Grammar book explained

A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

Etymology

Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars.[1]

Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.

History

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the .[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules. Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century. A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.

List of first printed grammars

YearLanguageAuthorNotes
1451LatinAelius DonatusDonatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4]
1471Ancient GreekManuel ChrysolorasChrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5]
1489HebrewMoses Kimhi[6]
1492SpanishAntonio de Nebrija[7]
1505ArabicPedro de Alcalá
1516ItalianGiovanni Francesco Fortunio
1527AramaicSebastian Münster
1530FrenchJohn Palsgrave
1533CzechBeneš Optát
1534GermanValentin Ickelsamer
1536PortugueseFernão de Oliveira
1539HungarianJános Sylvester
1552GeʽezMariano Vittoriowritten in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[8]
1558TarascanMaturino Gilberti
1560QuechuaDomingo de Santo Tomás
1568PolishPierre Statorius[9]
1571NahuatlAlonso de Molina
1578ZapotecJuan de Córdova
1584DutchHendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel
1584SloveneAdam Bohorič
1586Church Slavonicanonymous
1586EnglishWilliam Bullokar
1592WelshSiôn Dafydd Rhys
1593MixtecAntonio de los Reyes
1595TupiJosé de Anchieta
1603Aymara
1604JapaneseJoão Rodrigues Tçuzu
1604CroatianBartol Kašić
1606MapucheLuis de Valdivia
1610TagalogFrancisco Blancas de San José
1612MalayAlbert Cornelius Ruyl
1612TurkishHieronymus Megiserbased on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[10]
1614TimucuaFrancisco Pareja
1617IlocanoFrancisco Lopez
1619ChibchaBernardo de Lugo
1620MayaJuan Coronel[11]
1624ArmenianFrancesco Rivola[12]
1636CopticAthanasius Kircherbased on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[13]
1637EstonianHeinrich Stahl
1638Modern GreekSimone Porzio
1639PersianLouis de Dieu
1640Guarani
1640KonkaniThomas Stephens
1643GeorgianFrancesco Maria Maggio
1643Old EnglishAbraham Wheelocke[14]
1644MamDiego de Reynoso
1644MochicaFernando de la Carrera
1644LatvianJohans Georgs Rēhehūzens
1649FinnishEskil Petraeus
1651VietnameseAlexandre de Rhodes[15]
1651IcelandicRunolf Jonsson[16]
1653LithuanianDaniel Klein
1659KongoGiacinto Brusciotto
1659BretonJulien Maunoir
1666MassachusettJohn Eliot
1668DanishErik Pontoppidan
1677IrishFroinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh
1679SorbianXaver Jakub Ticin
1680CumanagotoFrancisco de Tauste
1681FrisianSimon Abbes Gabbema[17]
1683TarahumaraTomas de Guadalajara
1684SwedishErik Aurivillius
1686ManchuFerdinand Verbiest[18]
1689GothicGeorge Hickes
1696RussianHeinrich Wilhelm Ludolf
1696ChineseMartino Martini[19]
1697KimbunduPedro Dias
1698AmharicHiob Ludolfwritten in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.
1699CaririLuiz Vincencio Mamiani
1707CornishEdward Lhuyd
1707SinhalaJohannes Ruell[20]
1716TamilBartholomäus Ziegenbalg[21]
1716AlbanianFrancesco Maria da Lecce
1729RomanshFlaminio da Sale[22]
1729BasqueManuel Larramendi[23]
1731OtomiFrancisco Haedo
1743HindiDavid Millsbased on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[24]
1743BengaliManuel da Assumpção
1747HuastecCarlos de Tapia Zenteno
1750MalteseAgius de Soldanis
1752TotonacJosé Zambrano Bonilla
1753KaqchikelIldefonso Joseph Flores
1778Scottish GaelicWilliam Shaw
1778Marathianonymous[25]
1780RomanianSamuil Micu-Klein[26]
1783PiedmonteseMaurizio Pipino
1787KurdishMaurizio Garzoni[27]
1790SanskritPaulinus of St. Bartholomewbased on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[28]
1790SlovakAnton Bernolák[29]
1799MalayalamRobert Drummond[30]
1814SerbianVuk Stefanović Karadžić

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92.
  2. [Linguistic description#FPencyclo|François & Ponsonnet (2013)]
  3. Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24.
  4. Book: Ingelhart . Louis E. . Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology . 1998 . Greenwood . 978-0-313-30851-2 . 12 . English.
  5. Book: Dondi . Cristina . Printing R-evolution and Society 1450-1500: Fifty Years that Changed Europe . 2020 . Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing . 978-88-6969-333-5 . 279-297 . en.
  6. Book: Waltke . Bruce K. . O'Connor . Michael Patrick . An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax . 1990 . Eisenbrauns . Winona Lake, Ind . 0931464315 . 39.
  7. Book: Hymes . Dell H. . Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms . 1974 . Indiana University Press . Bloomington . 0253355591 . 361-379.
  8. Book: Kelly . Samantha . Translating faith: Ethiopian pilgrims in Renaissance Rome . 2024 . Harvard University Press . 9780674294172 . 243.
  9. Web site: Old orthographies, grammars and handbooks of Polish language . gramatyki.uw.edu.pl . en.
  10. Book: Palabıyık . Nil Ö . Silent teachers: Turkish books and oriental learning in early modern Europe, 1544-1669 . 2023 . Routledge . 0367359782 . 205 . en.
  11. Book: McQuown . Norman A. . Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 5: Linguistics . 1968 . University of Texas Press . 978-1-4773-0663-5 . 203 . en.
  12. Book: Considine . John P. . Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe . 2017 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-878501-9 . 244 . en.
  13. Book: Hamilton . Alastair . The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church . 2006 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-928877-9 . 199-206.
  14. Book: Auroux . Sylvain . Koerner . E. F. K. . Niederehe . Hans-Josef . Versteegh . Kees . History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du langage. 2. Teilband . 2008 . Walter de Gruyter . 978-3-11-019421-0 . 1132 . en.
  15. Book: Zwartjes . Otto . Troia . Paolo De . Missionary Linguistics VI: Missionary Linguistics in Asia. Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Rome, 21–24 March 2018 . 2021 . John Benjamins Publishing Company . 978-90-272-5843-4 . 202 . en.
  16. Book: Koerner . E. F. K. . Asher . R. E. . Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists . 28 June 2014 . Elsevier . 978-1-4832-9754-5 . 181.
  17. Book: Ahlqvist . Anders . Diversions of Galway: Papers on the History of Linguistics from ICHoLS V, Galway, Ireland, 1-6 September 1990 . 1992 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-4555-7 . 59 . en.
  18. Book: Saarela . Marten Soderblom . The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe . 2020 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-5207-1 . 175 . en.
  19. Book: Knight . Sarah . Tilg . Stefan . The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin . 2015 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-994818-5 . 567 . en.
  20. Book: Wickremasuriya . Sarathchandra . Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume . 1978 . Brill . 978-90-04-64647-6 . 283–300 . en . The beginnings of the Sinhalese Printing Press.
  21. Book: Sharma . Ghanshyam . Lowe . John J. . Trends in South Asian Linguistics . 8 November 2021 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-075306-6 . 273 . en.
  22. Book: Miodunka . Władysław . Language and Nation: Material from a Symposium . 1987 . Jagiellonian University . 978-83-01-07840-9 . 41 . en.
  23. Book: Hualde . José Ignacio . Urbina . Jon Ortiz de . A Grammar of Basque . 2011 . Walter de Gruyter . 978-3-11-089528-5 . 10 . en.
  24. Book: Zwartjes . Otto . Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800 . 2011 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-4608-0 . 75 . en.
  25. Book: Offredi . Mariola . The Banyan Tree: Essays in Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages . 2000 . Manohar . 978-81-7304-277-5 . 324 . en.
  26. Book: Lebsanft . Franz . Tacke . Felix . Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages . 2020 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-045606-6 . 276.
  27. Book: Bajalan . Djene Rhys . Karimi . Sara Zandi . Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity . 2017 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-50216-6 . 34.
  28. Book: Kochhar . Rajesh . Sanskrit and the British Empire . 2021 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-000-43553-5 . 13-14 .
  29. Book: Lepschy . Giulio C. . History of Linguistics Vol III: Renaissance and Early Modern Linguistics . 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-89524-4 . 122.
  30. Book: Andronov . Mikhail Sergeevich . A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment . 1996 . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . 978-3-447-03811-9 . 18.