Gharnati music explained

Gharnati
Stylistic Origins:Granada (Emirate of Granada), Tlemcen (Algeria)
Other Topics:The school of Algiers (sanaa),

Gharnati (Arabic: الغرناطي) refers to an Algerian variety of Andalusian classical music originating in Tlemcen. Its name is derived from the Arabic name of the city of Granada. Gharnati has also become an established tradition in other cities in western Algeria, such as Oran and Sidi-Bel-Abbès. In the 20th century it also spread to Morocco after being brought over by Algerian families who moved there fleeing French colonial rule in Algeria, and eventually founding conservatories in cities like Oujda and Rabat.[1] [2] [3]

Features

Modes

The modes (arabic : طبوع : tūbūb') that are known in the school of Tlemcen are the following:[4]

The nuba

In Tlemcen, a nuba is a musical composition consisting of an ordered suite of vocal and instrumental pieces built around five movements whose rhythm progresses from very slow to very light and which are divided into two theoretical parts, the first comprising the first three movements (mṣeddar, bṭāyḥī and derǧ) and the second, the last two (inṣirāf and meẖles).

The structure of a typical nuba:[5] [6] [4]

  1. Mšālyā : an unmeasured instrumental prelude that introduces and develops the main mode and neighboring modes used in its development. It also introduces the audience into its mood and plays the role of a rhythmic introduction to the tūšiyya.
  2. Tūšiyya : instrumental ouverture composed of several patterns (each repeated once) in which follow a series of rhythmic signatures recalling the five movements that form the nuba.
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) : (= 110)
      • Mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb "instrumental"
      • Mîzān əl-inqilāb
      • Mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb "instrumental"
      • Mîzān əl-inṣirāf / əl-meẖles
  3. Mšālyā : (see above)
  4. Kūrsi al-mṣeddar : a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the first movement.
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb "instrumental"
  5. Kūrsi al-mṣedrayn : a melodic and rhythmic pattern that separates two mṣeddar-s.
  6. Mṣeddar (first movement) : vocal and instrumental piece (one or more).
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Singing : mîzān əl-qṣîd qūl
      • Instrumental answer : mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb
  7. Kūrsi al-bṭāyḥī : a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the second movement.
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb "instrumental"
  8. Bṭāyḥī (second movement) : vocal and instrumental piece (one or more).
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Singing : mîzān əl-bašraf qūl
      • Instrumental answer : mîzān əl-bašraf ǧwāb
  9. Kūrsi əl -derǧ : a melodic and rhythmic pattern that introduces the third movement.
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-derǧ
  10. Derǧ (third movement) : vocal and instrumental piece (one or more).
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-derǧ
  11. Istiḥbār : Unmeasured vocal improvisation where the musician displays his inspiration and his virtuosity.
  12. Tūšiyyet əl-inṣirāfāt : instrumental interlude introducing the fourth movement (inṣirāf). In its absence, the kūrsi əl-inṣirāf takes its place.
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-inṣirāf
  13. Inṣirāf (fourth movement) : vocal and instrumental piece (one or more).
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-inṣirāf
  14. Meẖles (fifth movement) : vocal and instrumental piece (one or more).
    • Rhythmic cycle (mîzān) :
      • Mîzān əl-meẖles
  15. Tūšiyyet əl -kamāl : Instrumental piece ending the nuba. It may also serve to introduce another nuba.

Nubat əl-inqilābāt

It is a suite composed of vocal and instrumental pieces (Muwashshah and zajal) in which different modes and rhythmic cycles follow one another (mîzān əl-qṣîd ǧwāb (8/4), mīzān ə-sofyān (7/4), mîzān əl-bašrāf ǧwāb (4/4) and bašrāf qūl (8/4), mîzān əl-Gūbbāḥī (4/4) and mîzān əl-inṣirāf (6/8)).[4]

Slisla

Slisla refers to a kind of nubat əl-inqilābāt in which pieces (inqilābāt) evolve in the same rhythmic cycle (mīzān), such as slislet mîzān əl-qṣîd, slislet mīzān ə-ṣofyān, slislet mīzān əl-bašraf or slislet mīzān əl-inṣirāf. Each slisla begins with a mšālyā and a tūšiyya, and ends with a meẖles.[6]

Qadriyya

It is a small vocal piece[5] composed in a mîzān əl-inṣirāf often used to close a classical nuba.[4] Qadriyya-s are found in seven modes[4] including mawwāl, zīdān, ğārkā, raml əl-Māya, ‘Irāq and sīkā.

Representative artists

Algeria

Composers

Current celebrities

Morocco

Famous performers

France

Notes and References

  1. Book: Langlois, Tony . 20 January 2001 . Sadie . Stanley . Tyrrell . John . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edn, ed . Macmillan. London . Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of . 0195170679.
  2. Book: The Literature of Al-Andalus. 9780521471596. Sells. Professor Michael A.. 72–73. 2000-08-31.
  3. Web site: Anthologie de la Musique Marocaine. Ahmed Aydoun. 2001–2002. June 2, 2022.
  4. Web site: Allal. Samir. The Musical Tradition of Tlemcen : One of the alternatives of the Maghrebi-Andalusian Nûba. June 29, 2020.
  5. Guerbas. Rachid. 2002. Chant et musique de la Nawba ou Nûba algérienne. Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire. 47. 1. 24–35. 10.3406/horma.2002.2055.
  6. Ghoul, Yahia (1993) Étude des rythmes du patrimoine musical andalou de l'école de Tlemcen [Study of the rhythms of the Andalusian musical heritage of the school of Tlemcen], the fifteenth national festival of the andalusian music, Tlemcen, Algeria.
  7. News: El Hassar . Abdelkader Salim . 2017 . L'apport de nos poètes et musiciens est considérable . The contribution of our poets and musicians is considerable . . 6497 . fr . 11.
  8. News: El Hassar . Abdelkader Salim . 2017 . La "Sana'a", "Ala" ou "Gharnata" : un art musical national (Suite et fin) . The «Sana'a», «Ala» or «Gharnata» : a national musical art (Continuation and end) . . fr . 2020-06-26 .
  9. News: El Hassar . Bénali . 2016-06-20 . Plaidoyer pour un festival international de la Sana'a-Gharnata à Tlemcen . Advocacy for an international Sana'a-Gharnata festival in Tlemcen . . fr . 2020-06-26 .
  10. News: El Hassar . Bénali . 2009-06-20 . Musique arabo-andalouse : de sa permanence... des hommes de lettres, des arts et des interprètes . Arab-Andalusian music : of its permanence ... men of letters, arts and performers . . fr . 2020-06-26 .

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