Grey francolin explained

The grey francolin (Ortygornis pondicerianus) is a species of francolin found in the plains and drier parts of the Indian subcontinent and Iran. This species was formerly also called the grey partridge, not to be confused with the European grey partridge. They are mainly ground-living birds and are found in open cultivated lands as well as scrub forest and their local name of teetar is based on their calls, a loud and repeated Ka-tee-tar...tee-tar which is produced by one or more birds. The term teetar can also refer to other partridges and quails. During the breeding season calling males attract challengers, and decoys were used to trap these birds especially for fighting.

Taxonomy

The grey francolin was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the grouse like birds in the genus Tetrao and coined the binomial name Tetrao pondicerianus.^[1] Gmelin based his description on "Le perdix de Pondichéry" that had been described in 1782 by the French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat in his Voyage aux Indes orientales et a la Chine.^[2] The grey francolin was formerly placed in the genus Francolinus. Based on a phylogenetic study published in 2019 the grey francolin, together with the crested francolin and swamp francolin, were moved to the resurrected genus Ortygornis that had been introduced in 1852 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach.^{[3] [4] [5]} The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ortux meaning "quail" with ornis meaning "bird". The specific epithet pondicerianus is from the toponym Pondicherry, a town in southeast India.^[6]

Three subspecies are recognised:^[5]

• O. p. mecranensis (Zarudny & Härms, 1913) ^[7] – south Iran and south Pakistan
• O. p. interpositus (Hartert, E, 1917) – east Pakistan, north India and Nepal
• O. p. pondicerianus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – south India and Sri Lanka

Description

This bird is a medium-sized francolin, with males averaging 11.6– and females averaging 10.2–. The males weigh 9- whereas the weight of the females is 7-.^[8] The francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat. The only similar species is the painted francolin, which has a rufous vent. The male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them. Subspecies mecranensis is palest and found in arid North-Western India, Eastern Pakistan and Southern Iran. Subspecies interpositus is darker and intermediate found in northern India. The nominate race in the southern peninsula of India has populations with a darker rufous throat, supercilium and is richer brown. They are weak fliers and fly short distances, escaping into undergrowth after a few spurts of flight.^[9] In flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries.^[10] The race in Sri Lanka is sometimes given the name ceylonensis or considered as belonging to the nominate.^{[11] [12] [13]}

Distribution and habitat

The grey francolin is normally found foraging on bare or low grass covered ground in scrub and open country, and is rarely found above an altitude of 500 m above sea level in India, and 1200 m in Pakistan. The distribution is south of the foothills of the Himalayas westwards to the Indus Valley and eastwards to Bengal. It is also found in north-western Sri Lanka. Introduced populations are found in the Andaman and Chagos Islands.^{[10] [14]} They have been introduced to Nevada in the United States of America and Hawaii, along with several other species of francolin.^{[15] [16]}

Behaviour and ecology

The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings. Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet. The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet.^[17] They are usually seen in small groups.^[10]

The main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground.^[10] The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock.^[18] The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted.^{[19] [20] [21]}

Food includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites^[19] and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae).^[22] They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes.^{[23] [24]}

They roost in groups in low thorny trees.^[25]

Several species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species.^{[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]}

Status

They are hunted in much of their range using low nets and easily caught using calling decoy birds.^[11]

In culture

The species has long been domesticated in areas of northern Indian subcontinent where it is used for fighting.^{[31] [32]} The domesticated birds can be large at around 500-600g, compared to 250g for wild birds. They are usually carefully reared by hand and become as tame and confiding as a pet dog.^[19]

Several authors have described the running of the birds as being particularly graceful:John Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, wrote of this and other partridges such as the chukar partridge:

Further reading

• Soni, RG . 1994. Incubation period of Grey Partridge. . 34. 4. 96.
• Johnson, J Mangalaraj (1968) Grey Partridge abandoning nest on removal of grass cover over its path to nest. Indian Forester 94:780.
• Davis, G (1939) On Indian Grey and Black Partridges (Francolinus pondicerianus and Francolinus francolinus). The Avicultural Magazine, 5 4(5):148-151.
• Gabriel, A (1970) Some observations on the Ceylon Grey Partridge. Loris 12(1):60-62.
• George, NJ . 1983. Southern Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin) in Malabar, Kerala. . 23. 5–6. 8.
• Sharma, IK (1983) The Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) in the Rajasthan desert. Annals Arid Zone. 22(2), 117–120.
• Soni, VC (1978) Intersexuality in the Gray Partridge. Game Bird Breeders Avicult. Zool. Conserv. Gaz. 27(7), 12–13.
• Hartert, E (1917) Notes on game-birds. VII. The forms of Francolinus pondicerianus. Novit. Zool. 24, 287–288.
• Purwar, RS (1975) Anatomical, neurohistological and histochemical observations on the tongue of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter). Acta Anat. 93(4):526-33.
• Purwar, RS (1976) Neuro-histochemical observations on the pancreas of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 90(6):1009-16.

External links

• Aviculture
• In Sri Lanka

Notes and References

1. Book: Gmelin, Johann Friedrich . Johann Friedrich Gmelin. 1789 . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . 13th . 1, Part 2 . Latin . Lipsiae [Leipzig] . Georg. Emanuel. Beer . 760 .
2. Book: Sonnerat, Pierre . Pierre Sonnerat . 1782 . Voyage aux Indes orientales et a la Chine, fait par ordre du Roi, depuis 1774 jusqu'en 1781 . 2 . French . Paris . Chez l'Auteur . 165–166 .
3. Mandiwana-Neudani . T.G. . Little . R.M. . Crowe . T.M. . Bowie . R.C. . 2019 . Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of 'true' francolins: Galliformes, Phasianidae, Phasianinae, Gallini; Francolinus, Ortygornis, Afrocolinus gen. nov., Peliperdix and Scleroptila spp. . Ostrich . 90 . 3 . 191–221 . 10.2989/00306525.2019.1632954. 208597134 .
4. Book: Reichenbach, Ludwig . Ludwig Reichenbach . 1852 . Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie . 1 . German . Dresden und Leipzig . Expedition Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte . xxviii . For a discussion of the publication date see: Book: Dickinson . E.C. . Edward C. Dickinson . Overstreet . L.K. . Dowsett . R.J. . Bruce . M.D. . 2011 . Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers . Northampton, UK . Aves Press . 978-0-9568611-1-5 . 134 .
5. Web site: Gill . Frank . Frank Gill (ornithologist) . Donsker . David . Rasmussen . Pamela . Pamela Rasmussen . January 2022 . Pheasants, partridges, francolins . IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 . International Ornithologists' Union . 6 July 2022.
6. Book: Jobling, James A. . 2010. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm . London . 978-1-4081-2501-4 . 285, 314.
7. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8761393 N. Sarudny und M. Härms, Ornithologische Monatsberichte (1913) - Neue Formen der Frankoline aus Persien
8. Book: Hume. A.O.. Marshall. C.H.T.. Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. 1880. A.O. Hume and C.H.T. Marshall. Calcutta. 58. II.
9. Stirling, JH . 1933 . Riding down partridges. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 36. 4. 1004.
10. Book: Rasmussen, PC . JC Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia: the Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. 121.
11. Book: Whistler, H. . 1949. Popular handbook of Indian birds. Gurney & Jackson. 4th. 433–434. 1-4067-4576-6.
12. Baker, EC Stuart . 1920. The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, Part 30. . J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 27. 2. 193–210.
13. Book: Ali, S . SD Ripley. 1980. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 2. 2nd. Oxford University Press. 29–33.
14. Loustau-Lalanne, P. 1962. The birds of the Chagos Archipelago, India Ocean. Ibis. 104. 1. 67–73. 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08628.x.
15. Gullion, Gordon W. . 1965 . A Critique concerning Foreign Game Bird Introductions. The Wilson Bulletin . 77. 4. 409–414.
16. Koopman, ME. W C Pitt. 2007. Crop diversification leads to diverse bird problems in Hawaiian agriculture. Human–Wildlife Conflicts. 1. 2. 235–243. 2009-02-10. 2009-01-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20090110114413/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/publications/07pubs/pitt072.pdf. dead.
17. Himmatsinhji, MK . 1959. The different calls of the Grey Partridge, Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 56. 3. 632–633.
18. 1993. An unusual nesting of a Grey Partridge Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. . 90. 1. 91–92 . Tehsin, Raza . Moezi, Abdul Amir.
19. Book: Jerdon, T C . 1864. The Birds of India. Vol 3. George Wyman & Co.. 569–572.
20. Tiwari, JK . 1999. Large clutch size in Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus). . 38. 6. 105.
21. Edwards, DB . 1933. Nesting of the Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus Gmel.). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 36. 2. 512.
22. 1960. A study of the seasonal foods of the Black Francolin [''Francolinus francolinus'' (Linnaeus)], the Grey Francolin [''F. pondicerianus'' (Gmelin)] and the Common Sandgrouse (P. exustus Temminck) in India and Pakistan]. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 57. 2. 354–361. Faruqi, Shamin A. Bump, Gardiner. Nanda, PC. Christensen, Glen C.
23. Soman, PW. 1962. The Grey Partridge, Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin) eating snake. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.. 59. 2. 653–654.
24. Mian, A. . Wajid, M.M.. 1994. Food of grey francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) in Layyah district (southern Punjab, Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Zoology . 26. 2. 185–187.
25. Sangha, HS . 1987. Roosting habits of grey partridge. . 27. 7–8. 15.
26. Deshmukh PG. . 1968 . Lemdana francolini n. sp. from grey partridge Francolinus pondicerianus. Rivista di Parassitologia . 29. 2. 129–132. 5751501.
27. Ali SM, Deshmukh PG . 1969. Pseudaspidoderella indica n. gen. n. sp. from grey partridge Francolinus pondicerianus. Rivista di Parassitologia. 30. 1. 45–48. 5408573.
28. Rathore . GS . Nama . HS. Alapectana indica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Cosmo cercidae) from gray partridge, Francolinus pondicerianus . Rivista di Parassitologia . 47. 2. 279–281.
29. 1953 . A Plasmodium in Common Indian Partridges. Nature. 172. 4380. 687 . 10.1038/172687c0 . Ray, A. P. . Bhatnagar, V. N. . Menon, M. K.. 1953Natur.172..687R . 4161319. free.
30. Alwar, V.S.. Lalitha, C.M.. Feather mites from the common grey quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix Linn., 1758) and the southern grey partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus pondicerianus Gmelin, 1788) in Madras. Cheiron. 1974. 3. 92–93.
31. Ezra, A . 1934. Partridge and bulbul fighting in India. The Avicultural Magazine. 12. 6. 155–156.
32. Book: 24. Beast and man in India. Kipling, John Lockwood. 1904. Macmillan and co..