Haplogroup A (mtDNA) explained

A
Map:	World map of prehistoric human migrations.jpg
Origin-Date:	40,000 ± 10,000 YBP 40,500 (95% CI 37,900 ↔ 43,200) ybp^[1]
Tmrca:	18,600 (95% CI 14,200 ↔ 23,900) ybp 24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp^[2]
Origin-Place:	Asia
Ancestor:	N
Descendants:	A3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Mutations:	152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319^[3]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.^[4]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.^[4]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.^{[5] [6]}

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.^{[7] [8]} Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%, 25/216 = 11.6%,^[9] 11/73 = 15.1%). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.^{[10] [11] [12]} Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).^{[13] [14] [15]} Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4, 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5), 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A. Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)). Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,^[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk, and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.^[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan. Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.^[18] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).^[19] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• A
  • A(xA5, A8, A10) — China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
    • A+T152C!+T16362C — Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,^[20] Kinh from Hanoi, Cờ Lao)
      • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 ↔ 22,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A1* — Japan, Korea
        • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 ↔ 11,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A1a* — Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
          • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 ↔ 9,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
            • A1a1* — Buryat, Altai Kizhi
            • A1a1a — Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 ↔ 5,500) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A1a2 — Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 ↔ 10,500) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A1a3 — Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 ↔ 6,000) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A2 — Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 ↔ 11,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A2a — Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a1 — Inuit (Canada), Selkup
          • A2a2 — Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a3 — Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
          • A2a4 — USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
          • A2a5 — Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
        • A2b — Chukchi
          • A2b1 — Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
        • A2c
        • A2d — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2d1 — USA (Mexican)
            • A2d1a — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2d2 — USA (Hispanic)
        • A2e'ao
          • A2e
          • A2ao
            • A2ao1
        • A2f
          • A2f1 — Newfoundland
            • A2f1a — Canada, USA (Native American)
          • A2f2 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
          • A2f3 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
        • A2g — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
          • A2g1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
        • A2h — Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
          • A2h1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
        • A2i — USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
        • A2j — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2j1 — USA (Hispanic)
        • A2k — USA (Puerto Rico)
          • A2k1 — Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
            • A2k1a — Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
        • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
          • A2l
          • A2m
          • A2n — Canada
          • A2o
          • A2ai
          • A2aj
        • A2p'am
          • A2p
            • A2p1
            • A2p2
          • A2am — USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.^[21]
        • A2q
          • A2q1
        • A2r — USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
          • A2r1 — Mexico, USA (Mexican)
        • A2s
        • A2t — USA (Mexican)
        • A2u
          • A2u1
          • A2u2
        • A2v
          • A2v1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
            • A2v1a — Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
            • A2v1b — Mexico
        • A2w — Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2w1 — Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
        • A2x
        • A2y
        • A2z — USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
        • A2aa
        • A2ab
        • A2ac
          • A2ac1
        • A2ad
          • A2ad1
          • A2ad2
        • A2ae
        • A2af
          • A2af1
            • A2af1a
              • A2af1a1
              • A2af1a2
            • A2af1b
              • A2af1b1
                • A2af1b1a
                • A2af1b1b
              • A2af1b2
          • A2af2
        • A2ag
        • A2ah
        • A2ak
        • A2al
        • A2an
        • A2ap
        • A2aq
      • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 ↔ 16,100) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A6* — Deng, Korea
        • A6a — China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 ↔ 15,500) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A6a* — Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
          • A6a1 — Tujia
        • A6b — Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 ↔ 8,300) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A6b* — Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
          • A6b1 — Tibet (Sherpa)
        • A6c — Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
      • A12'23 — Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis^[22]
        • A12 — Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 ↔ 19,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A12a — Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets, Selkup [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 ↔ 7,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
            • A12a* — Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)^[23]
            • A12a1 — Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),^[24] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 ↔ 4,900) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
            • A12a2 — Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Stony Tunguska River basin) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 ↔ 6,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A12b — Buryat, Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)^[25] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 ↔ 10,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A23 — Mongol (Inner Mongolia),^[26] Buryat, Ket, Qashqai (Iran),^[27] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 ↔ 10,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A13'14 — Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana^[28]), Ireland
        • A13
          • A13a — Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province and Lampang Province^[29]), China
          • A13b
            • A13b1 — Uyghur, Taiwan
            • A13b2 — China (Lahu, etc.), Thailand (Red Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province^[30]), Vietnam (Phù Lá)
              • A13b2a — China (Naxi), Thailand (Lisu from Mae Hong Son Province)
        • A14 — Russia (Altai Kizhi, etc.), Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, China, Han Chinese (Denver), Taiwan, Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province, Mon from Lopburi Province), Vietnam (Pa Then)
      • A15 — Uyghur
        • A15a — China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou,^[31] etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
        • A15b — China, Japan (Ehime)
        • A15c — China
          • A15c1 — Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
      • A16 — Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
      • A17 — China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,^[31] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
      • A18 — Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou), Romania
      • A19 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
      • A20 — Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
      • A21 — Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
      • A22 — China, Han Chinese (Denver)
      • A24 — China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
      • A25 — Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
      • A26 — Denmark
    • A3 — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 ↔ 12,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A3a — Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 ↔ 9,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
    • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 ↔ 13,500) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A7* — China
      • A7a — Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 ↔ 11,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A7a* — Lhoba
        • A7a1 — Lhoba
        • A7a2 — Lhoba, Monpa
      • A7b — Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 ↔ 14,700) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
    • A9
    • A11 — Nepal, Korea, Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 ↔ 20,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A11a — Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
      • A11b — Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
  • A5 — China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 ↔ 22,800) ybp]
    • A5a — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 ↔ 7,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A5a1 — Korea
        • A5a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
          • A5a1a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea^[32]
            • A5a1a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
            • A5a1a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
          • A5a1a2 — Japan, Korea
            • A5a1a2a — Japan (Aichi)
        • A5a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
      • A5a2 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
      • A5a3
        • A5a3* — Korea, USA (African American)
        • A5a3a
          • A5a3a* — Japan (Tokyo)
          • A5a3a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
      • A5a4 — Japan
      • A5a5 — Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
    • A5b — China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 ↔ 18,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A5b1 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 ↔ 11,100) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A5b1* — Uyghur
        • A5b1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea^[33] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 ↔ 11,300) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A5b1b — China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 ↔ 9,400) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A5b1b* — Han Chinese
          • A5b1b1
            • A5b1b1* — Miao
            • A5b1b1a — China
            • A5b1b1b — China
          • A5b1b2 — Uyghur
        • A5b1c — Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 ↔ 15,500) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A5b1c1 — Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 ↔ 12,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 ↔ 13,000) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
          • A5b1d* — China
          • A5b1d1 — Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
      • A5b2 — China (Tujia, etc.)
    • A5c — Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,^[34] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 ↔ 13,000) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A5c1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
  • A8 — Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 ↔ 19,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
    • A8a — Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup, Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 ↔ 14,800) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
      • A8a* — Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
      • A8a1 — Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 ↔ 9,200) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A8a1* — Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
        • A8a1a — Yakut, Uyghur, Buryat
      • A8a2
        • A8a2a — Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 ↔ 12,000) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
        • A8a2b — Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
    • A8b — Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 ↔ 5,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]
  • A10 — China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 ↔ 15,600) ybp<ref name = "YFull" />]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib)	1	42	^[35]
Tlingit	1	2
Acoma Pueblo	1	1
Esselen	1	1	^[36]	A01
Haida	0.966	29
Eskimo (Greenland)	0.961	385		A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin)	0.900	50		A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada)	0.875	96		A2b=68, A2a=16
Mixtec	0.828	29
Siberian Eskimo	0.772	79		A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan)	0.744	39		A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka)	0.733	15		A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki)	0.703	37		A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi	0.682	66		A2=45
Chickasaw/Choctaw	0.667	27
Mixe	0.625	16
Apache	0.621	29
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico)	0.613	31		A=19
Nahua/Cora (Mexico)	0.531	32
Siouan	0.529	34
Chumash	0.524	21		A02, A03, A04, A05, A07, A09, A10, A12
Maya (Mexico)	0.519	27
Navajo	0.517	58
Nuxalk (Bella Coola)	0.5	36
Salinan	0.5	6		A01, A06, A13
Ojibwe (Chippewa)/Kickapoo	0.484	62
Salinan/Chumash	0.455	11
Nuu-Chah-Nulth	0.4	15
Kiowa	0.4	5
Creek/Seminole	0.389	18
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)	0.344	163		A2a=56
Zapotec	0.333	15
Pawnee	0.333	3
Cheyenne/Arapaho	0.308	26
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.300	30		A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.297	37		A=11
Mi'kmaq (Newfoundland)/Narragansett	0.286	7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)	0.250	32		A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.250	24		A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.250	20		A=5
Ohlone (Costanoan)	0.25	8		A01
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.229	35		A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.214	56		A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.211	19		A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.188	16		A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.172	29		A1=5
Zuni	0.182	22
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.146	48		A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan)	0.141	64		A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.139	36		A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.138	29		A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.136	44		A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.128	47		A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.121	33		A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.120	100		A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.118	102		A=12
Penutian (California)	0.118	17
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.114	35		A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky)	0.111	72		A(xA2)=8
Havasupai/Hualapai/Yavapai/Mojave	0.111	18
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.109	55		A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.103	29		A1=3
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)	0.102	246		A=14, A5c=1, A8a=1, A12=8, A14=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.100	40		A=4
Manchurian	0.100	40		A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China)	0.098	51		A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.097	31		A=3
Han (Denver)	0.096	73		A=7
Japanese	0.090	211		A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.089	45		A=4
Korean (South Korea)	0.089	203		A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.088	160		A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.087	103		A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.086	336		A=29
Mongolian (Dornod Province)	0.084	370	^[37]	A=17, A1a=6, A5a=4, A13=1, A14=1, A16=1, A25=1
Evenk (Siberia)	0.084	130	^[38]	A2a=2, A4=7, A4b=2
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.083	48		A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea)	0.081	185		A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Cochimí	0.077	13
Korean (South Korea)	0.077	261		A=20
Mongolian (Khentii Province)	0.076	132		A=8, A12=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)	0.074	121		A=9
Pai Yuman	0.074	27		A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.074	54		A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)	0.073	137		A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian)	0.073	55		A=4
Telengit	0.073	55		A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.073	633		A=46
Buryat	0.071	126		A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California)	0.069	390		A=27
Korean (South Korea)	0.068	103		A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.068	118		A=8
Okinawa	0.067	326		A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.066	256		A=17
Mongolian (Mongolia)	0.064	2420		A=75, A1a=15, A5a=4, A5c=1, A7=2, A8a1=14, A11(xA11a1)=6, A12a=14, A13=3, A14=4, A15(xA15a)=7, A16=2, A23=4, A24=2, A25=2,
Itelmen	0.064	47		A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu)	0.063	1617		A=102
Yokuts	0.063	16		A08
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)	0.062	130		A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir)	0.060	149		A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.060	217		A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.059	68		A=4
Ket	0.059	34	^[39]	A8a2
Evenk (Siberia)	0.056	71		A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.056	71		A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.056	18		A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.053	19		A=1
Koryak	0.052	155		A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Mongolian (Khovd Province)	0.051	429		A(xA1a, A14, A15, A23, A24)=12, A11a1=3, A8a1=7
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.051	295		A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.051	99		A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.050	40		A=2
Han (Beijing)	0.050	40		A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.050	282		A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.049	41		A=2
Vietnamese	0.048	42		A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama	0.048	42		A=2
Akimal O'odham (Pima)	0.054	37
Han (Kunming, Yunnan)	0.047	43		A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka)	0.045	154		A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.045	44		A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan)	0.045	22		A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.043	47		A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.043	47		A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)	0.042	71		A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi	0.042	48		A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.042	24		A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.041	73		A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky)	0.040	125		A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu	0.039	51	^[40]	A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.036	110		A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese)	0.036	111		A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)	0.036	111		A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.036	1117		A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.036	28		A=1
Shor	0.036	28		A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.035	57		A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi	0.033	90		A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.033	91		A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.032	31		A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)	0.032	126		A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.031	32		A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District)	0.031	98		A4=3
Mansi	0.031	98		A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic)	0.029	276		A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.029	35		A6=1
Guangdong	0.026	546		A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.025	40		A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.024	82		A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.024	41		A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)	0.024	164		A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.024	42		A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.023	44		A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.022	45		A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.022	45		A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan	0.021	95		A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.020	50		A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District)	0.019	52		A=1
Guangxi	0.017	1111		A=19
Yakut	0.017	117		A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.012	82		A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.010	105		A4(xA2)=1
Khanty	0.009	106		A=1
Vietnam	0.008	392		A=3
Southeast Yunnan	0.006	158		A=1
Li (Hainan)	0.003	346		A=1
Kiliwa	0.000	7		–
Seri	0.000	8		–
Paiute/Shoshone	0	9		–
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	10		–
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.000	11		–
Kiliwa/Paipai	0	11		–
Uto-Aztecan (California)	0	14
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.000	15		–
Kumeyaay	0	16		–
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)	0.000	18		–
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.000	19		–
Filipino (Palawan)	0.000	20		–
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.000	21		–
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)	0.000	22		–
River Yuman	0.000	22		–
Delta Yuman	0.000	23		–
Quechan/Cocopah	0	23		–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24		–
Nganasan	0.000	24		–
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.000	24		–
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)	0.000	25		–
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	25		–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25		–
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.000	26		–
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.000	27		–
Washo	0	28		–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29		–
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29		–
Cun (Hainan)	0.000	30		–
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.000	30		–
Batak (Palawan)	0.000	31		–
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.000	31		–
Lingao (Hainan)	0.000	31		–
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.000	32		–
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32		–
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.000	32		–
Negidal	0.000	33		–
Teleut	0.000	33		–
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33		–
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.000	35		–
Aleut (Commander Islands)	0.000	36		–
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)	0.000	36		–
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.000	36		–
Jemez/Taos/San Ildefonso Pueblo	0	36		–
Taono O'odham	0.000	37		–
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.000	39		–
Nganasan	0.000	39		–
Thai	0.000	40		–
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.000	40		–
Ambon	0.000	43		–
Lombok (Mataram)	0.000	44		–
Alor	0.000	45		–
Tofalar	0.000	46		–
Udegey	0.000	46		–
Hindu (New Delhi, India)	0.000	48		–
Sumba (Waingapu)	0.000	50		–
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51		–
Senoi (Malaysia)	0.000	52		–
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.000	53		–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.000	56		–
Filipino	0.000	61		–
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.000	61		–
Mansi	0.000	63		–
Filipino	0.000	64		–
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.000	70		–
Tubalar (Turochak District)	0.000	71		–
Bali	0.000	82		–
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)	0.000	82		–
Ulchi	0.000	87		–
Chelkan (Turochak District)	0.000	91		–
N. Paiute/Shoshoni	0.000	94		–
Northern Paiute	0.000	98		–
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)	0.000	105		–
Even (Siberia)	0.000	122
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	133		–
Yakut (northern Yakutia)	0.000	148		–
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.000	168		–
Filipino (Luzon)	0.000	177		–
Sumatra	0.000	180		–
Sulawesi	0.000	237		–
Taiwan aborigine	0.000	640		–

Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.^{[41] [42]}

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.^[43] Michelle Rodriguez, an American actress with a Dominican mother, is likewise in A2.^[44]

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic genealogy
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Population genetics
• Indigenous Amerindian genetics

External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
• Haplogroup A
  • Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS . Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders . PLOS ONE . 2 . 9 . e829 . September 2007 . 17786201 . 1952074 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 . free. 2007PLoSO...2..829T .
  • Spread of Haplogroup A, from National Geographic
  • Aiyana
  • A10 Ancient DNA — Ancient Chumash Paleoasiatic remains. A10 haplogroup assignment. www.pcas.org/assets/docu Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California
  • A10 ((A10 ancient America sample.......Chumash documented origin, Cayegues (Kayiwish) Coastal Paleoasiatic California Indian populations, John R. Johnson, Anthropology 131CA http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/classes/anth131ca/California%20Genetic%20Prehistory.pdf
  • A10 In the study, case JJ168 (haploTYPE A10), does not qualify the PhyloTree.org criteria to be classified as belonging to haploGROUP A10. In HVR1 (the only region their research tested), JJ168 does not present criterion mutations 16227c nor 16311.

Notes and References

1. https://www.yfull.com/mtree/a/ YFull MTree 1.01.5539
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3. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human Mutation. 13 Oct 2008. Mannis. van Oven. Manfred Kayser. 30. 2. E386–E394. 18853457. 10.1002/humu.20921. 27566749. free.
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