Hakhshara Explained

Hakhshara (Hebrew: הַכְשָׁרָה; also transliterated Hachsharah, Hachshara or Hakhsharah) is a Hebrew word that literally means "preparation". The term is used for training programs and agricultural centres in Europe and elsewhere. At these centers Zionist youth and young adults would learn vocational skills necessary for their emigration to Israel and subsequent life in kibbutzim.^[1] Such camps existed before World War II, and still exist today. Nowadays, these programs are usually based on kibbutzim in Israel for youth who are in their gap year, between finishing high-school and starting university, and include exploring Israel and studying Israeli culture. This was also true of the religious programs, that until a few decades were based based on a religious kibbutz and typically contained a period of Torah study. Nowadays, the religious programs still incorporate a period on a religious kibbutz, but are more diverse in what they offer, see at Bnei Akiva website (here).

List of Hakhshara centres

Pre-war Germany

• Schniebinchen in Germany (now Świbinki, Poland).^{[2] [3]}
• Landwerk Neuendorf at Steinhöfel, Germany
• Altona-Blankenese at Hamburg, Germany^[4]
• Fraustadt in Posen-West Prussia, Germany, now Wschowa, Poland
• Markenhof in Germany
• Marx family at Gruessen (now Gemunden, Wohra), Germany ^[5]

Italy

• Sciesopoli in Italy.^[6]

Netherlands

• Werkdorp Nieuwesluis in the Netherlands
• Westerbork (village)^[7]

Pre-war Poland

• over 200 hakhsharas^[8]
• Iwanie Puste and nearby village of Tzygany, now in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine^[9]

Pre-war Lithuania

• Ponevezh (Yiddish) or Panevėžys, Lithuania^[10]

Post-war Australia

• Springvale, Victoria and later Toolamba, Australia^[11]

See also

• HeHalutz, organization
• Youth aliyah
• Youth village

Notes and References

1. Book: Almogi, Yosef . Total Commitment . Associated University Presses . 1982 . 9780845347492 . 13 . The aim of such training programs— collectively called Hakhshara ("preparation") in Hebrew — was to prepare young Jews for settlement in Israel..
2. http://www.mwfk.brandenburg.de/media/lbm1.a.1492.de/geschichtevorort.pdf Geschichte vor Ort: Erinnerungskultur im Land Brandenburg für die Zeit von 1933 bis 1990
3. Web site: Schniebinchen, Germany, 1938, Youngsters conversing through a window, at a camp for training for Aliyah (immigration to Eretz Israel). - The Sonnenfeld collection of photos documenting Jewish life in prewar Germany. . 2012-05-17.
4. http://www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de/en.php?MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=3671 Stolpersteine Hamburg, Betti Frank, née Levi, born 1894
5. Web site: Jüdische Gemeinde - Grüsen (Hessen). www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de. 2019-05-23.
6. http://www.ushmm.org/remembrance/survivoraffairs/meet/view_media.php?content=merrick-n&type=interview Office of Survivor Affairs - Nina Merrick
7. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, A young woman works in a kibbutz hachshara in Westerbork in The Netherlands. Photograph Number: 43171
8. Web site: O kibucach w Polsce mało kto wie. A było ich 200 - największy na warszawskim Grochowie . 8 January 2024 .
9. Skla on the River Zbrucz

   A History of the Former Skala Jewish Community, Skala Research Group and Skala Benevolent Society, 2009, pp. 304, 306

10. Web site: Pin on Yad Vashem Photo Archives Two.
11. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/14447/39635_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y