Gene density explained

In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 11-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200.[1]

Seemingly simple organisms, such as bacteria and amoebas, have a much higher gene density than humans. Bacterial DNA has a gene density on the order of 500-1000 genes/Mb. This is due several factors, including that the fact that bacterial DNA has no introns. There are also fewer codons in bacterial genes.[2]

Species

Protozoa

!species!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Babesia microti3,685[3] 6.4[4] 575.8
Besnoitia besnoiti8,546[5] 58.8[6] 145.3
Cryptosporidium parvum3,887[7] 9.1[8] 427.1
Giardia intestinalis5,388[9] 11.5[10] 468.5
Leishmania donovani8,123[11] 32.4[12] 250.7
Plasmodium falciparum5,683[13] 23.5[14] 241.8
Phytophthora infestans19,344[15] 203.2[16] 95.2
Tetrahymena thermophila26,996[17] 130.4[18] 207
Theileria parva4,141[19] 8.3[20] 498.9
Toxoplasma gondii8,925[21] 64.5[22] 138.4
Trypanosoma cruzi25,183[23] 32.5[24] 774.9

Fungi

!species!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Agaricus bisporus11,459[25] 30.7[26] 373.3
Aspergillus nidulans9,586[27] 30.6[28] 313.3
Aspergillus niger10,828[29] 35.6[30] 304.2
Candida albicans6,263[31] 14.7[32] 426.1
Cryptococcus neoformans7,004[33] 18.6[34] 376.5
Debaryomyces hansenii6,495[35] 12.1[36] 536.8
Encephalitozoon cuniculi2,029[37] 2.3[38] 882.2
Eremothecium gossypii5,356[39] 9.1[40] 588.6
Fusarium oxysporum21,354[41] 52.4[42] 407.5
Kluyveromyces lactis5,335[43] 10.6[44] 503.3
Lasiodiplodia theobromae13,054[45] 43.6[46] 299.4
Neurospora crassa10,590[47] 41.3[48] 256.4
Saccharomyces cerevisiae6,445[49] 11.9[50] 541.6
Saccharomyces paradoxus5,840[51] 12[52] 486.6
Schizosaccharomyces pombe6,974[53] 12.8[54] 544.8
Talaromyces marneffei10,138[55] 28.3[56] 358.2
Tremella mesenterica8,292[57] 27.9[58] 297.2
Trichoderma harzianum14,294[59] 40.7[60] 351.2
Trichophyton rubrum8,804[61] 23.1[62] 381.1
Ustilago maydis6,909[63] 19.9[64] 347.2
Wallemia ichthyophaga5,000[65] 9.5[66] 526.3
Yarrowia lipolytica7,144[67] 20.3[68] 351.9

Plants

!species!common name!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Ananas comosuspineapple25,758382[69] 67.4
Arabidopsis thalianathale cress38,311[70] 119[71] 321.9
Asparagus officinalisasparagus32,237[72] 1,187[73] 27.2
Brassica rapafield mustard51,592[74] 333[75] 154.9
Cannabis sativacannabis31,170[76] 876[77] 35.6
Cajanus cajanpigeon pea33,495[78] 593[79] 56.5
Capsicum annuumpepper41,729[80] 2,909[81] 14.3
Coffea arabicacoffee56,902[82] 1,094[83] 52
Glycine maxsoybean59,905[84] 995.7[85] 60.2
Juglans regiaEnglish walnut37,996[86] 634.7[87] 59.9
Nicotiana tabacumtobacco74,273[88] 3,734.2[89] 19.9
Olea europaeaolive47,911[90] 1,316.7[91] 36.4
Oryza sativarice35,223[92] 385[93] 91.5
Panicum halliigrass31,528[94] 511.6[95] 61.6
Physcomitrium patensspreading earthmoss23,747[96] 472[97] 50.3
Prunus dulcisalmond26,936[98] 236.9[99] 113.7
Prunus persicapeach26,412[100] 214.2[101] 123.3
Punica granatumpomegrante29,281[102] 308.4[103] 94.9
Rosa chinensisrose40,349[104] 513.9[105] 78.5
Solanum lycopersicumtomato31,263[106] 813[107] 38.5
Solanum tuberosum potato33,606[108] 760[109] 44.2
Theobroma cacaococoa24,957[110] 335[111] 74.5
Zea mays corn49,796[112] 2,197[113] 22.7

Invertebrate

invertebrate species!species!common name!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Aedes aegyptiyellow fever mosquito19,623[114] 1,274[115] 15.4
Anopheles gambiaeAfrican malaria mosquito13,247[116] 250[117] 53
Apis melliferahoney bee12,374[118] 226[119] 54.8
Caenorhabditis elegansC. elegans47,632[120] 102[121] 467
Daphnia magnawater flea21,549[122] 126[123] 171
Drosophila melanogasterfruit fly17,868[124] 137[125] 130.4
Hydra vulgarishydra22,980[126] 1,055[127] 21.8
Limulus polyphemushorseshoe crab27,318[128] 1,828[129] 14.9
Octopus sinensisoctopus29,784[130] 2,719[131] 11
Pediculus humanushuman louse10,993[132] 110[133] 99.9
Strongylocentrotus purpuratuspurple sea urchin33,504[134] 921[135] 36.4

Vertebrate non-mammals

!species!common name!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Alligator mississippiensisAmerican alligator25,279[136] 2,161[137] 11.7
Anolis carolinensisanole lizard22,293[138] 1,799[139] 12.4
Astyanax mexicanusMexican tetra31,695[140] 1,263[141] 25.1
Columba liviapigeon26,679[142] 1,063[143] 25.1
Danio reriozebrafish47,350[144] 1,408[145] 33.6
Gallus galluschicken24,402[146] 1,043[147] 23.4
Nothobranchius furzeriturquoise killifish25,387[148] 1,052[149] 24.1
Oryzias latipesJapanese rice fish26,846[150] 746[151] 36
Petromyzon marinussea lamprey22,167[152] 987[153] 22.5
Taeniopygia guttatazebra finch21,543[154] 1,069[155] 20.2
Takifugu rubripesJapanese puffer27,413[156] 384[157] 71.8
Xenopus tropicalistropical clawed frog28,863[158] 1,468[159] 19.7
Xenopus laevisAfrican clawed frog37,283[160] 2,718[161] 13.7

Vertebrate mammals

!species!common name!number of genes!base pairs in genome (Mb)!gene density
Acinonyx jubatuscheetah34,482[162] 2,378[163] 14.5
Ailuropoda melanoleucagiant panda32,950[164] 2,371[165] 13.9
Aotus nancymaaenight monkey31,331[166] 2,861[167] 11
Artibeus jamaicensisJamaican fruit-eating bat31,480[168] 2,316[169] 13.6
Arvicanthis niloticusAfrican grass rat31,912[170] 2,496[171] 12.8
Balaenoptera acutorostrataminke whale26,805[172] 2,431[173] 11
Balaenoptera musculusblue whale27,194[174] 2,105[175] 12.9
Bison bisonAmerican bison27,488[176] 2,828[177] 9.7
Bos mutuswild yak26,159[178] 2,703[179] 9.7
Bos tauruscattle35,061[180] 2,715[181] 12.9
Canis lupus familiarisdog36,717[182] 2,370[183] 15.5
Chinchilla lanigeralong-tailed chinchilla30,378[184] 2,390[185] 12.7
Felis catuscat35,521[186] 2,521[187] 14
Gorilla gorilla gorilla35,419[188] 3,063[189] 11.6
Homo sapienshuman44,507[190] 2,861[191] 15.5
Macaca mulattaRhesus monkey40,164[192] 2,970[193] 13.5
Mus musculushouse mouse42,823[194] 2,689[195] 15.9
Pan troglodyteschimpanzee40,769[196] 3,050[197] 13.4
Rattus norvegicusbrown rat38,371[198] 2,743[199] 14
Sus scrofapig30,345[200] 2,459[201] 12.3
Gene count is calculated by the number of gene flags in the latest version of a given species gtf annotation file. Bear in mind that well studied organisms will probably have higher gene counts because these species have better annotation, therefore these numbers are estimates for comparison.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Science Reference: Gene . Science Daily . 2013-10-15 . 2015-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150328161423/http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/g/gene.htm . dead .
  2. Web site: Genomes of Bacteria . Jeff . Sands . Lehigh University . 2013-10-15 .
  3. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Babesia_microti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000691945.2_ASM69194v2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  4. Web site: Babesia microti (ID 11700) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  5. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Besnoitia_besnoiti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002563875.1_Bbes1.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  6. Web site: Besnoitia besnoiti (ID 62526) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  7. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Cryptosporidium_parvum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000165345.1_ASM16534v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  8. Web site: Cryptosporidium parvum (ID 29) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  9. Web site: Giardia intestinalis (ID 26) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  10. Web site: Giardia intestinalis (ID 26) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  11. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Leishmania_donovani/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000227135.1_ASM22713v2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  12. Web site: Leishmania donovani (ID 3516) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  13. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Plasmodium_falciparum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002765.5_GCA_000002765. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  14. Web site: Plasmodium falciparum (ID 33) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  15. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Phytophthora_infestans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000142945.1_ASM14294v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  16. Web site: Phytophthora infestans (ID 293) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  17. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Tetrahymena_thermophila/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000189635.1_JCVI-TTA1-2.2. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  18. Web site: Tetrahymena thermophila (ID 222) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  19. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Theileria_parva/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000165365.1_ASM16536v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  20. Web site: Theileria parva (ID 38) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  21. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Toxoplasma_gondii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006565.2_TGA4. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  22. Web site: Toxoplasma gondii (ID 30) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  23. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/protozoa/Trypanosoma_cruzi/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000209065.1_ASM20906v1. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  24. Web site: Trypanosoma cruzi (ID 25) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  25. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Agaricus_bisporus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000300555.1_Agabi_varbur_1. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  26. Web site: Agaricus bisporus (ID 858) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  27. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Aspergillus_nidulans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000149205.2_ASM14920v2. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  28. Web site: Aspergillus nidulans (ID 17) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  29. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Aspergillus_niger/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002855.3_ASM285v2. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  30. Web site: Aspergillus niger (ID 429) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  31. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Candida_albicans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000182965.3_ASM18296v3. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  32. Web site: Candida albicans (ID 21) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  33. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Cryptococcus_neoformans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091045.1_ASM9104v1. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  34. Web site: Cryptococcus neoformans (ID 61) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  35. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Debaryomyces_hansenii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006445.2_ASM644v2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  36. Web site: Debaryomyces hansenii (ID 195) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  37. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Encephalitozoon_cuniculi/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091225.1_ASM9122v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  38. Web site: Encephalitozoon cuniculi (ID 39) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  39. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Eremothecium_gossypii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000091025.4_ASM9102v4. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  40. Web site: Eremothecium gossypii (ID 74) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  41. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Fusarium_oxysporum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000149955.1_ASM14995v2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  42. Web site: Fusarium oxysporum (ID 707) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  43. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Kluyveromyces_lactis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002515.2_ASM251v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  44. Web site: Kluyveromyces lactis (ID 193) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  45. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_012971845.1_ASM1297184v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  46. Web site: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (ID 54334) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  47. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Neurospora_crassa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000182925.2_NC12. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  48. Web site: Neurospora crassa (ID 19) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  49. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000146045.2_R64. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  50. Web site: Error encountered - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  51. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Saccharomyces_paradoxus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002079055.1_ASM207905v1. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  52. Web site: Saccharomyces paradoxus (ID 66) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  53. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002945.1_ASM294v2. 2020-12-14. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  54. Web site: Schizosaccharomyces pombe (ID 14) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-14. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  55. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Talaromyces_marneffei/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001985.1_JCVI-PMFA1-2.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  56. Web site: Talaromyces marneffei (ID 728) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  57. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Tremella_mesenterica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000271645.1_Treme1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  58. Web site: Tremella mesenterica (ID 11041) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  59. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Trichoderma_harzianum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003025095.1_Triha_v1.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  60. Web site: Trichoderma harzianum (ID 2441) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  61. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Trichophyton_rubrum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000151425.1_ASM15142v1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  62. Web site: Trichophyton rubrum (ID 799) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  63. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Ustilago_maydis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000328475.2_Umaydis521_2.0. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  64. Web site: Ustilago maydis (ID 70) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  65. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Wallemia_ichthyophaga/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000400465.1_Wallemia_ichthyophaga_version_1.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  66. Web site: Wallemia ichthyophaga (ID 17303) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  67. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/fungi/Yarrowia_lipolytica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002525.2_ASM252v1. 2020-12-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  68. Web site: Yarrowia lipolytica (ID 194) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  69. Web site: Ananas comosus (ID 13945) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  70. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Arabidopsis_thaliana/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001735.4_TAIR10.1. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  71. Web site: Arabidopsis thaliana (ID 4) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  72. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Asparagus_officinalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001876935.1_Aspof.V1. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  73. Web site: Asparagus officinalis (ID 10978) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  74. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Brassica_rapa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000309985.2_CAAS_Brap_v3.01. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  75. Web site: Brassica rapa (ID 229) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  76. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Cannabis_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_900626175.2_cs10. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  77. Web site: Cannabis sativa (ID 11681) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  78. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Cajanus_cajan/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000340665.1_C.cajan_V1.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  79. Web site: Cajanus cajan (ID 2878) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  80. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Capsicum_annuum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000710875.1_Pepper_Zunla_1_Ref_v1.0. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  81. Web site: Capsicum annuum (ID 10896) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  82. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Coffea_arabica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003713225.1_Cara_1.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  83. Web site: Coffea arabica (ID 77) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  84. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Glycine_max/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004515.5_Glycine_max_v2.1. 2021-01-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  85. Web site: Glycine max (ID 5) - Genome - NCBI. 2021-01-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  86. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Juglans_regia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001411555.2_Walnut_2.0. 2021-01-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  87. Web site: Juglans regia (ID 17683) - Genome - NCBI. 2021-01-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  88. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Nicotiana_tabacum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000715135.1_Ntab-TN90. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  89. Web site: Nicotiana tabacum (ID 425) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  90. Web site: Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI. 2021-01-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  91. Web site: Olea europaea (ID 10724) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  92. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Oryza_sativa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001433935.1_IRGSP-1.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  93. Web site: Oryza sativa (ID 10) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  94. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Panicum_hallii/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002211085.1_PHallii_v3.1. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  95. Web site: Panicum hallii (ID 12791) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  96. Web site: Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  97. Web site: Physcomitrium patens (ID 383) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  98. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_dulcis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902201215.1_ALMONDv2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  99. Web site: Prunus dulcis (ID 10947) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  100. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Prunus_persica/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000346465.2_Prunus_persica_NCBIv2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  101. Web site: Prunus persica (ID 388) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  102. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Punica_granatum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_007655135.1_ASM765513v2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  103. Web site: Punica granatum (ID 13946) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  104. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Rosa_chinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002994745.1_RchiOBHm-V2. 2020-12-31. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  105. Web site: Rosa chinensis (ID 11715) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-31. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  106. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_lycopersicum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000188115.4_SL3.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  107. Web site: Solanum lycopersicum (ID 7) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  108. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Solanum_tuberosum/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000226075.1_SolTub_3.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  109. Web site: Solanum tuberosum (ID 400) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  110. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Theobroma_cacao/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000208745.1_Criollo_cocoa_genome_V2. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  111. Web site: Theobroma cacao (ID 572) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  112. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/plant/Zea_mays/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_902167145.1_Zm-B73-REFERENCE-NAM-5.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  113. Web site: Zea mays (ID 12) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. en.
  114. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Aedes_aegypti/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002204515.2_AaegL5.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  115. Web site: Aedes aegypti (ID 44) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  116. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Anopheles_gambiae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000005575.2_AgamP3. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  117. Web site: Anopheles gambiae (ID 46) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  118. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Apis_mellifera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003254395.2_Amel_HAv3.1. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  119. Web site: Apis mellifera (ID 48) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  120. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Caenorhabditis_elegans/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002985.6_WBcel235. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  121. Web site: Caenorhabditis elegans (ID 41) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  122. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Daphnia_magna/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003990815.1_ASM399081v1. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  123. Web site: Daphnia magna (ID 10953) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  124. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Drosophila_melanogaster/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001215.4_Release_6_plus_ISO1_MT. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  125. Web site: Drosophila melanogaster (ID 47) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  126. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Hydra_vulgaris/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004095.1_Hydra_RP_1.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  127. Web site: Hydra vulgaris (ID 12836) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  128. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Limulus_polyphemus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000517525.1_Limulus_polyphemus-2.1.2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  129. Web site: Limulus polyphemus (ID 787) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  130. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Octopus_sinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_006345805.1_ASM634580v1. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  131. Web site: Octopus sinensis (ID 84214) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  132. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Pediculus_humanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000006295.1_JCVI_LOUSE_1.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  133. Web site: Pediculus humanus (ID 522) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  134. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/invertebrate/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002235.5_Spur_5.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  135. Web site: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (ID 86) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  136. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Alligator_mississippiensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000281125.3_ASM28112v4. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  137. Web site: Alligator mississippiensis (ID 13409) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  138. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Anolis_carolinensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000090745.1_AnoCar2.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  139. Web site: Anolis carolinensis (ID 708) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  140. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Astyanax_mexicanus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000372685.2_Astyanax_mexicanus-2.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  141. Web site: Astyanax mexicanus (ID 13073) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  142. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Columba_livia/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000337935.1_Cliv_1.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  143. Web site: Columba livia (ID 10719) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  144. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Danio_rerio/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002035.6_GRCz11. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  145. Web site: Danio rerio (ID 50) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  146. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Gallus_gallus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002315.6_GRCg6a. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  147. Web site: Gallus gallus (ID 111) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  148. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Nothobranchius_furzeri/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001465895.1_Nfu_20140520. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  149. Web site: Nothobranchius furzeri (ID 2642) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  150. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Oryzias_latipes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002234675.1_ASM223467v1. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  151. Web site: Oryzias latipes (ID 542) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  152. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Petromyzon_marinus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_010993605.1_kPetMar1.pri. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  153. Web site: Petromyzon marinus (ID 287) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  154. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Taeniopygia_guttata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008822105.2_bTaeGut2.pat.W.v2. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  155. Web site: Taeniopygia guttata (ID 367) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  156. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Takifugu_rubripes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_901000725.2_fTakRub1.2. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  157. Web site: Takifugu rubripes (ID 63) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  158. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_tropicalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004195.4_UCB_Xtro_10.0. 2020-12-01. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  159. Web site: Xenopus tropicalis (ID 80) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-12-01. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  160. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_laevis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  161. Web site: Xenopus laevis (ID 81) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  162. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Acinonyx_jubatus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003709585.1_Aci_jub_2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  163. Web site: Acinonyx jubatus (ID 14623) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  164. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002007445.1_ASM200744v2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  165. Web site: Ailuropoda melanoleuca (ID 2702) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  166. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Aotus_nancymaae/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000952055.2_Anan_2.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  167. Web site: Aotus nancymaae (ID 14430) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  168. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Artibeus_jamaicensis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_014825515.1_WHU_Ajam_v2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  169. Web site: Artibeus jamaicensis (ID 12026) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  170. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Arvicanthis_niloticus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_011762505.1_mArvNil1.pat.X. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  171. Web site: Arvicanthis niloticus (ID 88356) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  172. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_acutorostrata/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000493695.1_BalAcu1.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  173. Web site: Balaenoptera acutorostrata (ID 10769) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  174. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Balaenoptera_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_009873245.2_mBalMus1.pri.v3. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  175. Web site: Balaenoptera musculus (ID 7017) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  176. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bison_bison/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000754665.1_Bison_UMD1.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  177. Web site: Bison bison (ID 8907) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  178. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_mutus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000298355.1_BosGru_v2.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  179. Web site: Bos mutus (ID 23015) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  180. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Bos_taurus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002263795.1_ARS-UCD1.2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  181. Web site: Bos taurus (ID 82) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  182. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Canis_lupus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000002285.3_CanFam3.1. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  183. Web site: Canis lupus familiaris (ID 85) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  184. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Chinchilla_lanigera/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000276665.1_ChiLan1.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  185. Web site: Chinchilla lanigera (ID 10466) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  186. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Felis_catus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000181335.3_Felis_catus_9.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  187. Web site: Felis catus (ID 78) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  188. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Gorilla_gorilla/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_008122165.1_Kamilah_GGO_v0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  189. Web site: Gorilla gorilla (ID 2156) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  190. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Homo_sapiens/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001405.39_GRCh38.p13. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  191. Web site: Homo sapiens (ID 51) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  192. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Macaca_mulatta/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_003339765.1_Mmul_10. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  193. Web site: Macaca mulatta (ID 215) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  194. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Mus_musculus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001635.27_GRCm39. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  195. Web site: Mus musculus (ID 52) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  196. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Pan_troglodytes/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_002880755.1_Clint_PTRv2. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  197. Web site: Pan troglodytes (ID 202) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  198. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Rattus_norvegicus/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000001895.5_Rnor_6.0. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  199. Web site: Rattus norvegicus (ID 73) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  200. Web site: Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_mammalian/Sus_scrofa/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000003025.6_Sscrofa11.1. 2020-11-30. ftp.ncbi.nih.gov.
  201. Web site: Sus scrofa (ID 84) - Genome - NCBI. 2020-11-30. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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