Government shutdowns in the United States explained

In the United States, government shutdowns occur when funding legislation required to finance the federal government is not enacted before the next fiscal year begins. In a shutdown, the federal government curtails agency activities and services, ceases non-essential operations, furloughs non-essential workers, and retains only essential employees in departments that protect human life or property.[1] [2] Shutdowns can also disrupt state, territorial, and local levels of government.

Funding gaps began to lead to shutdowns in 1980, when Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring it. This opinion was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, but since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours have led to a shutdown. As of February 2024, 10 funding shutdowns have led to federal employees being furloughed.

The most significant include the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996, during President Bill Clinton’s administration, over opposition to major spending cuts; the 16-day shutdown in 2013, during the Barack Obama administration, caused by a dispute over implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA);[3] and the longest, the 35-day shutdown of 2018–2019, during the Donald Trump administration,[4] caused by a dispute over expanding barriers on the U.S.–Mexico border.[5] [6]

Shutdowns disrupt government services and programs; they close national parks and institutions. They reduce government revenue because fees are lost while at least some furloughed employees receive back pay. They reduce economic growth. During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor's, the financial ratings agency, said on October 16 that the shutdown had "to date taken $24 billion out of the economy", and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth".[7]

Federal government

Overview

Under the separation of powers created by the United States Constitution, the appropriation and control of government funds for the United States is the sole responsibility of the United States Congress. Congress begins this process through proposing an appropriation bill aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government program. The finalized version of the bill is then voted upon by both the House of Representatives and the Senate. After it passes both chambers, it proceeds to the President of the United States to sign the bill into law.

Government shutdowns tend to occur when there is a disagreement over budget allocations before the existing cycle ends. Such disagreements can come from the president – through vetoing any finalized appropriation bills they receive – or from one or both chambers of Congress,[8] [9] often from the political party that has control over that chamber. A shutdown can be temporarily avoided through the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR), which can extend funding for the government for a set period, during which time negotiations can be made to supply an appropriation bill that all involved parties of the political deadlock on spending can agree upon.

A CR can be blocked by the same parties if there are issues with the content of the resolution bill that either party has a disagreement upon, in which case a shutdown will inevitably occur if a CR cannot be passed by the House, Senate or president. Congress may, in rare cases attempt to override a presidential veto of an appropriation bill or CR. Such an act requires there to be majority support of two-thirds of both chambers.

Prior to the 1980s, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, believing that Congress did not intend that agencies close down while waiting for the enactment of annual appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. However, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued two opinions in 1980 and 1981, that more strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Act in the context of a funding gap, along with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the head of an agency could avoid violating the Act only by suspending the agency's operations until the enactment of an appropriation. In the absence of appropriations, exceptions would be allowed only when there is some reasonable and articulable connection between the function to be performed and the safety of human life or the protection of property.[10] However, even after the Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, only four led to furloughs.[11]

Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United States are nearly impossible in other forms of government:

Effects

While government shutdowns before 1995–1996 had very mild effects, a full federal government shutdown causes a large number of civilian federal employees to be furloughed. Such employees are forbidden even to check their e-mail, a prohibition that some agencies enforce by collecting government-issued electronic devices for the duration of the shutdown.[13]

Because of the size of the government workforce, the effects of a shutdown can be seen in macroeconomic data. During the 2013 shutdown, for example, 800,000 employees were locked out, payment was delayed to 1.3 million workers,[14] confidence in the job market decreased for a month,[15] [16] and GDP growth slowed 0.1–0.2%. The loss of GDP is a bigger sum than it would have cost to keep the government open.[17]

The complete effects of a shutdown are often clouded by missing data that cannot be collected while specific government offices are closed.

Some effects of the shutdown are difficult to measure and can linger afterward, such as destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[18] [19] The 2018–2019 shutdown curtailed safety and law enforcement investigations, caused air travel delays as essential workers stopped showing up, shut down some facilities for Native Americans and tourists, and delayed regulatory approvals and immigration hearings for non-detainees.

The exact details of which government functions stop during a shutdown is determined by the Office of Management and Budget.[20]

What stays open

What is shut down

Arguments for and against

During the 2013 shutdown, the moral philosopher Peter Singer argued in Slate, that shutdowns were evidence that the U.S. Constitution's separation of powers constituted "a fundamental flaw."[27]

In 2019, following the end of the 2018–19 shutdown, Michael Shindler argued in The American Conservative that shutdowns protect popular sovereignty. He writes, "No other political phenomena so forcefully and dramatically obliges the whole people to recognize that their ideological divisions have become so great that the exercise of their sovereignty has become virtually impossible," and "During a shutdown, the government, which is bound by elaborate mechanisms to the national will, becomes confused. For a moment, it seems as if the march of American history is at a standstill. There are only two means of moving forward: either government officials follow the will of something other than the nation or the nation engages in a momentous reconciliation of its will."[28]

List of federal shutdowns

See also: List of United States federal funding gaps.

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs!Shutdown!Days!Agencies
affected!Employees
furloughed!Cost to
government!President!Control of House[29] !Control of Senate[30] !Refs
19801FTC only1,600$700,000CarterDemocratsDemocrats
19811all except legislative branch241,000$80–90 millionReaganDemocratsRepublicans
19841 (about 4 hrs.)some500,000$65 millionDemocratsRepublicans
19861 (about 4 hrs.)all500,000$62.2 millionDemocratsRepublicans
19903all2,800$2.57 millionG.H.W. BushDemocratsDemocrats
Nov 19955some800,000$400 millionClintonRepublicansRepublicans
1995–199621some284,000RepublicansRepublicans
201316all800,000$2.1 billionObamaRepublicansDemocrats[31]
Jan 20183all692,900TrumpRepublicansRepublicans
2018–1935some380,000$5 billionRepublicans (until Jan 2019)Democrats (from Jan 2019)Republicans[32] [33]

This list includes only major funding gaps which led to actual employee furloughs within federal departments of the US government. It does not include funding gaps that did not involve shutdowns of government departments, in which examples include: a brief funding gap in 1982, in which nonessential workers were told to report to work but to cancel meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[34] a three-day funding gap in November 1983 that did not disrupt government services; a 9-hour funding gap in February 2018 that did not disrupt government services;[35] [36] and a 13-hour funding gap in March 2024 that did not furlough any workers.

1980

See main article: 1980 United States federal government shutdown. On 1 May 1980, during the presidential term of Jimmy Carter, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was shut down for one day after Congress failed to pass an appropriations bill for the agency, due to going against his political beliefs and goals. Prior to the shutdown, a review had been made of the 1884 Antideficiency Act regarding Congressional approval of agency funding. Initial opinion on the subject had been that this did not require a government agency to be closed down in the wake of the expiration of their funding, before Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti overruled this opinion with his own on 25 April 1980, stating that a provision of this act stipulated to the contrary.[37] Five days later, the FTC was shut down after Congress delayed funding for the agency, in order to seek approval for an authorization bill to limit the agency's investigative and rule-making abilities, following criticism of the FTC's aggressive monitoring of the economy.[38]

The 1980 shutdown was the first time a federal agency shut down due to a budget dispute.[39] Around 1,600 federal workers for the FTC were furloughed as a result, and Federal Marshals deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce their closure.[40] The shutdown ended after one day when Carter threatened to close down the entire US government if Congress did not pass spending bills by 1 October later that year. Economists of the time estimated that the 1-day shutdown of the FTC cost the government around $700,000, the majority of which was back-pay for the furloughed workers.[41] In the aftermath of the shutdown, Civiletti issued a revised edition of his original opinion on 18 January 1981, detailing that shutdowns would still require agencies that protect human safety or property to continue operating if funding for them expired.

1981, 1984, and 1986

See main article: 1981, 1984, and 1986 U.S. federal government shutdowns. In 1981, 1984, and 1986, federal employees were furloughed during both presidential terms of Ronald Reagan. The deadlocks focused on disagreements by Reagan towards Congressional bills that went against his political beliefs and goals. The first shutdown took place on 23 November 1981, lasting for a day and placing 241,000 federal employees into furlough,[42] after Reagan vetoed a proposed appropriation bill that contained a reduced set of spending cuts than he had proposed for select government departments.[43] While the shutdown affected only a number of government departments,[44] economists of the time believed that it cost taxpayers an estimated $80–90 million in back pay and other expenses over the entire day.

The second shutdown occurred on the afternoon of 4 October 1984, with 500,000 federal employees placed on furlough during this period, after Reagan mounted opposition towards the inclusion of a water projects package and a civil rights measure within the proposed appropriations bill that day. The shutdown covered around nine of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point.[45] Congress was forced to remove both of the opposed elements of the bill and include funding of the Nicaraguan Contras as a compromise to end the shutdown. Economists believed that the short period cost taxpayers an estimated $65 million in back pay.

A third shutdown occurred for an afternoon on October 17, 1986, in which 500,000 federal employees were furloughed,[46] in order to pressure Congress to agree on a full-year omnibus appropriations bill more quickly.[47] All government agencies were affected by this shutdown.[48] It ended after Congress passed the omnibus appropriations bill later that day.[49] [50] Economists estimated that this shutdown cost the U.S. government $62 million in lost work.

1990

See main article: 1990 United States federal government shutdown. The shutdown of 1990 occurred during the presidential term of George H. W. Bush and focused on a disagreement over several measures he proposed for the 1991 appropriations bill - the inclusion of major tax increases, despite Bush's campaign promise against any new taxes,[51] and major cuts in spending towards benefit programs, including Medicare, to combat the deficit. On 5 October 1990, liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans, led by then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, opposed the initial appropriations package,[52] [53] with Bush vetoing the second resolution to the spending bill the following day on 6 October.[54]

The shutdown lasted until 9 October, when Bush agreed to remove his proposed tax increases and reduce the amount of spending cuts, in return for Congress providing a concession on the amended bill to allow for increasing income tax on the wealthy. The effects of the deadlock were lessened due to the fact that the shutdown occurred across the Columbus Day weekend - 6 October to 8 October. 2,800 workers were furloughed over this period. The national parks and museums, such as the Smithsonian, were closed, and a handful of departments unable to function. The cost to the government for lost revenue and back wages was estimated at $2.57 million.[55]

1995–1996

See main article: 1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns. Between 1995 and 1996, the US government faced two shutdowns during the presidential term of Bill Clinton, who opposed proposed appropriation bills for 1996 by congressional Republicans, who had a majority in both chambers, and House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Both Gingrich and the majority of Congress sought to pass bills that would reduce government spending, much against Clinton's political objectives for 1996. Clinton objected to funding cuts affecting education, the environment, and public health. One proposed bill threatened to block a scheduled reduction he had planned towards premiums within Medicare.[56] Both sides had differing opinions over the impact the proposed House bills would have over economic growth, medical inflation, and anticipated revenues,[57] with Clinton vetoing the bills over amendments added to them by congressional Republicans, despite Gingrich threatening to refuse to raise the country's debt ceiling.

The first shutdown took place on 14 November 1995, after a CR issued on 1 October had expired, and meetings between Democrat and Republican leaders failed to end the deadlock. The effect of the deadlock led to the majority of government departments being closed down and 800,000 federal workers being furloughed as a result. Although the shutdown ended five days later on 19 November, the political friction between Clinton and Gingrich over the US budget remained unresolved. On 16 December 1995, after further spending bills failed to secure approval, a second shutdown took place. Although lasting 21 days, fewer departments were closed down, and around 284,000 federal workers were furloughed during this period. The shutdown was eventually ended on 6 January 1996, when White House and Congressional negotiators worked out a balanced budget agreement, which included approval towards modest spending cuts and tax increases.

Both shutdowns had a contrasting impact on the major political players in the deadlock. Gingrich's political career was harmed by the shutdowns, in part due to a comment he made during the deadlock that made it sound like his reasons for it were petty.[58] [59] Clinton's presidential term was improved by the shutdown and cited as part of the reason behind his successful re-election to the White House in 1996.[60]

Some effects of the shutdowns included the government, tourism, and airline industry losing millions of dollars in revenue during this period, with disruptions made towards the processing of passports and visas, and work on medical research and toxic waste cleanup being halted.

2013

See main article: 2013 United States federal government shutdown. The shutdown of 2013 occurred during the second Obama term, focusing on a disagreement between Republican-led House of Representatives and the Democratic-led Senate towards the contents of the 2014 Continuing Appropriations Resolution bill, alongside other political issues. Congressional Republicans, encouraged by conservative senators such as Ted Cruz,[61] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[62] [63] [64] sought to include several measures to the bill in late 2013 that could delay funding for the 2013 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and thus allow time for changes to be made to the act. Both Obama and Democratic senators refused to agree to these measures, seeking instead for the bill to maintain government funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.[65] [66] [67]

The shutdown took place on 1 October 2013, as a result of an impasse over the contents of the bill, with the House unable to approve any CRs before this date. Democrats opposed further efforts by congressional Republicans, led by House Speaker John Boehner, to delay funding of the ACA, and rejected piecemeal Resolution bills proposed by them to resolve the shutdown.[68] [69] As Congress was at an impasse amidst rising concerns that the US would default on public debt, US senators - particularly then Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid - negotiated a deal to end the deadlock.

Their proposal, which won a Senate vote,[70] approved an amended Resolution bill that would keep funding at sequestration levels, temporarily suspend the debt limit until 7 February 2014, and included a concession to congressional Republicans on the ACA by applying stricter income verification rules in regards to health insurance. Boehner eventually withdrew further objections and delaying attempts against the ACA upon the country being within hours of breaking its debt limit on 16 October 2013.[71] Congress approved the bill for Obama's signature the following day.[72]

The 16-day shutdown had considerable impact upon the United States: approximately 800,000 federal employees were put on furlough, while an additional 1.3 million had to report to work without any known payment dates during this period,[73] costing the government millions in back pay;[74] major government programmes concerning Native Americans,[75] [76] children,[77] and domestic violence victims,[78] alongside the legal processing of asylum and immigration cases,[79] [80] and sexual assault cases handled by the Office of Civil Rights,[81] were badly disrupted by the shutdown; tourism was greatly impacted due to the closure of national parks and institutions during the shutdown and cost the government millions in lost revenue; and US economic growth was reduced during this period. In political circles, the shutdown had a negative impact on Republicans, as over half of Americans held Republicans accountable for the deadlock, in comparison to public opinion on the accountability of both the Democrats and Obama during this period.[82]

January 2018

See main article: January 2018 United States federal government shutdown. The shutdown of January 2018 was the first to occur during the presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the issue of immigration. By the start of October 2017, Congress had failed to approve an appropriation bill to fund the US government in 2018, and instead passed three CRs to keep federal agencies open until 19 January 2018. The failure to establish a permanent spending bill was due to Democratic senators insisting that any proposed House bill needed to include funding for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy and assurances against deportation for immigrants that fell under the DREAM Act. Republicans refused to pass such bills, citing that discussions on immigration and those individuals under DACA would not be held until mid-March of the following year.[83] [84]

A senate vote to extend the 2018 Continuing Appropriations Resolution on 19 January 2018, which had passed a congressional vote the previous day, failed to achieve a majority,[85] after Democratic senators led a filibuster aimed at forcing Republicans to invoke a shorter duration of CR and thus invoke negotiations that could lead to extensions of the DACA policy.[86] but failed to achieve a majority, as Democrats sought a shorter duration of CAR to force negotiations.

The shutdown took place on 20 January 2018, and led to approximately 692,000 federal workers being furloughed.[87] An attempt by Democrats to protect the payment of military personnel during the deadlock was rejected by Republicans, after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that funding had to be restored for the entire US government rather than for individual government branches.[88] [89] Despite the bill's failure, both sides engaged in negotiations that eventually culminated with a deal on a proposed stopgap measure to fund the government for four weeks - as part of the proposal, Democrats agreed to end their filibuster and approve the Republican's measure, in exchange for fresh talks on the DACA policy and DREAM Act within newly proposed Resolution bill. The measure was approved in the House and passed a Senate vote, effectively ending the shutdown on 23 January.[90]

The impact of the shutdown was not as severe as in previous deadlocks - most government departments, such as the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency, were able to continue their functions during the 3-day deadlock despite their workers needing back-pay in the aftermath,[91] and only a third of National Parks in the United States were closed down.[92] In the aftermath of the shutdown, the Senate debated on a bill for the 2018 Bipartisan Budget Act to provide 2-year funding for the military, and provide an extension to the Resolution to keep the government funded for another six weeks. However, the negotiations suffered delays that triggered the brief 9 February spending gap, though this merely lasted for nine hours, causing little disruption.

December 2018–January 2019

See main article: 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown. The shutdown of December 2018–January 2019 was the second to occur during the presidential term of Donald Trump, and was due to a disagreement over negotiations for Trump's wall along the Mexico–United States border. Trump sought to have the appropriation bill for 2019 include $5.7 billion in funding toward construction of the wall.[93] [94] Democrats viewed the wall as a waste of money and likely ineffective, and instead proposed bills that would fund improvements in existing border security measures. Trump initially backed down on demands for border wall funding, but reversed this decision on 20 December 2018 over pressure from supporters, refusing to sign any continuing resolution that did not include it.[95] [96]

The shutdown began on 22 December 2018, after Democrats refused to support a new continuing resolution in the Senate that included approximately $5 billion for the new border wall,[97] [98] and continued to block further attempts upon taking control of Congress on 3 January 2019 following the 2018 mid-term elections. Although he had support from several Republicans, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Trump faced stiff opposition to border wall funding from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, with neither party able to break the political impasse through negotiations,[99] rallying public support through televised addresses,[100] [101] offering proposals on alternative border security funding measures,[102] or making concessions for a proposed appropriation bill with regards to the DACA policy.[103] [104]

The 35-day shutdown, the longest in US history after surpassing the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996,[105] led to 380,000 federal workers being furloughed, and an additional 420,000 workers were required to work without any known payment dates, forcing many to find other paid work or protest against the extended period of the deadlock.[106] [107] Sharp reductions had to be made on payments from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,[108] [109] the Internal Revenue Service faced delays in processing around $140 billion worth of tax refunds,[110] the FBI faced major disruptions to some of its investigations,[111] staff shortages in the Transportation Security Administration caused airports to be closed down, and economic growth was reduced by billions of dollars.[112] [113] [114] [115]

The deadlock ended on 25 January 2019, when both chambers of Congress approved a plan to reopen the US government for 3 weeks, in order to facilitate negotiations for a suitable appropriation bill; Trump endorsed the plan amidst rising security and safety concerns.[116] [117] [118] A source inside the White House told CNN that a "contributing catalyst" to the end of the shutdown was a significant number of absences of air traffic controllers, which caused significant flight delays and cancellations.[119]

According to the Congressional Budget Office, the shutdown cost the government $3 billion in back pay for furloughed workers, plus $2 billion in lost tax revenues due to reduced tax evasion compliance activities by the Internal Revenue Service, and a smaller amount of lost fees such as for visits to national parks, for a total of about $5 billion.

State and territorial governments

Year Start date End date Total days Location References
1991 17 [120]
1991 54
1991 34
63 [121]
2002 [122]
[123]
13 [124]
[125]
2007 (approx. 4hrs) [126]
2007 (approx. 6hrs) [127] [128]
2009 (approx. 6hrs) [129]
20
2015 [130]
[131] [132]
2017 [133]

See also

U.S.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2013-09-28 . The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605213042/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/the-odd-story-of-the-law-that-dictates-how-government-shutdowns-work/280047/ . 2023-06-05 . The Atlantic.
  2. Web site: Cooper . Ryan . 2019-01-23 . Make government shutdowns impossible again . 2023-09-25 . theweek . en.
  3. News: Curry. Tom. Chances of averting government shutdown appear slim. October 1, 2013. NBC News. September 29, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001051217/http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/29/20743313-chances-of-averting-government-shutdown-appear-slim?lite. October 1, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  4. News: The Government Shutdown Was the Longest Ever. Here's the History.. Zaveri. Mihir. 2019-01-09. The New York Times. 2019-01-26. Gates. Guilbert. en-US. 0362-4331. Zraick. Karen.
  5. News: Government to shut down in fight over Trump's border wall. Reuters. 2018-12-22. December 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222035129/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-congress-budget/government-to-shut-down-in-fight-over-trumps-border-wall-idUSKCN1OK15M. December 22, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  6. News: Vox. January 19, 2018. Government shutdown 2018: All 18 previous government shutdowns, explained. Matthews. Dylan.
  7. News: Walshe, Shushannah . October 17, 2013 . The Costs of the Government Shutdown . ABC News. September 18, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170912232532/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/10/the-costs-of-the-government-shutdown . September 12, 2017 . dead.
  8. News: Wearden, Graeme . September 30, 2013 . US Shutdown: A Guide for Non-Americans – The American Government Has Begun Shutting Its Non-Essential Services. Why? And What Will It Mean? . . October 4, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100015/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/30/us-shutdown-explainer-non-americans . October 6, 2013 . live . mdy-all .
  9. News: What will happen if the government shuts down: Late paychecks, closed museums and more . Washington Post . 22 December 2018 . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/what-would-happen-if-the-government-shut-down-late-paychecks-closed-museums-and-more/2018/12/21/79c982a2-053e-11e9-b6a9-0aa5c2fcc9e4_story.html . December 22, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  10. Web site: Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects. Brass, Clinton T.. November 30, 2017. Congressional Research Service (via Federation of American Scientists). December 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171204191642/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34680.pdf. December 4, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  11. Web site: Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109070300/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA590353. dead. January 9, 2018. Tollestrup. Jessica. October 11, 2013. Congressional Research Service. 4. en. May 14, 2017.
  12. News: US Shutdown Has Other Nations Confused and Concerned . Anthony . Zurcher . BBC News . October 1, 2013 . October 4, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131003190801/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24342521 . October 3, 2013 . live . mdy-all .
  13. News: Federal workers: Hand over BlackBerry during shutdown. Jennifer. Liberto. CNNMoney.com. CNN. September 25, 2013. October 6, 2013.
  14. News: The . Economist . Closed until further notice . . October 5, 2013 . August 1, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140804035807/http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21587250-shutdown-bad-enough-what-follows-may-be-far-worse-closed-until-further-notice . August 4, 2014 . live . mdy-all .
  15. Web site: Randstad USA. U.S. Worker Confidence Level Weakens Amid Government Shutdown. www.randstadusa.com. Randstad USA. July 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140702075604/http://www.randstadusa.com/about/news/us-worker-confidence-level-weakens-amid-government-shutdown/. July 2, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  16. Web site: Randstad USA. Employee Confidence Rebounds in Month Following Shutdown. www.randstadusa.com. Randstad USA. August 14, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073915/http://www.randstadusa.com/about/news/employee-confidence-rebounds-in-month-following-shutdown/. August 21, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  17. News: Rand Paul rightly says the government shutdown was more expensive than keeping it open. @politifact. 2018-01-21. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125847/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/aug/07/rand-paul/rand-paul-rightly-says-government-shutdown-was-mor/. January 21, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  18. News: Philip . Coggan . Main Street's Revenge . . October 21, 2013 . August 14, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131224091229/http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/10/money-talks-october-21st-2013 . December 24, 2013 . live . mdy-all .
  19. News: Tim . Cross . Robot-Aided, Mass-Murder Jellyfish Orgy . . October 16, 2013 . August 14, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140828155029/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/10/babbage-october-16th-2013 . August 28, 2014 . live . mdy-all .
  20. News: O'Keefe, Ed. Kane, Paul. April 2, 2011. Government Shutdown: Frequently Asked Questions. The Washington Post. live. October 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20110813202405/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/frequently-asked-questions-about-a-government-shutdown/2011/04/01/AF4WPIQC_story.html. August 13, 2011. mdy-all.
  21. News: Shear. Michael. April 7, 2011. Will Members of Congress Get Paid in a Shutdown?. The Caucus (blog of The New York Times). live. April 8, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110408204059/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/07/will-members-of-congress-get-paid-in-a-shutdown/. April 8, 2011. mdy-all.
  22. News: Kolawole. Emi. April 8, 2011. Government Shutdown 2011: Will I Get Paid? What Will Be Open? What Can I Expect?. Federal Eye (blog of The Washington Post). live. October 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131009213136/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/post/government-shutdown-2011-will-i-get-paid-what-will-be-open-what-can-i-expect/2011/04/06/AFfMK2oC_blog.html?hpid=z2#maill. October 9, 2013. mdy-all.
  23. News: Gilbert . Annelise . September 27, 2023 . Patent Office Has Funds to Stay Open Three Months Amid Shutdown . . IP Law . December 11, 2023.
  24. Web site: The Federal Government Is Shut Down, But D.C. Is Still Open. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083436/https://dcist.com/story/18/12/21/here-is-d-c-s-plan-to-stay-open-in-the-event-of-a-government-shutdown/. January 28, 2019. January 28, 2019.
  25. Riley, Charles (April 6, 2011). "Shutdown: 800,000 Federal Workers in the Dark" . CNN Money. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  26. Paletta, Damian (April 6, 2011). "Government Prepares for Shutdown" . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  27. Singer. Peter. October 6, 2013. Is the Shutdown the Founding Fathers' Fault?. Slate. 12 February 2019.
  28. Shindler. Michael. February 11, 2019. In Defense of Government Shutdowns. The American Conservative. 12 February 2019.
  29. Web site: Control of House and Senate since 1900 . 2023-08-21 . Spokesman.com . en.
  30. Web site: Control of House and Senate since 1900 . 2023-08-21 . Spokesman.com . en.
  31. News: How much did the shutdown cost the economy?. Hicks. Josh. 2013-10-18. The Washington Post. 2019-01-12.
  32. Web site: Federal employees prepare for a long shutdown. Kaufman. Ellie. Murphy. Paul P.. 2019-01-02. CNN. 2019-01-19.
  33. Web site: The Effects of the Partial Shutdown Ending in January 2019. 2019-01-28. Congressional Budget Office. 4–6. 2019-03-08.
  34. News: Conferees Adopt Stopgap Fund Bill. Tolchin. Martin. October 1, 1982. The New York Times. May 15, 2017. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083315/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/01/us/conferees-adopt-stopgap-fund-bill.html. November 15, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  35. News: Congress Passes Massive Spending Deal, Ending Shutdown Before It Ever Really Started. Fuller. Matt. February 9, 2018. Huffington Post. Foley. Elise. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209174619/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-passes-spending-bill-shutdown_us_5a7d6d6ce4b0c6726e11ffd1. February 9, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  36. News: Government shuts down for second time in three weeks as spending plan stalls in Senate. Collins. Michael. February 8, 2018. USA Today. February 10, 2018. Shesgreen. Deirdre. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180209080615/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/08/trump-administration-advises-federal-agencies-prepare-limited-government-shutdown/321883002/. February 9, 2018. live. mdy-all.
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  38. News: FTC Temporarily Closed in Budget Dispute. Brown. Merrill. May 1, 1980. The Washington Post. January 19, 2018. en-US. 0190-8286.
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  40. News: Congress Revives FTC With an Injection of Funds. Brown. Merrill. May 2, 1980. The Washington Post. January 19, 2018. en-US. 0190-8286. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/05/02/congress-revives-ftc-with-an-injection-of-funds/00bb18e5-b01a-40b7-bc2a-b0c2806ece1a/. January 19, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  41. News: A Complete Guide To Every Government Shutdown In History. Cass. Connie. September 30, 2013. Business Insider. January 19, 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235018/http://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-us-government-shutdowns-2013-9. January 19, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  42. News: Looking back: Previous Government Shutdowns. Borkowski. Monica. 1995-11-11. The New York Times. 2017-04-24. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042055/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/11/us/looking-back-previous-government-shutdowns.html. May 19, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  43. News: Matthews. Dylan. Wonkblog: Here is every previous government shutdown, why they happened and how they ended. The Washington Post. September 29, 2013. September 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001033007/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/25/here-is-every-previous-government-shutdown-why-they-happened-and-how-they-ended/. October 1, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  44. Office. December 10, 1981. Cost of the Recent Partial Shutdown of Government Offices. U.S. General Accounting Office. PAD-82-24. May 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429190637/http://www.gao.gov/products/PAD-82-24. April 29, 2017. live. mdy-all.
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  47. News: Fuerbringer . Jonathan . 1986-10-12 . Reagan signs stopgap fund bill, averting a government shutdown . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-30 . 0362-4331.
  48. Web site: Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 1987 . 2019-03-18 . U.S. Senate.
  49. News: Noble . Kenneth B. . 1986-10-18 . Federal workers get unexpected holiday . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-30 . 0362-4331.
  50. News: Fuerbringer . Jonathan . 1986-10-18 . Congress approves 1987 spending bill in late flurry . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-30 . 0362-4331.
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  52. News: House Rejects Deficit-Reduction Agreement: Federal Shutdown Looms After Budget Vote. Yang. John E.. Kenworthy. Tom. October 5, 1990. The Washington Post. May 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175514/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/doc/140262759.html. January 19, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  53. News: In his debut in Washington's power struggles, Gingrich threw a bomb. Woodward. Bob. December 24, 2011. The Washington Post. May 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170517003644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-his-debut-in-washingtons-power-struggles-gingrich-threw-a-bomb/2011/12/22/gIQA6GKCGP_story.html. May 17, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  54. News: The Budget Battle: Countdown to Crisis: Reaching a 1991 Budget Agreement. October 9, 1990. The New York Times. May 10, 2017. 0362-4331.
  55. Government Shutdown: Data on Effects of 1990 Columbus Day Weekend Funding Lapse. October 19, 1990. U.S. General Accounting Office. May 10, 2017. GGD-91-17FS. Office. U. S. Government Accountability. https://web.archive.org/web/20170524225012/http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-91-17FS. May 24, 2017. dead. mdy-all.
  56. News: Clinton Vetoes Borrowing Bill -- Government Shutdown Nears As Rhetoric Continues To Roil . Alan Fram . Associated Press . The Seattle Times . November 13, 1995 . March 3, 2011 . May 23, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110523001904/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19951113&slug=2152355 . dead .
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  61. Web site: Ted Cruz Is Making Life Miserable For House Republicans. September 17, 2013. Business Insider. Josh. Barro. May 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018183605/http://www.businessinsider.com/ted-cruz-is-making-life-miserable-for-house-republicans-2013-9. October 18, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  62. News: Meet one of the conservative advocacy groups behind the GOP's government shutdown strategy. October 9, 2013. Yahoo! News. Chris. Moody. May 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023034/http://news.yahoo.com/meet-one-of-the-conservative-advocacy-groups-behind-the-government-shutdown-163357339.html. March 5, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  63. News: Heritage Action leader: Paul Ryan's shutdown offer off-target. October 9, 2013. The Hill. Cameron. Joseph. May 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170524111743/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/house-races/327469-conservative-leader-paul-ryans-shutdown-offer-off-target. May 24, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  64. Hidden Hand: How Heritage Action Drove DC To Shut Down. September 30, 2013. Time. Zeke J. Miller. May 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170401100411/http://swampland.time.com/2013/09/30/hidden-hand-how-heritage-action-drove-dc-to-shut-down/. April 1, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  65. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/20/house-passes-spending-bill-defund-obamacare/ House passes spending bill to defund Obamacare
  66. http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/20/politics/congress-spending-showdown/index.html House GOP launches shutdown battle by voting to defund Obamacare
  67. News: Republican Unity Frays As Government Shutdown Looms. September 30, 2013. Huffington Post. Associated Press. David. Espo. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031213/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/30/republicans-government-sh_n_4019692.html. March 4, 2016. dead.
  68. News: Kasperowicz . Pete . Monday:Government shutdown enters second week . October 7, 2013 . The Hill . October 7, 2013.
  69. News: Kasperowicz . Pete . GOP warns House of third weekend of work . October 7, 2013 . The Hill . October 7, 2013.
  70. News: Cameron . Darla . Votes to end the government shutdown . The Washington Post . October 16, 2013 . Andrews . Wilson.
  71. News: Pergram . Chad . Boehner says House will take up Senate budget plan . Fox News Channel . October 17, 2013 . October 16, 2013.
  72. News: House approves bill to end shutdown. October 17, 2013. CNN International. Cohen. Tom. October 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131017023537/http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/politics/shutdown-showdown/index.html. October 17, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  73. News: Absolutely everything you need to know about how the government shutdown will work. September 30, 2013. Wonk Blog, The Washington Post. Brad. Plumer. October 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012524/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/30/absolutely-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-the-government-shutdown-will-work/. October 12, 2013. live. mdy-all.
  74. Web site: Isidore . Chris . Shutdown: A multi-billion dollar hit to economy . October 1, 2013. . October 1, 2013.
  75. News: Brown . Matthew . Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care, nutrition threatened . October 3, 2013 . Minnesota Star-Tribune . October 2, 2013 . Associated Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221051/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226131551.html?page=1&c=y . October 4, 2013 .
  76. News: Frosch . Dan . Pulling Aid Away, Shutdown Deepens Indians' Distress . December 10, 2013 . The New York Times . October 13, 2013.
  77. News: Chandler . Michael . Government Shutdown Leaves 19,000 Children Without Head Start Services . December 10, 2013 . The Washington Post . October 1, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131216071608/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-10-01/local/42557073_1_government-shutdown-national-head-start-association-new-grants . December 16, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
  78. Web site: Government Shutdown Jeopardizes SAFE Funding . December 9, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131212224620/http://dcsafe.org/2013/10/urgent-need-government-shutdown-jeopardizes-safe-funding/ . December 12, 2013 . dead .
  79. News: Pam . Constable . Immigration courts remain partly open but political asylum cases delayed . The Washington Post . October 1, 2013 . December 7, 2013.
  80. News: Government shutdown leaves immigrants in limbo . BBC . October 16, 2013 . December 7, 2013.
  81. Web site: Shutdown puts college sexual assault investigations on pause . . October 7, 2013 . December 10, 2013.
  82. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/shutdown-damages-republicans-with-plenty-of-pain-to-go-around/2013/10/21/e3770fc2-3abd-11e3-b7ba-503fb5822c3e_graphic.html Shutdown damages Republicans, with plenty of pain to go around
  83. News: Government braces for shutdown as Senate fails to meet deadline for spending deal. Shaw. Adam. 2018-01-20. Fox News. 2018-01-22. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180121051629/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/01/20/government-braces-for-shutdown-as-senate-fails-to-meet-deadline-for-spending-deal.amp.html. January 21, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  84. News: Democrats under pressure to block spending bill over Dreamers. Ferrechio. Susan. Washington Examiner. 2018-01-22. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235122/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/democrats-under-pressure-to-block-spending-bill-over-dreamers/article/2646012. January 22, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  85. News: Government Shuts Down as Bill to Extend Funding Is Blocked; Senate Adjourns for the Night. 2018. The New York Times. 2018-01-22. en-US. 0362-4331. https://web.archive.org/web/20180122041232/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/19/us/politics/government-shutdown.html. January 22, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  86. News: Senate Republicans plan Monday 1 a.m. vote to end government shutdown. January 20, 2018. WLUK. Sinclair Broadcast Group. January 20, 2018. Washington, D.C..
  87. News: Parlapiano . Alicia . Yourish . Karen . What Will Happen if the Government Remains Shut Down . 8 January 2019 . The New York Times . Jan 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103011539/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/19/us/politics/government-shutdown-employee-effects.html . January 3, 2019 . live . mdy-all .
  88. News: Lamothe. Dan. Amid government shutdown, the military becomes major front in political battle. January 21, 2018. The Washington Post. January 20, 2018.
  89. January 19, 2018. Senator McConnell Objects to Military Pay Protection. January 21, 2018. C-SPAN.
  90. News: Congress approves plan to end shutdown, reopen government. Ted Barrett . Dana Bash . Daniella Diaz . Ashley Killough. CNN. 2018-01-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20180122232311/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/22/politics/senate-shutdown-vote-congress/index.html. January 22, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  91. News: EPA, Energy Department intend to stay open past shutdown deadline. Heckman. Jory. January 19, 2018. Federal News Radio. January 21, 2018. en-US.
  92. News: Dlouhy. Jennifer A.. Flavelle. Christopher. Trump Administration Says It'll Run Shutdown Differently, Keep Parks Open. January 20, 2018. Bloomberg. January 19, 2018.
  93. Web site: US Embraces Partial Government Shutdown. www.indrastra.com. 2381-3652. 2018-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030039/https://www.indrastra.com/2018/12/US-Embraces-Partial-Gov-Shutdown-004-12-2018-0064.html. December 23, 2018. live. mdy-all.
  94. Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. 2015-06-16. 2018-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122004120/http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/. November 22, 2016. live. mdy-all.
  95. Web site: Conservative media turns on Trump for going wobbly on the wall. Jason Schwartz. December 20, 2018. Politico. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181224073946/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/conservative-media-trump-border-wall-1071391. December 24, 2018. live.
  96. Web site: Pressure from base pushed a flustered Trump into shutdown reversal. Eliana Johnson. Burgess Everett. December 20, 2018. Politico. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181221174415/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/trump-budget-reversal-1071388. December 21, 2018. live.
  97. News: Partial government shutdown assured after lawmakers leave Capitol without budget deal. Werner. Erica. Paletta. Damian. December 21, 2018. The Washington Post. live. December 21, 2018. Wagner. John. https://web.archive.org/web/20181221164601/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-leans-on-mcconnell-to-pass-spending-bill-with-border-funding-in-senate/2018/12/21/31bb453a-0517-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html. December 21, 2018.
  98. News: Government Shutdown Inevitable as Congress Adjourns Amid Border Wall Funding Impasse. NPR. December 21, 2018. December 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222041018/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/21/679073393/trump-warns-of-very-long-shutdown-unless-senate-approves-border-wall-funds. December 22, 2018. live. mdy-all. Naylor. Brian. Taylor. Jessica.
  99. Annie Karni & Maggie Haberman, President Trump Rejects Proposal to Temporarily Reopen the Government, New York Times (January 14, 2019).
  100. News: Trump to visit border, make prime-time speech in PR blitz for border wall. January 7, 2019. January 8, 2019. ABC News. en.
  101. News: Major networks will carry Democratic response to Trump immigration speech. January 8, 2019. January 8, 2019. NBC News.
  102. News: US shutdown: Senate rejects bills to reopen government. 24 January 2019.
  103. Joel Rose, The Border Wall Isn't The Only Reason Democrats Oppose Plan To End The Shutdown, NPR (January 22, 2019).
  104. Ted Hesson, Republicans load spending bill with hard-line measures targeting asylum, Politico (January 22, 2019).
  105. This Is Now The Longest Government Shutdown in US History.. Time. en. 2019-01-12.
  106. News: Tensions rise in federal prisons during shutdown as weary guards go without pay and work double shifts. Washington Post.
  107. News: FBI agents' union slams Trump, says the shutdown is harming national security. Matthew. Yglesias. January 10, 2019. Vox. January 10, 2019.
  108. Web site: Grace Segers. Millions could face severe cuts to food stamps due to government shutdown. January 9, 2019 . CBS News.
  109. News: Millions face delayed tax refunds, cuts to food stamps as White House scrambles to deal with shutdown's consequences. . January 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190105034649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/millions-face-delayed-tax-refunds-cuts-to-food-aid-as-white-house-scrambles-to-deal-with-shutdown/2019/01/04/b5b58616-0fa3-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html . January 5, 2019 . live . mdy-all .
  110. News: What Is and Isn't Affected by the Government Shutdown. Niraj. Chokshi. Liam. Stack. The New York Times . 2 January 2019. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105005652/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/whats-affected-government-shutdown.html. January 5, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  111. Web site: FBI agents detail damage to counterterror, MS-13 probes, in anonymous report. Shortell. David. Schneider. Jessica. January 22, 2019. CNN. January 23, 2019.
  112. Web site: White House doubles its estimate of shutdown impact on GDP. www.cnbc.com. January 15, 2019.
  113. News: Shutdown's Economic Damage Starts to Pile Up, Threatening an End to Growth. Jim. Tankersley. The New York Times. January 15, 2019.
  114. Web site: Hassett: Shutdown could mean zero growth this quarter - CNN Video. January 23, 2019 . www.cnn.com.
  115. News: America's government shutdown is an act of economic self-harm. 2019-01-17. The Economist. 2019-01-28. 0013-0613.
  116. News: Trump announces deal to lift shutdown. BBC News. 25 January 2019.
  117. News: Carney . Jordain . Congress votes to reopen government after Trump agrees to end shutdown . January 25, 2019. The Hill. January 25, 2019.
  118. News: Gambino . Lauren . Trump signs bill to end shutdown and temporarily reopen government . January 25, 2019 . January 25, 2019.
  119. News: Kaufman. Ellie. Marsh. Rene. The government shutdown ended after only 10 air traffic controllers stayed home. https://archive.today/20230928231409/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/06/politics/ten-air-traffic-controllers-shutdown/index.html. 2023-09-28. 2019-02-06.
  120. Web site: Shutdown Day 8: All quiet as record book awaits . Scheck . Tom . July 8, 2011 . Minnesota Public Radio . August 7, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032632/http://blogs.mprnews.org/capitol-view/2011/07/shutdown_day_8/ . March 4, 2016 . live . mdy-all .
  121. News: Senate, Assembly OK Budget; Wilson Awaits Final Package. Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1992. Weintraub. Daniel M.. Gillam. Jerry. February 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120310091551/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-30/news/mn-8555_1_spending-plan. March 10, 2012. live. mdy-all.
  122. News: Tennessee Government in Partial Shutdown. Free Republic. Associated Press. July 1, 2002. August 7, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061732/http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/709084/posts. August 8, 2014. live. mdy-all.
  123. Minnesota Experiences Unprecedented Government Shutdown Due to a Budget Deadlock . July 11, 2005 . 6 . 14 . OMB Watch . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110213111528/http://www.ombwatch.org/node/2491 . February 13, 2011 . mdy-all .
  124. News: Puerto Rico government shuts down . 1 May 2006.
  125. News: Deal on Sales Tax Ends Shutdown in New Jersey . New York Times . Richard C. Jones . July 7, 2006 . July 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180120235927/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/nyregion/07budget.html . January 20, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  126. News: Michigan Government Shutdown Ends . New York Times . Nick Bunkley . October 1, 2007 . July 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161221042333/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/us/01cnd-michigan.html . December 21, 2016 . live . mdy-all .
  127. Web site: Pa. State Agencies Back in Operation After Budget Deal Struck. 2007-07-11. July 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204042/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2007/07/12/81571.htm. September 27, 2007. live. mdy-all.
  128. Web site: Central PA Local News – . https://archive.today/20120905235910/http://www.pennlive.com/news/patriotnews/index.ssf?/base/news/1184382616242591.xml . dead . September 5, 2012 . Pennlive.com . September 27, 2013 .
  129. Web site: Government shutdown? Michigan has been there, done that and moved on . M-Live . Jonathan Oosting . October 6, 2013 . July 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180120182152/http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/10/government_shutdown_michigan_h.html . January 20, 2018 . live . mdy-all .
  130. News: Schutz . Paris . Impact of State Shutdown . 19 July 2024 . WTTW . 2 July 2015.
  131. News: New Jersey Government Shuts Down Over Budget Standoff. Nick. Corasaniti. June 30, 2017. The New York Times. July 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701135830/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/nyregion/chris-christie-new-jersey-budget.html. July 1, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  132. Web site: It's a done deal: Christie will end state shutdown in time for July 4, sources say. July 4, 2017. July 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170704051040/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/07/christie_likely_to_approve_deal_to_end_shutdown_so.html#incart_big-photo. July 4, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  133. News: With no budget deal, Maine partially shuts its government . Boston Globe . July 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170701031356/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/06/30/maine-senate-gives-initial-budget/omGsdYeYyjoGTse6aPlNXM/story.html . July 1, 2017 . live . mdy-all .
  134. Web site: Budget Mess Hits Cultural Groups . . February 7, 2005 . September 27, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131009214902/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22781595.html . October 9, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
  135. Web site: County Leaders Brace for Closings . . February 21, 2005 . September 27, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131009220645/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22784109.html . October 9, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
  136. Web site: Services Shut Down as County Fails to Pay Up. The Buffalo News. July 3, 2005. September 27, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131009214001/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22806513.html. October 9, 2013. dead. mdy-all.

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