Downey . S. . Lansing . J. S. . Hammer . M. F. . Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 1 August 2010 . 27 . 8 . 1833–1844 . 10.1093/molbev/msq063 . 20207712 . free .
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  56. Jing . Chen . Hui . Li . Zhen-Dong . Qin . Wen-Hong . Liu . Wei-Xiong . Lin . Rui-Xing . Yin . Li . Jin . Shang-Ling . Pan . Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations . Acta Genetica Sinica . December 2006 . 33 . 12 . 1060–1072 . 10.1016/S0379-4172(06)60143-1 . 17185165 .
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  63. https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/N Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  64. Yao X, Tang S, Bian B, Wu X, Chen G, Wang CC . Improved phylogenetic resolution for Y-chromosome Haplogroup O2a1c-002611 . Scientific Reports . 7 . 1 . 1146 . April 2017 . 28442769 . 5430735 . 10.1038/s41598-017-01340-z . 2017NatSR...7.1146Y . free .
  65. Web site: O-M159单倍群详情 .
  66. Web site: O-Mf22947单倍群详情 .
  67. Web site: O-Z25518单倍群详情 .
  68. Web site: O-Mf14135单倍群详情 .
  69. Web site: 夏代东部大族祖源分析-23魔方祖源基因检测 .
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  72. Web site: O-Mf9858单倍群详情 .
  73. Web site: O-F1262单倍群详情 .
  74. Web site: O-Mf106428单倍群详情 .
  75. Web site: O-Mf48275单倍群详情 .
  76. Web site: O-F14832单倍群详情 .
  77. Web site: O-Y140772单倍群详情 .
  78. https://discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/O-M175/tree Time Tree of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175
  79. Web site: O-Z25400单倍群详情 .
  80. Web site: O-Mf36985单倍群详情 .
  81. Web site: O-Mf193618单倍群详情 .
  82. Kutanan . Wibhu . Shoocongdej . Rasmi . Srikummool . Metawee . Hübner . Alexander . Suttipai . Thanatip . Srithawong . Suparat . Kampuansai . Jatupol . Stoneking . Mark . Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand . European Journal of Human Genetics . November 2020 . 28 . 11 . 1563–1579 . 10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x . 32690935 . 7576213 .
  83. Huang . Xiufeng . Xia . Zi-Yang . Bin . Xiaoyun . He . Guanglin . Guo . Jianxin . Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese . Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution . Frontiers Media SA . 10 . 30 June 2022 . 2296-701X . 10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 . free .
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  85. Wei . Lan-Hai . Yan . Shi . Teo . Yik-Ying . Huang . Yun-Zhi . Wang . Ling-Xiang . Yu . Ge . Saw . Woei-Yuh . Ong . Rick Twee-Hee . Lu . Yan . Zhang . Chao . Xu . Shu-Hua . Jin . Li . Li . Hui . Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia . PLOS ONE . 5 April 2017 . 12 . 4 . e0175080 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0175080 . 28380021 . 5381892 . 2017PLoSO..1275080W . free .
  86. Mondal . Mayukh . Casals . Ferran . Xu . Tina . Dall'Olio . Giovanni M . Pybus . Marc . Netea . Mihai G . Comas . David . Laayouni . Hafid . Li . Qibin . Majumder . Partha P . Bertranpetit . Jaume . Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation . Nature Genetics . September 2016 . 48 . 9 . 1066–1070 . 10.1038/ng.3621 . 27455350 . 10230/34401 . free . 205352099 .
  87. Web site: Y-DNA Haplogroup D-M174 and its Subclades - 2017.

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