List of glaciers in Iceland explained

The glaciers and ice caps of Iceland covered 11% of the land area of the country, up to about 2008. this was down to 10%. They have a considerable impact on its landscape and meteorology. Glaciers are also contributing to the Icelandic economy, with a tourist market that includes glacier trips on snowmobiles and glacier hiking tours. However, the recent loss of ice due to climate change is an increasing concern in Icelandic society.[1]

Description

Glaciers can both grow in size and regress depending upon several factors of which climate and precipitation in the glaciers catchment are the most important. About 7,000 years ago, the Pleistocene ice from the last Ice Age over Iceland disappeared almost entirely, so the current glaciers in Iceland are not that old. In the case of Iceland as several large glaciers are over active volcanoes, geothermal melting can be a substantial component of the glacier ice mass balance. Accordingly Iceland's glacier area varies from year to year and some glaciers may grow while others regress. The tables below have to be interpreted considering such variations in time and do not include much other data that those who study glaciers would regard as important. Data that was gathered over many years in the 1890s, or even by the first complete aerial photographic survey between 1945 and 1946 is difficult to compare to the richer satellite studies and the on the ground measurements possible since the 1990's but such comparisons have been attempted. Even so there are gaps in the data (see Table 2). Two different definitions of a glacier are usually used in current research and much Iceland work is closer to the definition:An ice cap is a mass of glacial ice that covers less than of land area covering a highland area and they feed outlet glaciers. Many Icelandic ice caps and glaciers lie above volcanoes, such as Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga, which lie under the largest ice cap, Vatnajökull. The caldera of Grímsvötn is about in area, and Bárðarbunga is about meaning a large amount of ice, given mean icecap thickness of about is at risk of geothermal melting.

When volcanic activity occurs under the glacier, the resulting meltwater can lead to a sudden glacial lake outburst flood, known in Icelandic as a jökulhlaup. However jökulhlaups are more commonly caused by accumulation of meltwater due to geothermal activity underneath the glacier. Jökulhlaups occasionally trigger volcanic eruptions through the sudden release of pressure. These eruptions occur towards the end of the Jökulhlaup.[2]

The glaciers are relevant enough in Icelandic geography that the four largest are represented blank in most of the maps of the administrative divisions of Iceland smaller than the regions.

Iceland is losing ice due to climate change. In 2008 its glaciers still covered 11% of the land area of the country, at about out of the total area of .[3] this was down to 10%.[4]

Okjökull in Borgarfjörður, West Iceland, has lost its glacier title and is now simply known as Ok, losing the Icelandic word for glacier, jökull, as a suffix. In order to fit the criteria glaciers need to be thick enough to sink and move under their own weight, which any ice remaining of Okjökull can not do. Okjökull is the first Icelandic glacier to lose this title in an official manner,[5] [6] but tens of smaller glaciers have disappeared up to 2019.[4]

Largest glaciers by surface area

Table 1: 13 Largest Glaciers
Glacier or Ice CapArea
km2
Volume
km3
Elevation
m
Coordinates
1 8,300 3,100[7] 2,109.6 64.4°N -64°W
2 9531951,360 64.75°N -78°W
3 925 208[8] 1,765 64.8167°N -67°W
4 596140[9] 1,493 63.6667°N -25°W
5 160 925 66.15°N -37°W
6 78 1,666 63.6333°N -55°W
7 48 1,535 64.75°N -72°W
8 32  1,350 64.5419°N -20.7156°W
9 22 1,672 64.7733°N -20.4094°W
10 22 1,236 64.7022°N -14.9025°W
11 19  1,462 63.8°N -54°W
12 15  1,190 63.8942°N -19.1269°W
13 11 1,446 64.8089°N -23.7711°W
These 13 largest glaciers had, at slightly different times around the year 2000, an aggregate area of (out of about for all glaciers of Iceland). The total glacial area in 2019 was down to, and had decreased by more than since the end of the 19th century.[4]

Glaciers

The list of glaciers below and their characteristics is incomplete. Many of the smaller glaciers that are presently only glacier remnants have not been added to the list. There are for example over 170 glaciers on the Tröllaskagi peninsula,[4] northern Iceland and many have little significance or have regressed. Okjökull is mentioned in the table below although it is no longer recognised as a glacier as it has recent significance by its rate of disappearance of a large glacier due to climate change. In Iceland the recent maximum extent of glaciers occurred in a process from the onset of the Little Ice Age about 1450 CE and did not stop until about 1900 CE.[4] Some outlet glaciers have shown marked surges over relatively short periods of time resulting in growth in glacial size.[4] This has only changed the recent overall trend to smaller total area of glacial ice for a brief period in 1963–1964 from a surge in Brúarjökull.[4] Other glaciers have been linked, for example in the 1980s Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull were one continuous ice cap.[10]

Table 2: Selected Iceland Glaciers
Name Alternative Names (italics if historic)[11] Glacier type Area in 1945 – 1946 (km2)Other area (km2)Other yearArea in 2019 (km2)Loss 2019 from max. areaIce cap grouping Recent surgesLocation[12]
VatnajökullAusturjökular, Austurjökull, Grímsvatnajökull, Klofakjökullice cap 83268086[13] 2000772012 %VatnajökullYes64.4°N -64°W
BrúarjökullJökuldalsjökull outlet glacier16002017VatnajökullYes64.7162°N -16.1597°W
EyjabakkajökullFljótsdalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64.6786°N -15.5798°W
KverkkvíslarjökullKverkjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.6664°N -15.5123°W
Kvíslarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.6635°N -15.4716°W
Vesturdalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.6457°N -15.3644°W
Suðurfjallsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.617°N -15.2843°W
Axarfellsjökull Öxarfellsjökull, Axarfjallsjökull, Axarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.6032°N -15.2626°W
Norðurtungnajökulloutlet glacier remnantVatnajökullNo64.5772°N -15.326°W
AusturtungnajökullSkyndidalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.5557°N -15.3339°W
LambatungnajökullÞórðarjökull, Lambatungujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.5307°N -15.4057°W
HoffellsjökullNorðurfellsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.4597°N -15.5163°W
Svínafellsjökull (Eastern)outlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.442°N -15.5108°W
Viðborðsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.443°N -15.6408°W
FláajökullMýrajöklar, Mýrajökull, Hólmsárjökull, Hólsárjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.3653°N -15.6523°W
HeinabergsjökullEystri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull eystri, Heiðnabergsjökull, Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökull, Mýrajöklaroutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.3259°N -15.8414°W
SkálafellsjökullVestri-Heinabergsjökull, Heinabergsjökull vestri, Heinabergsjökull vestari, Heinabergsjöklar, Heinabergsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2796°N -15.9028°W
EyvindstungnajökullSultartungnajökull, Sultartungujökull, Hálsajökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2487°N -15.8037°W
Birnudalsjökulloutlet glacier remnantVatnajökullNo64.2429°N -15.9207°W
Breiðamerkurjökullice domeVatnajökullYes64.1306°N -16.3571°W
BrókarjökullSteinajökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2606°N -16.1388°W
FellsárjökullFellsjökull, Bríkurjökull, Þverártindsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.1807°N -16.1559°W
NorðlingalæðarjökullNorðlingalægðarjökullice streamVatnajökullNo64.122°N -16.2676°W
Esjufjallajökullice streamVatnajökullNo64.1055°N -16.3341°W
Mávabyggðajökullice streamVatnajökullNo64.095°N -16.3926°W
ÖræfajökullHnappafellsjökull, Hnappavallajöklar, Hnappavallajökull, Knappafellsjökull, Sandfellsjökull, Jökullice domeÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64.0152°N -16.6495°W
FjallsjökullÆrfjallsjökull, Hrútárjökull eystri, Eystri Hrútárjökull,Hrútárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64.0309°N -16.4802°W
HrútárjökullHrútárjökull vestri, Hrútárjöklaroutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64.0069°N -16.4962°W
BræðrajökullBreidaoutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9839°N -16.5318°W
Kviarjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.952°N -16.51°W
Hólárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9521°N -16.5774°W
Stigárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9473°N -16.6178°W
Stórhöfðajökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9486°N -16.6453°W
Gljúfursárjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9453°N -16.6681°W
RótarfjallsjökullRótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Kotárjökull)outlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9554°N -16.6991°W
KotárjökullRótarfjallsjökull (if combined with Rótarfjallsjökull), Flögujökull, Slögujökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9574°N -16.7227°W
VirkisjökullVirkisajökull, Falljökull vestarioutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9789°N -16.8009°W
Falljökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo63.9748°N -16.7783°W
SvínafellsjökullSvinafellsjökulloutlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64.0157°N -16.8388°W
SkaftafellsjökullSkaptafellsjökull outlet glacierÖræfajökull/VatnajökullNo64.0564°N -16.8838°W
Skeiðarárjökulloutlet glacier13802017VatnajökullYes64.0663°N -17.2533°W
Grænalónsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2144°N -17.5094°W
DjúpárjökullKistufellsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.1986°N -17.5707°W
Beinadalsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2004°N -17.6301°W
SíðujökullNyrðri-Skeiðarárjökull, Skeiðarárjökull nyrðrioutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64.1485°N -17.8603°W
SkaftárjökullSkaptárjökull outlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.2231°N -18.0379°W
TungnaárjökullTungnaárjökull, Tungnárjöklaroutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64.3237°N -18.0828°W
Sylgjujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64.4379°N -17.9656°W
Köldukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullYes64.5765°N -17.8323°W
BárðarbungaBardarbunga, Bárđarjökull, Bárdharnúpur, Bárđargnípaice domeVatnajökullNo64.6311°N -17.5054°W
Rjúpnabrekkujökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.7018°N -17.531°W
DyngjujökullKistufellsjökull outlet glacier10002017VatnajökullYes64.7557°N -16.884°W
Kverkjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.7035°N -16.6283°W
Skarphéðinsjökulloutlet glacierVatnajökullNo64.6507°N -16.6063°W
LangjökullLángjökull, Langijökullice cap 992904[14] 2007836 24 %LangjökullYes 64.75°N -78°W
Baldjökulloutlet and ice dome glacier1002007LangjökullNo64.8181°N -19.9496°W
ÞjófadalajökullFúlukvíslarjökulloutlet glacier242007LangjökullNo64.8477°N -19.8167°W
Leiðarjökulloutlet glacier862007LangjökullNo64.7893°N -19.7848°W
Kirkjujökulloutlet glacier232007LangjökullNo64.7169°N -19.869°W
NorðurjökullNyrðri-Skriðjökull, Nyrðriskriðjökulloutlet glacier622007LangjökullNo64.6641°N -19.913°W
SuðurjökullFremri-Skriðjökulloutlet glacier542007LangjökullYes64.5927°N -19.982°W
Eystri-HagafellsjökullHagafellsjökull eystri, Hagafellsjökull, Eystri-Hagafellsjökull, Hagavatnsjökull syðrioutlet glacier1112007LangjökullYes64.5241°N -20.2411°W
Vestari-HagafellsjökullHagafellsjökull vestri, Hagafellsjökull, Vestri-Hagafellsjökull, Skjaldbreiðarjökulloutlet glacier1372007LangjökullYes64.5276°N -20.4261°W
LónsjökullLónjökulloutlet glacier1372007LangjökullNo64.5794°N -20.5251°W
Geitlandsjökulloutlet glacier132007LangjökullNo64.6011°N -20.6168°W
Svartárjökulloutlet glacier392007LangjökullNo64.6246°N -20.5528°W
ÞrístapajökullHallmundarjökulloutlet glacier1042007LangjökullYes64.7424°N -20.1814°W
HofsjökullArnarfellsjökullice cap948889199981022 %HofsjökullYes64.8167°N -67°W
Austari-Jökulsárjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.9398°N -18.7131°W
Álftabrekkujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.8766°N -19.0279°W
BlautukvíslarjökullBlautkvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.6607°N -18.9205°W
BlágnípujökullBlágnýpujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.7499°N -19.1283°W
Blöndujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.7842°N -19.1018°W
Brattöldujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.7127°N -19.0534°W
Háöldujökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.837°N -18.4893°W
IllviðrajökullIllviðrahnjúkajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.9423°N -18.6288°W
KlakksjökullKlakkajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.8544°N -18.5022°W
Kvíslajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.856°N -19.1196°W
Lambahraunsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.958°N -18.8819°W
Löngukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.9069°N -18.5107°W
Miklafellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.8726°N -18.5265°W
Miklukvíslarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.6715°N -18.895°W
Múlajökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.6584°N -18.6995°W
NauthagajökullÓlafsfellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.6651°N -18.7706°W
Rótarjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.7059°N -18.6905°W
SátujökullEystri-Sátujökull, Lambahraunsjöklaroutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.9427°N -18.9529°W
Tungufönnoutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.8775°N -18.4869°W
Tvífellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.9577°N -18.8139°W
Þverfellsjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullNo64.7026°N -19.0264°W
Þjórsárjökulloutlet glacierHofsjökullYes64.7547°N -18.5788°W
MýrdalsjökullMiđdalsjökull, Mirdalsjökull, Mýdalsjökull,Austrurjökull, Eyjafjallajökull, Höfđabrekkujökull, Höfđajökull, Höfđarjökull, Kötlugjárjökull, Kötlujökull, Sólheimajökull, Austurjökull, Þykkvabæjarjökullice cap 652597199952029 %MýrdalsjökullYes63.6667°N -25°W
Entujökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.7219°N -19.2478°W
Hafursárjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5601°N -19.1068°W
Hrunárjöklaroutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.6397°N -19.3624°W
HuldujökullHvítijökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5686°N -18.9299°W
Jökulsárgilsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.6°N -19.3209°W
KlifurárjökullKlifandajökull, Klifandijökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5454°N -19.2141°W
Krossárjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.6782°N -19.3218°W
KötlujökullHöfðabrekkujökull,Kötlufalljökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5869°N -18.8509°W
Sandfellsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.6723°N -18.8937°W
SléttjökullMælifellsjökull outlet glacierMýrdalsjökullYes63.7754°N -19.0928°W
Sólheimajökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5633°N -19.2967°W
MosakambsjökullThoroddsengletscheroutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.5498°N -19.044°W
Tungnakvíslarjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullNo63.6526°N -19.3594°W
Öldufellsjökulloutlet glacierMýrdalsjökullYes63.74°N -18.8827°W
Drangajökullice cap 161146200413749 %DrangajökullYes66.15°N -37°W
KaldalónsjökullLónjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66.1213°N -22.2834°W
LeirufjarðarjökullLeirujökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66.1946°N -22.4175°W
Reykjarfjarðarjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullYes66.1946°N -22.1795°W
Ljótarjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullNo66.2189°N -22.2528°W
Þaralátursjökulloutlet glacierDrangajökullNo66.2066°N -22.2186°W
Jökulbungaice domeDrangajökullNo66.1737°N -22.286°W
EyjafjallajökullAusturjökull, Hájökullice cap 878020036643 %EyjafjallajökullNo63.6333°N -55°W
AkstaðajökullKaplaskarðsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.64°N -19.7033°W
GígjökullFalljökull, Skriðjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.6528°N -19.6161°W
Hvannárjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.6404°N -19.4859°W
Kaldaklifsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.5966°N -19.5388°W
SeljavallajökullTungugilsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.5961°N -19.6098°W
Steinsholtsjökulloutlet glacierEyjafjallajökullNo63.6528°N -19.5547°W
Tungnafellsjökullice cap403820003234 %TungnafellsjökullNo64.75°N -72°W
Hagajökull fremriFremri-Hagajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64.7503°N -17.9777°W
Hagajökull innriInnri-Hagajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64.7695°N -17.944°W
Tungnajökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64.7785°N -17.8853°W
Fellsjökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64.7641°N -17.8317°W
Kaldagilsjökulloutlet glacierTungnafellsjökullNo64.7241°N -17.9691°W
ÞórisjökullThorisdalurjökull, Sudurjöklarglacier3030200023.846 %ÞórisjökullNo64.5419°N -20.7156°W
EiríksjökullBallLjökull,Arnarvatnsjökullice cap25.422200020.545 %EiríksjökullNo64.7733°N -20.4094°W
Brækur eystriEystri Bækur, Eystri-Brækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklaroutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64.7992°N -20.3926°W
Brækur vestriVestri Bækur, Brækur, Brókarjöklaroutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64.7904°N -20.4302°W
KlofajökullStórijökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64.7981°N -20.3661°W
Þorvaldsjökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64.7788°N -20.3454°W
Ögmundarjökulloutlet glacierEiríksjökullNo64.7888°N -20.3631°W
ÞrándarjökullThrándarjökull,Miđlandsjökull, Sviđinhornajökullglacier2717200014.259 %No64.7022°N -14.9025°W
TindfjallajökullTindafjallajökullglacier16.815200012.445 %No63.8°N -54°W
SnæfellsjökullSnjófellsjökull, Snjófjallsjökull, Jökull, Vesturjökullice cap13.91220028.865 %SnæfellsjökullNo64.8089°N -23.7711°W
Blágilsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64.8247°N -23.8021°W
Hólatindajökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64.7982°N -23.7982°W
Hyrningsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64.814°N -23.7549°W
Jökulhálsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64.8196°N -23.7734°W
Kvíahnúksjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellsjökullNo64.795°N -23.7643°W
Torfajökullglacier161119998.164 %TorfajökullNo63.8942°N -19.1269°W
HrútfellsjökullHrútafellsjökull, Regnbúđajökull, Regnbogajökull, Regnbúđajöklarice cap 7.7720004.459 %HrútfellsjökullNo64.742°N -19.738°W
MiðjökullÞríjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64.7483°N -19.7133°W
Norðvesturjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64.7528°N -19.7494°W
VesturjökullÞríjökulloutlet glacierHrútfellsjökullNo64.7514°N -19.7261°W
BláfellsjökullglacierNo64.5085°N -19.8374°W
Hofsjökull EystriHofsjökullglacier7.1520003.174 %No64.6158°N -15.0506°W
OkjökullOkglacier remnant7.4420000.0799 %No64.606°N -20.8797°W
Kaldaklofsjökullglacier3.91.679 %No63.8922°N -19.139°W
Snæfellice cap5.34.445 %SnæfellNo64.7974°N -15.5621°W
Ljósurðarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64.7987°N -15.5772°W
Dökkurðarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64.803°N -15.5872°W
Axlarjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64.7934°N -15.5909°W
Sótajökullglacier remnantSnæfellNo64.7934°N -15.5909°W
Dimmagilsjökulloutlet glacierSnæfellNo64.7928°N -15.5554°W
Lambadalsskarðsfönnglacier remnantNo65.9193°N -23.1329°W
Móafellsjökullglacier remnantNo65.8813°N -18.9527°W
Unadalsjökullglacier remnantNo65.856°N -18.971°W
Deildardalsjökullglacier remnantNo65.827°N -18.9995°W
BúrfellsjökullglacierYes65.8202°N -18.7084°W
TeigardalsjökullglacierYes65.822°N -18.6801°W
HálsjökullglacierNo65.8665°N -18.4694°W
Vatnsdalsjökullglacier remnantNo65.5254°N -18.6684°W
Þverárjökullglacier remnantNo65.7681°N -18.7784°W
Tungnahryggsjökullglacier remnantNo65.6818°N -18.8418°W
GljúfurárjökullglacierNo65.7122°N -18.6596°W
BarkárdalsjökullglacierNo65.6551°N -18.8362°W
MyrkárjökullglacierNo65.62°N -18.8293°W
HjaltadalsjökullglacierNo65.5745°N -18.8934°W
Vindheimajökullglacier remnantNo65.6522°N -18.2992°W
FossárjökullglacierNo65.6536°N -18.2925°W
HúsárjökullglacierNo65.6432°N -18.3215°W
BægisárjökullglacierYes65.5842°N -18.3739°W
LambárdalsjökullglacierNo65.5656°N -18.252°W
Glerárdalsjökullglacier remnantNo65.5525°N -18.3584°W

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: BBC World Service - The Documentary Podcast, Iceland: The great thaw. BBC. 26 December 2019 . en-GB. 2020-01-04.
  2. Book: Nomination of Vatnajökull National Park dynamic nature of fire and ice for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Snorri. Baldursson. Jónas. Guðnason. Hrafnhildur. Hannesdóttir. Þorvaldur. Þórðarson. Reykjavík. Vatnajökull National Park. 2018. 978-9935-9343-3-8.
  3. Icelandic glaciers. 2008. Jökull. 58. 1. 365–386. 10.33799/jokull2008.58.365. free. H.. Björnsson. F.. Pálsson.
  4. Hannesdóttir. H.. Sigurðsson. O.. Þrastarson. R.H.. Guðmundsson. S.. Belart. J.M.. Pálsson. F.. Magnusson. E.. Víkingsson. S.. Kaldal. I.. Jóhannesson. T.. 2020. A national glacier inventory and variations in glacier extent in Iceland from the Little Ice Age maximum to 2019. Jökull. 12. 1–34. 10.33799/jokull2020.70.001. free.
  5. News: Okjökull glacier loses its glacier title due to its declining size. http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20140923101312/http://icelandmag.com/article/okjokull%2Dglacier%2Dloses%2Dits%2Dglacier%2Dtitle%2Ddue%2Dits%2Ddeclining%2Dsize. dead. 23 September 2014. 24 September 2014. Iceland Magazine. 22 September 2014. okjokull.
  6. News: "Jökullinn" Ok er ekki lengur jökull . "Glacier" Ok is no longer a glacier. www.ruv.is . RÚV . 24 September 2014. ok-er-ekki-lengur-jokull.
  7. Web site: Áhrif loftlagsbreytinga á stærð og afrennsli Langjökuls, Hofsjökuls og suður Vatnajökuls . The impact of climate change on the size and drainage of Langjökull, Hofsjökull and south of Vatnajökull . Raunvis.hi.is . 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108152740/https://www.raunvis.hi.is/~sg/agrip_sverrir_ofl.pdf . 2012-11-08 .
  8. Web site: Temporal Variability of Ice Flow on Hofsjokull, Iceland, Observed by ERS SAR Interferometry . Earth.esa.int . 2013-10-01.
  9. Web site: SP-572 - 2004 Envisat & ERS Symposium . 2010-04-03 .
  10. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery:Masters Thesis. Alicja. Miodońska. Lund University. Lund, Sweden. 1–110.
  11. Book: Geographic Names of Iceland’s Glaciers:Historic and Modern. Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World series (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-D. Oddur. Sigurðsson. Richard S.. Williams. 2008. Richard S. Williams Jr.. Jane G. Ferrigno. 21 May 2024.
  12. Web site: National Land Survey of Iceland-Mapviewer (Kortasja-Landmælingar Íslands) . 22 May 2024.
  13. Assessing evolution of ice caps in Suðurland, Iceland, in years 1986 - 2014, using multispectral satellite imagery: Masters Thesis. Alicja. Miodońska. Lund University. Lund, Sweden. 1–110.
  14. Pope. A.. Willis. I.C.. Palsson. F.. Arnold. N.S.. Rees. W.G.. Björnsson. H.. Grey. L.. 2016. Elevation change, mass balance, dynamics and surging of Langjökull, Iceland from 1997 to 2007. Journal of Glaciology. 62. 233. 497–511. 2016JGlac..62..497P. 10.1017/jog.2016.55.