Garcinia gummi-gutta explained

Garcinia gummi-gutta is a tropical species of Garcinia native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Common names include Garcinia cambogia (a former scientific name), as well as brindle berry, and Malabar tamarind.[1] The fruit looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color.[2]

Although it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on weight loss, there are reports of liver toxicity associated with the Hydroxycut commercial preparation containing the fruit extract, with clinical evidence indicating it has no significant effect on weight loss.[1] [2] [3]

Cultivation

Garcinia gummi-gutta is grown for its fruit in Southeast Asia and South Asia. Garcinia gummi-gutta is one of several closely related Garcinia species from the plant family Clusiaceae. With thin skin and deep vertical lobes, the fruit of G. gummi-gutta and related species range from about the size of an orange to that of a grapefruit; G. gummi-gutta looks more like a small yellowish, greenish, or sometimes reddish pumpkin.[4] The color can vary considerably. When the rinds are dried and cured in preparation for storage and extraction, they are dark brown or black in color.

Phytochemicals

Although few high-quality studies have been done to define the composition of the fruit, its phytochemical content includes hydroxycitric acid which is extractable and developed as a dietary supplement.[2] [3] [5] Other compounds identified in the fruit include the polyphenols, luteolin, and kaempferol.[6]

Common names

In the Malabar Coast, it is known as kudam puli and in Tamil speaking areas of Sri Lanka and India, it is called goraka.[7] [8]

Weight loss claims

In late 2012, a United States celebrity doctor, Dr. Oz, promoted Garcinia cambogia extract as "an exciting breakthrough in natural weight loss".[9] [10] Dr. Oz's endorsements of dietary supplements having no or little scientific evidence of efficacy have often led to a substantial increase in consumer purchases of the promoted products.[10]

While it has received considerable media attention purporting impact on weight loss, the evidence for Garcinia cambogia supports no clear effect,[1] [2] [11] [12] while gastrointestinal adverse events were two-fold more common over the placebo in a 2011 meta-analysis, indicating the extract may be unsafe for human consumption.[2] [3] Adverse events associated with use of such supplements ("side effects") — especially, liver toxicity, as well as gastrointestinal issues — led to one preparation being withdrawn from the market.[13]

Adverse effects

In addition to possible liver damage, hydroxycitric acid can cause dry mouth, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and headaches.[2] [14]

Drug interactions

There is potential for Garcinia cambogia to interfere with prescription medications, including those used to treat people with diabetes, asthma, and clotting disorders.[2]

Culinary

Garcinia gummi-gutta is used in cooking, including in the preparation of curries to add a sour flavor.[2] The fruit rind and extracts of Garcinia species are used in many traditional recipes used in food preparation in Southeast Asian countries.[1] [15] In the Indian Ayurvedic medicine, "sour" flavors are said to activate digestion. The extract and rind of G. gummi-gutta is a curry condiment in India.[15] [16] [17] It is an essential souring ingredient in the southern Thai variant of kaeng som, a sour curry.[18] [19]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Garcinia cambogia . National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health . 25 September 2021 . 1 December 202.
  2. Web site: Garcinia cambogia. Drugs.com. 25 September 2021. 28 May 2020.
  3. Onakpoya, Igho . Hung, Shao Kang . Perry, Rachel . Wider, Barbara . Ernst, Edzard . 2011 . The Use of Garcinia Extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Weight loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials . Journal of Obesity . 509038 . December 14 . 10.1155/2011/509038 . 3010674 . 21197150 . 2011. free .
  4. "Fruit yellowish or reddish, size of an orange having six or eight deep longitudinal grooves in its fleshy pericarp. Pulp acid of a pleasant flavor. It is dried among the Singalese who use it in curries." Uphof, J.C. Th. (1968).
  5. Yamada T, Hida H, Yamada Y . Chemistry, physiological properties, and microbial production of hydroxycitric acid . Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. . 75 . 5 . 977–82 . 2007 . 17476502 . 10.1007/s00253-007-0962-4. 25194835 .
  6. 27583573. 2017. Sulaiman. C. T. LC/MS characterization of phenolic antioxidants of Brindle berry (Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson). Natural Product Research. 31. 10. 1191–1194. Balachandran. I. 10.1080/14786419.2016.1224871. 29342259 .
  7. Sarip . Nur Aqilah . Aminudin . Nurul Iman . Danial . Wan Hazman . Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Garcinia extracts: a review . Environmental Chemistry Letters . 12 September 2021 . 20 . 1 . 10.1007/s10311-021-01319-3 . 237487258 .
  8. Pramanik . Malay . Diwakar . Atul Kumar . Dash . Poli . Szabo . Sylvia . Pal . Indrajit . Conservation planning of cash crops species (Garcinia gummi-gutta) under current and future climate in the Western Ghats, India . Environment, Development and Sustainability . 1 April 2021 . 23 . 4 . 5345 . 10.1007/s10668-020-00819-6 . 2021EDSus..23.5345P . 220051712 .
  9. The Dr. Oz Show (November 5, 2012). Garcinia Cambogia: The Newest, Fastest Fat-Buster .
  10. Web site: Congressional hearing investigates Dr. Oz 'miracle' weight loss claims . CNN Health . 19 June 2014 . 18 September 2016 . Christensen, Jen . Wilson Jacque.
  11. Heymsfield . S. B. . Allison . D. B. . Vasselli . J. R. . Pietrobelli . A. . Greenfield . D. . Nunez . C. . Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Potential Antiobesity Agent: A Randomized Controlled Trial . J. Am. Med. Assoc. . 280 . 18 . 1596–1600 . 1998 . 10.1001/jama.280.18.1596 . 9820262. free .
  12. Crescioli . Giada . Lombardi . Niccolò . Bettiol . Alessandra . Marconi . Ettore . Risaliti . Filippo . Bertoni . Michele . Menniti Ippolito . Francesca . Maggini . Valentina . Gallo . Eugenia . Firenzuoli . Fabio . Vannacci . Alfredo . Acute liver injury following Garcinia cambogia weight-loss supplementation: case series and literature review . Internal and Emergency Medicine . 13 . 6 . 2018-05-25 . 1828-0447 . 10.1007/s11739-018-1880-4 . 857–872. 29802521 . 2158/1244214 . 44094323 . free .
  13. Lobb . A. . Hepatoxicity associated with weight-loss supplements: A case for better post-marketing surveillance . 10.3748/wjg.15.1786 . World Journal of Gastroenterology . 15 . 14 . 1786–1787 . 2009 . 19360927. 2668789 . free .
  14. Soni. MG. 2004. Safety assessment of (-)-hydroxycitric acid and Super CitriMax, a novel calcium/potassium salt.. Food Chem Toxicol. 42. 9. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.014. 15234082. 1513–29.
  15. "The acid rinds of the ripe fruit are eaten,." Book: https://archive.org/stream/usefulplantsind01drurgoog/usefulplantsind01drurgoog_djvu.txt. Drury, Heber. 1873. Garcinia gambogia (Desrous) N. 0. Clusiaceae. The Useful Plants of India, second edition. London. William H. Allen & Co.. 220.
  16. Web site: G. Gummi-Gutta (Garcinia Cambogia) – An Ancient Indian Curry Condiment . US Premium Garcinia Cambogia . 5 May 2015 . 31 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190131034913/https://www.uspuregarciniacambogia.com/garcinia-cambogia-used-as-spice . dead .
  17. Web site: Kudampuli meencurry (fish curry with Malabar tamarind) . Secret Indian Recipe . 5 May 2015 . 30 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430222640/http://secretindianrecipe.com/recipe/kudampuli-meencurry-fish-curry-malabar-tamarind . dead .
  18. Web site: Kaeng Som Kung (Sour Curry with Shrimp) . Saveur . 26 February 2015 . 5 May 2015.
  19. Web site: Gaeng Som Recipe, Thai Sour Curry Recipe of Shrimp, Okra and Roselle Leaves . Thai Food Master . 30 March 2011 . 5 May 2015.

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