George Hotz Explained

George Hotz
Birth Name:George Francis Hotz
Birth Date:1989 10, mf=yes
Birth Place:Glen Rock, New Jersey, U.S.
Other Names:geohot, tomcr00se
Notable Works:Jailbreak, comma.ai, tinygrad

George Francis Hotz (born October 2, 1989), alias geohot, is an American security hacker, entrepreneur,[1] and software engineer. He is known for developing iOS jailbreaks,[2] [3] reverse engineering the PlayStation 3, and for the subsequent lawsuit brought against him by Sony. From September 2015 onwards, he has been working on his vehicle automation machine learning company comma.ai.[4] Since November 2022, Hotz has been working on tinygrad, a deep learning framework.

Education

Hotz attended the Academy for Engineering and Design Technology at the Bergen County Academies, a magnet public high school in Hackensack, New Jersey.[5] Hotz is an alumnus of the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth program.[6] Hotz also briefly attended Rochester Institute of Technology[7] and Carnegie Mellon University.

Security research

iOS

In August 2007, seventeen-year-old George Hotz became the first person reported to remove the SIM lock on an iPhone.[8] [9] [10] He traded his second unlocked 8 GB iPhone to Terry Daidone, the founder of CertiCell, for a Nissan 350Z and three 8 GB iPhones.[11]

In October 2009, Hotz released blackra1n. It was compatible with all iPhone and iPod Touch devices running iOS 3.1.2.[12] [13]

On July 13, 2010, Hotz announced the discontinuation of his jailbreaking activities, citing demotivation over the technology and the unwanted personal attention.[14] Nevertheless, he continued to release new software-based jailbreak techniques until October 2010.[15]

PlayStation 3

In December 2009, Hotz announced his initial intentions to breach security on the PlayStation 3.[16] On January 22, 2010, he announced that he had gained read and write access to the machine's system memory as well as hypervisor level access to the machine's CPU.[17] [18]

On January 26, 2010, Hotz released the exploit to the public. On March 28, 2010, Sony responded by announcing their intention to release a PlayStation 3 firmware update that would remove the OtherOS feature from all models,[19] a feature that was already absent on the newer Slim revisions of the machine.[20]

On July 13, 2010, Hotz posted a message on his Twitter account stating that he had abandoned his efforts.[21]

Sony lawsuit

On December 29, 2010, hacking group fail0verflow did a presentation at the 27th Chaos Communications Congress where they exposed a mistake of Sony in their usage of ECDSA signatures without publishing the corresponding private key. This key was used by Sony to prevent piracy.[22] On January 2, 2011, Hotz posted a copy of the private key of the PlayStation 3 on his website.[23] These keys were later removed from his website as a result of legal action by Sony against fail0verflow and Hotz. In response to his continued publication of PS3 exploit information, Sony filed on January 11, 2011, for an application for a temporary restraining order (TRO) against him in the US District Court of Northern California.[24] [25] [26]

Hotz published his commentary on the case, including a song about the "disaster" of Sony. Sony in turn has demanded that social media sites, including YouTube, hand over IP addresses of people who visited Geohot's social pages and videos, the latter being the case only for those who "watched the video and 'documents reproducing all records or usernames and IP addresses that have posted or published comments in response to the video".[27]

PayPal granted Sony access to Geohot's PayPal account contribution transactions,[28] and the judge of the case granted Sony permission to view the IP addresses of everyone who visited geohot.com. In April 2011, it was revealed that Sony and Hotz had settled the lawsuit out of court, on the condition that Hotz would never again resume any hacking work on Sony products.[29]

Android

In June 2014, Hotz[30] published a root exploit software hack for Samsung Galaxy S5 devices used in the US market.[31] The exploit is built around the CVE-2014-3153 vulnerability,[32] which was discovered by hacker Pinkie Pie, and it involves an issue in the futex subsystem that in turn allows for privilege escalation. The exploit, known as towelroot, was designated as a "one-click Android rooting tool".[33]

Although originally released for the Verizon Galaxy S5, the root exploit was made compatible with most Android devices available at that time. For example, it was tested and found to work with the AT&T Galaxy S5, Nexus 5, and Galaxy S4 Active. Updates continued to be applied to the root exploit to increase its capabilities with other devices running Android.[34] Updates to the Android operating system closed the source of the exploit. Samsung officially responded to the towelroot exploit by releasing updated software designed to be immune from the exploit.[35]

Career

Hotz made a meaningful side income from public donations solicited for his security exploits.[8]

Hotz worked at Facebook between May 2011 and January 2012.[36] [37] [38]

On July 16, 2014, Google hired Hotz to work with the Project Zero team[39] where he developed Qira for dynamically analysing application binaries.[40]

Hotz was employed at the startup Vicarious from January until July 2015.[41]

On November 18, 2022, Hotz announced that he had been hired by Twitter for a 12-week internship, with the task of fixing Twitter search as well as removing the pop up log-in screen displayed to users scrolling without being logged in to an account. [42] On December 20, after less than 5 weeks at the role, he resigned, stating “appreciate the opportunity, but didn’t think there was any real impact I could make there”.[43] [44]

comma.ai

Hotz founded his AI startup, comma.ai, in September 2015.[45] In an interview with Bloomberg, Hotz revealed that the company was building vehicular automation technology based on machine learning algorithms. Hotz built a working self-driving 2016 Acura ILX, which he demonstrated on California's Interstate 280 freeway in a video, resulting in a cease and desist letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles.[46]

Hotz wanted to sell his technology to Tesla Motors, meeting with CEO Elon Musk.[47] [48] Hotz claims that Musk offered him $12 million (minus $1 million for every month it took Hotz to work on the task) to create a driving system that could replace the MobilEye solution that Tesla used at the time, which was disputed by Musk.[49] Musk offered advice on Hotz's self-driving car project in a December 2015 interview.[50]

On October 27, 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) informed Hotz that the product was legally required to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and requested information that would confirm such compliance.[51] A day later, George Hotz tweeted from Shenzhen that the comma one was cancelled.[52] [53] Kristen Lee stated on Jalopnik that the NHTSA was simply trying to open a dialog, and commented: "Instead, they got the worst attitude possible from Silicon Valley: try and regulate us, thought leaders, and we’ll take our ball and go home."[54]

comma.ai open sourced their self driving car software (called openpilot) on November 30, 2016, emphasizing its intended use for research without a warranty.[55] [56]

On September 14, 2018, comma.ai announced Hotz would become the Head of Research Team for the project, and appointed Riccardo Biasini as the new CEO of the company.[57] He left in March 2019, but returned in May 2019 to become president once again.[58]

On January 7, 2020, comma.ai debuted its $999 comma two ADAS (driver-assist) device at the annual CES tech show in Las Vegas.[59] [60] [61]

On August 23, 2022, comma.ai was sued by patent troll Sucxess LLC.[62] [63]

On October 31, 2022, Hotz said he is taking some time away from comma.ai.[64] [65]

tiny corp

Hotz founded tiny corp on November 5, 2022. tiny corp aims to port machine learning instruction sets to hardware accelerators.[66] [67]

On May 24, 2023, tiny corp announced that they raised $5.1M to build computers for machine learning and develop neural network framework called tinygrad.[68] Tinygrad, the neural network framework developed by Tiny Corp, aims to provide a balance between the simplicity of Andrej Karpathy's micrograd framework and the functionality of the PyTorch framework.[69] tinygrad aims to realize performance gains over PyTorch through a number of optimizations, including dynamic compilation, fusing of operations, and a greatly simplified backend.[70] tinygrad is currently used to enable comma.ai's openpilot framework to run on the company's dedicated hardware, which includes a Snapdragon 845 GPU.[71]

Additionally, tiny corp builds the TinyBox, a $15,000 AI computer aimed at local model training and inference, serving as a personal compute cluster.[72]

Other activities and recognition

Hotz was a finalist at the 2004 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF), a science competition for high school students, in Portland, Oregon with his project "The Mapping Robot". Recognition included interviews on the Today Show and Larry King Show.[73] Hotz was a finalist at the 2005 ISEF competition, with his project "The Googler".[74]

Hotz competed at the 2007 ISEF where his 3D imaging project, entitled "I want a Holodeck", received awards and prizes in several categories including a $20,000 Intel scholarship.[75] He travelled to Sweden to speak about the project at the Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar.[76]

In March 2008, PC World listed Hotz as one of the top 10 Overachievers under 21.[77]

In August 2013, Hotz attended the DEF CON hacker convention with Carnegie Mellon's Plaid Parliament of Pwning (PPP). PPP placed first in the DEF CON Capture the Flag (CTF) tournament.[78] Later in 2013, Hotz also competed in the 2013 New York University Tandon School of Engineering Cyber Security Awareness Week (CSAW). Working alone, Hotz took first place under the pseudonym tomcr00se.[79] In August 2014, Hotz once again competed as part of Carnegie Mellon's PPP to win the DEF CON CTF tournament for a second year in a row. The team also won the DEF CON "Crack Me If You Can" tournament.[80]

In 2013, Hotz began making hip hop music on his SoundCloud, tomcr00se. he has made 28 original songs and covers.[81]

Hotz also has a Twitch channel, where he frequently does programming livestreams. his twitch channel has over 71k followers.

In February 2020, Hotz founded the cheapETH crypto currency.[82]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Souppouris . Aaron . Legendary hacker Geohot busts rhymes instead of code . The Verge . 9 March 2021 . en . 23 December 2013 . November 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021710/http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/23/5237674/george-hotz-geohot-tomcr00se-soundcloud-rap . live .
  2. News: Stone. Brad. John. Biggs. With Software and Soldering, AT&T's Lock on iPhone Is Undone. The New York Times. C-1. August 25, 2007. September 2, 2007. July 1, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110701034322/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00717FD3A580C768EDDA10894DF404482. live.
  3. News: Interview with 17-year-old iPhone hacker. CNBC. September 30, 2007. November 10, 2013. May 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512074920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG6Qf8-SufM. live.
  4. News: The First Person to Hack the iPhone Built a Self-Driving Car. In His Garage.. Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg L.P.. December 16, 2015. December 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217055927/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-george-hotz-self-driving-car/. live.
  5. News: McKay . Martha . Tech whiz cracks code tying it to AT&T network . . Bergen County, New Jersey . August 24, 2007 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041013/http://northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDgmZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxODU2MTMmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkz . October 14, 2007 . October 20, 2011.
  6. News: GEORGE HOTZ. March 24, 2014. March 30, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140330035413/http://www.in.com/george-hotz/profile-103017.html. dead.
  7. Web site: IPhone Whiz Kid Settles in to Campus Life at RIT . July 18, 2016 . July 14, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160714194853/https://www.rit.edu/news/story.php?id=45766 . live .
  8. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/05/07/120507fa_fact_kushner "Machine Politics: The man who started the hacker wars."
  9. News: Kronfeld . Melissa Jane . Liddy . Tom . Post Wire Services . IHACKED YOU! CODE-CRACKING N.J. KID 'FREES' APPLE CELL . . August 25, 2007 . October 20, 2011 . December 11, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131211081516/http://nypost.com/2007/08/25/ihacked-you/ . live .
  10. Unlocked iPhone. August 21, 2007. January 4, 2016. YouTube. July 12, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100712171030/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvJ1RGlxe8Q. live.
  11. News: Sorrel. Charlie. 2007-08-29. Geohot Trades Hacked iPhone for Crazy Expensive Sports Car. Wired. 2020-08-12. 1059-1028. March 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200301204326/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/geohot-trades-h/. live.
  12. Web site: Blackra1n jailbreaks iPhone OS 3.1.2. Martin. David. CNET. en. 2020-05-23. August 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111351/https://www.cnet.com/how-to/blackra1n-jailbreaks-iphone-os-3-1-2/. live.
  13. Web site: Geohot Releases blackra1n to Jailbreak Any iPhone and iPod Touch Running iPhone OS 3.1.2. 2009-10-11. iPhone Hacks #1 iPhone, iPad, iOS Blog. en-US. 2020-05-23. August 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022851/http://www.iphonehacks.com/2009/10/geohot-releases-blackra1n-to-jailbreak-any-iphone-and-ipod-touch-running-iphone-os-312.html. live.
  14. Web site: GeoHot says Goodbye to iPhone Community . Tech-exclusive.com . July 13, 2010 . April 15, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131013021034/http://www.tech-exclusive.com/geohot-says-goodbye-to-iphone-community/ . October 13, 2013 . dead.
  15. Web site: Limera1n iOS 4.1 Jailbreak Released By Geohot . Roland . Hutchinson . Geeky-gadgets.com . October 10, 2010 . February 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101016005247/https://www.geeky-gadgets.com/limera1n-ios-4-1-jailbreak-released-by-geohot-10-10-2010/ . October 16, 2010 .
  16. Web site: A Real Challenge. https://web.archive.org/web/20100101084713/http://geohotps3.blogspot.com/2009/12/real-challenge.html. dead. 2010-01-01. Hotz. George. 2009-12-26. On the PlayStation 3. 2020-05-23.
  17. Web site: Hello hypervisor, I'm geohot. https://web.archive.org/web/20100129034435/http://geohotps3.blogspot.com/2010/01/hello-hypervisor-im-geohot.html. dead. 2010-01-29. Hotz. George. 2010-01-22. On the PlayStation 3. 2020-05-23.
  18. News: PlayStation 3 'hacked' by iPhone cracker . BBC News . January 25, 2010 . January 25, 2010 . Jonathan . Fildes . August 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170816160350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8478764.stm . live .
  19. Web site: PS3 Firmware (v3.21) Update – PlayStation Blog . March 28, 2010 . March 29, 2010 . June 15, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110615093847/http://blog.us.playstation.com/2010/03/28/ps3-firmware-v3-21-update/ . live .
  20. Web site: Sony explains PS3 Slim's loss of Linux option. www.theregister.co.uk. en. 2020-05-23. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190000/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/08/28/sony_ps3_slim_linux_install_loss/. live.
  21. http://gamingbolt.com/2010/07/13/the-ps3-just-too-difficult-to-crack/ The PS3 just too difficult to crack – GamingBolt.com: Video Game News, Reviews, Previews and Blog
  22. Web site: December 29, 2010. Console Hacking 2010: PS3 Epic Fail. October 29, 2017. Chaos Communication Congress. fail0verflow. June 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170616073133/https://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/Fahrplan/events/4087.en.html. live.
  23. Web site: Geohot: Here is your PS3 Root Key! – Now with "HELLO WORLD" proof!. PSX-SCENE. March 24, 2011. January 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110106074158/http://psx-scene.com/forums/f6/geohot-here-your-ps3-root-key-now-hello-world-proof-74255/. live.
  24. https://www.scribd.com/doc/46739945/Motion-for-TRO Motion for TRO
  25. Sony vs. GeoHot Hacker Lawsuit. January 13, 2011. G4. August 3, 2014. November 22, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141122054743/http://www.g4tv.com/videos/50733/sony-vs-geohot-hacker-lawsuit/. live.
  26. Web site: January 16, 2011. GeoHot vs Sony – PS3 Jailbreak, Lawsuit and the Interview. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120724094705/http://www.newsden.net/geohot-vs-sony-ps3-jailbreak-lawsuit-and-the-interview-6008/. July 24, 2012. August 2, 2014. Newsden.
  27. Judge Lets Sony Unmask Visitors to PS3-Jailbreaking Site . Wired . Condé Nast Digital . March 4, 2011 . December 6, 2011 . Kravets, David . A federal magistrate is granting Sony the right to acquire the internet IP addresses of anybody who has visited PlayStation 3 hacker George Hotz's website from January 2009 to the present. Thursday's decision by Magistrate Joseph Spero to allow Sony to subpoena Hotz's web provider (.pdf) raises a host of web-privacy concerns. Respected for his iPhone hacks and now the PlayStation 3 jailbreak, Hotz is accused of breaching the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and other laws after he published an encryption key and software tools on his website that allow Playstation owners to gain complete control of their consoles from the firmware on up. Sony also won subpoenas (.pdf) for data from YouTube and Google, as part of its lawsuit against the 21-year-old New Jersey hacker, as well as Twitter account data linked to Hotz, who goes by the handle GeoHot. . December 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111205163224/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/geohot-site-unmasking . live .
  28. Web site: George Hotz PayPal Subpoena Limited to California, Court Docs Reveal. May 18, 2011. August 27, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110827001557/http://www.gamepolitics.com/2011/03/16/george-hotz-paypal-subpoena-limited-california-court-docs-reveal. live.
  29. Web site: Sony and PlayStation 3 jailbreaker George Hotz settle out of court . Joystiq . AOL, Inc. . April 11, 2011 . December 6, 2011 . Gilbert, Ben . After a short but rather storied history, infamous PlayStation 3 jailbreaker George "GeoHot" Hotz and Sony Computer Entertainment of America have settled their legal dispute, with a statement on the PlayStation Blog stating the two parties "reached an agreement in principle" around 10 days ago. According to said agreement, Hotz has "consented to a permanent injunction," meaning he super swears he won't do it again (legally speaking, of course), though no other terms are given. We were told by an SCEA rep that the terms of the settlement (beyond what was disclosed) are confidential. . March 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150322040720/http://www.engadget.com/2011/04/11/sony-and-playstation-3-jailbreaker-george-hotz-settle-out-of-cou/ . live .
  30. Web site: geohot. January 4, 2016. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103243/http://forum.xda-developers.com/member.php?u=3280118. live.
  31. Web site: Geohot Towelroot Exploit Roots Galaxy S5 Devices On AT&T And Verizon. Luke. Villapaz. June 16, 2014. International Business Times. January 4, 2016. November 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151126070832/http://www.ibtimes.com/geohot-towelroot-exploit-roots-galaxy-s5-devices-att-verizon-1602368. live.
  32. Web site: [SECURITY] [DSA 2949-1] linux security update]. January 4, 2016. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053136/https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/2014/msg00130.html. live.
  33. http://thehackernews.com/2014/06/towelroot-one-click-android-rooting.html Towelroot: One-Click Android Rooting Tool Released By Geohot
  34. Web site: I'm throwing a party and you should come **G... – Verizon Samsung Galaxy S 5. XDA Developers. June 15, 2014 . January 4, 2016. December 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161231025807/https://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=2783157. live.
  35. https://www.samsungknox.com/en/blog/samsung%E2%80%99s-official-response-%E2%80%9Ctowelroot%E2%80%9D Samsung's official response to "Towelroot"
  36. News: Protalinski . Emil . Geohot reportedly now works for Facebook (update: Facebook confirms) . News & Blogs / Friending Facebook . . June 27, 2011 . October 20, 2011 . November 10, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111110095613/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/geohot-reportedly-now-works-for-facebook-update-facebook-confirms/1730 . dead .
  37. News: Geohot now a Facebook employee. Reisinger. Don. June 28, 2011. The Digital Home. October 20, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111020001726/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20075028-17/geohot-now-a-facebook-employee/. October 20, 2011. c|net.
  38. http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-01-24/tech/30658124_1_george-hotz-location-data-iphone Famous iPhone Hacker George Hotz Has Left Facebook
  39. Web site: Bright. Peter. Google 'Project Zero' hopes to find zero-day vulnerabilities before the NSA. Ars Technica. July 15, 2014. July 16, 2014. July 16, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140716000518/http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/07/google-project-zero-hopes-to-find-zero-day-vulnerabilities-before-the-nsa/. live.
  40. Web site: qira. qira.me. August 17, 2018. August 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811013945/http://qira.me/. live.
  41. News: The First Person to Hack the iPhone Built a Self-Driving Car. In His Garage. 2020-06-30. Bloomberg.com. December 17, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161217055927/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-george-hotz-self-driving-car/. live.
  42. Web site: Loizos . Connie . Hacker George Hotz, long a frenemy of Elon Musk, signs on for 12 weeks at Twitter . TechCrunch . 22 November 2022 . November 23, 2022 . November 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221123224233/https://techcrunch.com/2022/11/21/george-hotz-hacker-and-long-time-frenemy-of-elon-musk-signs-on-for-12-weeks-at-twitter/ . live .
  43. Web site: Peters . Jay . Geohot resigns from Twitter . The Verge . 21 December 2022 . December 21, 2022 . December 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221045743/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/20/23519922/george-hotz-geohot-twitter-internship-resigns . live .
  44. Web site: George Hotz Resigns From Twitter . iClarified . en . 21 December 2022 . December 21, 2022 . December 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221045746/https://www.iclarified.com/88634/george-hotz-resigns-from-twitter . live .
  45. https://www.linkedin.com/pub/george-hotz/76/664/b38 George Hotz's LinkedIn Profile
  46. Web site: This 26-year-old hacker can make a self-driving car, but can he take on Tesla? . . April 5, 2016 . April 6, 2016 . April 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160406104547/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/05/george-hotz-comma-self-driving-car-tesla-elon-musk . live .
  47. Web site: Correction to article: "The First Person to Hack the iPhone Built a Self-Driving Car" . December 16, 2015 . Tesla, Inc. . October 29, 2017 . December 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171202072237/https://www.tesla.com/support/correction-article-first-person-hack-iphone-built-self-driving-car . live .
  48. Web site: Tesla Motors & Mobileye Announce Breakup Ahead of Gigafactory Opening . . July 27, 2016 . October 29, 2017 . October 29, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065253/http://www.ibtimes.com/tesla-motors-mobileye-announce-breakup-ahead-gigafactory-opening-2395094 . live .
  49. Web site: George Hotz promised to end capitalism in a manic sermon at SXSW. March 15, 2016. The Verge. Then he met with Elon Musk, who asked him to make a vision solution for self-driving cars that would rival the MobileEye tech Tesla was already working with. Then Musk offered him $12 million (minus $1 million for every month it took Hotz to work on the task).. August 31, 2017. October 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121038/https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/15/11225314/george-hotz-self-driving-car-autopilot-tesla-speech-sxsw-2016. live.
  50. Web site: Elon Musk Says Tesla Vehicles Will Drive Themselves in Two Years. Kirsten. Korosec. December 21, 2015. Fortune. January 4, 2016. January 7, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107121005/http://fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon-musk-interview/. live.
  51. Web site: Special order directed to comma.ai. October 28, 2016. August 1, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200801010900/https://www.scribd.com/document/329218929/2016-10-27-Special-Order-Directed-to-Comma-ai. live.
  52. Web site: Comma.ai cancels the Comma One following NHTSA letter. Etherington. Darrell. 2016-10-28. TechCrunch. en-US. 2020-01-19. October 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027151407/https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/28/comma-ai-cancels-the-comma-one-following-nhtsa-letter/. live.
  53. Web site: The comma one is cancelled.... October 28, 2016. July 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190727005252/https://twitter.com/comma_ai/status/791958413345382400. live.
  54. Web site: The Feds Were Right To Question The Safety Of The $999 Self-Driving Kit . Lee . Kristen . October 29, 2016 . October 29, 2016 . October 30, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161030140608/http://jalopnik.com/the-feds-were-right-to-question-the-safety-of-the-999-1788330916 . live .
  55. Web site: George Hotz is giving away the code behind his self-driving car project. November 30, 2016. May 13, 2017. March 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200303082748/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13779336/comma-ai-autopilot-canceled-autonomous-car-software-free. live.
  56. Web site: Openpilot github site. GitHub. February 19, 2019. August 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804045417/https://github.com/commaai/openpilot. live.
  57. Web site: A message from the new CEO of comma.ai. ai. comma. September 14, 2018. comma ai. September 23, 2018. September 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180923085535/https://medium.com/@comma_ai/a-message-from-the-new-ceo-of-comma-ai-4db20da0f670. live.
  58. Web site: George Hotz. LinkedIn.
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