Haplogroup E-M132 Explained

E-M132
Origin-Date:49,800 years BP[1]
Tmrca:19,800 years BP
Origin-Place:Africa
Ancestor:E-P147
Descendants:E-M44, E-Z958
Mutations:M132, L633, M33
Members:Fulbe (Cameroon) 53%, Dogon (Mali) 45%, Felupe-Djola (Guinea-Bissau) 34%, Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (Guinea-Bissau) 20%, Tali (Cameroon) 20%, Hausa (Sudan) 16%, Nalú (Guinea-Bissau) 12%, Wolof (Senegambia) 12%, Balanta (Guinea-Bissau) 12%, Fulani (Sudan) 12%, Fulbe (Burkina Faso) 10%

Haplogroup E-M132, formerly known as E-M33 (E1a), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with E-P177, it is one of the two main branches of the older E-P147 paternal clade. E-M132 is divided into two primary sub-branches, E-M44 and E-Z958, with many descendant subclades.

Ancient DNA

E-M132/E1a has been found in the remains of one Guanche (1/30) from the Canary Islands, and one Bimbape (1/16) from El Hierro that has been dated to the 10th century CE.[2]

A man from the Koban culture (1/15) of the North Caucasus, which has been dated between the 9th century BCE and the 7th century BCE, carried paternal haplogroup E1a2a1b1b, as well as maternal haplogroup J1b1 or J1c.[3]

Distribution

E-M132 is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E-M132 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men, including 2/44 E-M44 and 13/44 E-M33/M132(xE-M44).[4] In particular, the Dogon people of Mali have been found to carry haplogroup E-M132 with a frequency as high as 45.5% (25/55). This makes it perhaps the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in this population, though haplogroup E-P1 appears to be almost equally frequent among the Dogon (24/55 = 43.6%).[5] Another study has found haplogroup E-M132 in 15.6% (44/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau.[6]

Haplogroup E-M132 also has been found in samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso (including E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 2/20 = 10% Fulbe and 2/37 = 5.4% Rimaibe[7]), northern Cameroon (including E-M44 in 9/17 = 53% Fulbe and E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 3/15 = 20% Tali), Senegal (7/139 = 5.0%[8]), Ghana (1/29 = 3% Ga, 1/32 = 3% Fante), Sudan (including 5/32 = 15.6% Hausa and 3/26 = 11.5% Fulani[9]), Egypt (1%-1.4%[10]), Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region), Shiite Muslims from Lebanon (3/193 = 1.55%),[11] Syrians (2/202 = 1%),[12] Druze from Lebanon (5/363 = 1.3%),[13] Maronites from Lebanon (2/200 = 1%),[14] an Italian (1/67 = 1.5%) from Trentino in northeastern Italy,[15] and Romanians from Constanţa.[16]

E-M132 has also been observed among private commercial DNA testers from Switzerland, France, Yemen, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Mali, Italy, Ashkenazi Jews and African Americans.[17]

Subclades

E-M44

Haplogroup E-M44 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.

E-Z958

Haplogroup E-Z958 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

See main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups.

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[18] and subsequent published research.

See also

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Sources for conversion tables

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: E-M132 YTree.
  2. Ordonez . Alejandra C. . etal . Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 2017 . 78 . 24 . 10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 . 2017JArSc..78...20O . 0305-4403 . 6937282838 . 132236368.
  3. Boulygina . Eugenia . etal . Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus . Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports . June 2020 . 31 . 102357 . 10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357 . 2352-409X . 8579921843 . 2020JArSR..31j2357B . 218789467.
  4. Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000
  5. Wood, Elizabeth T.. etal. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2005. 13. 7. 867–876. 5 June 2017. 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. 15856073. 20279122. free. ; cf. Appendix A for population frequencies
  6. Rosa Alexandra, Ornelas Carolina, Jobling Mark A. etal. 2007. Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 2007 . 7. 124 . 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. 17662131. 1976131 . free .
  7. Cruciani Fulvio, Santolamazza Piero, Shen Peidong. etal. 2002 . A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes . American Journal of Human Genetics . 70 . 5. 1197–1214 . 10.1086/340257. 11910562 . 447595 .
  8. Semino Ornella, Santachiara-Benerecetti A. Silvana, Falaschi Francesco. etal. 2002 . Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny . American Journal of Human Genetics . 70 . 1. 265–268 . 10.1086/338306. 11719903 . 384897 .
  9. Hassan, Hisham Y.. etal. Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2008. 137. 3. 316–323. 11 October 2017. 10.1002/ajpa.20876. 18618658.
  10. Luis, Javier R.. etal. The Levant Versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004. 74. 3. 532–544. 10.1086/382286. 14973781. 1182266.
  11. Zalloua . Pierre . Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events . Am J Hum Genet . 2008 . 82 . 4 . 873–882 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020 . 18374297 . 2427286 . Zalloua.
  12. Zalloua . Pierre . Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean . Am J Hum Genet . 2008 . 83 . 5 . 633–642 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012 . 18976729 . 2668035 .
  13. https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Druze?iframe=yresults Druze Y-DNA Project
  14. Haber M, Platt DE, Badro DA, Xue Y, El-Sibai M, Bonab MA, Youhanna SC, Saade S, Soria-Hernanz DF, Royyuru A, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA; Genographic Consortium. Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;19(3):334-40. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. Epub 2010 Dec 1. PMID 21119711; PMCID: PMC3062011.
  15. Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11
  16. Bosch E., Calafell F., González-Neira A.. etal. 2006 . Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns . Annals of Human Genetics . 70 . 4. 459–487 . 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. 16759179 . 23156886.
  17. https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M132/ E-M132
  18. Karafet et al. 2008

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