Gasser (car) explained

Gasser
Model Years:1950s to early 1970s
Class:Hot rod
Sp:us

A gasser is a type of hot rod originally used for drag racing. This type of car originated in United States in the late 1950s and continued until the early 1970s.[1] [2] In the days before Pro Stock, the A/Gas cars were the fastest stock-appearing racers around.[3]

History

Gassers are based on closed body production models from the 1930s to mid-1960s, which have been stripped of extraneous weight and jacked up using a beam axle or tubular axle to provide better weight distribution on acceleration (beam axles are also lighter than an independent front suspension), though a raised stock front suspension is common as well. Common weight reduction techniques include fiberglass body panels, stripped interiors, and Lexan windows (sometimes color tinted).

The 1933–36 Willys coupés and pickups were very popular gassers. The best-known would be the 1933 Willys 77. While neither cheap nor plentiful, it was a competitive and lightweight choice satisfying the rules of the era (which required a ladder frame). At least one gasser incorporated a Willys frame under a Ford body to placate their sponsor while keeping it race legal.[4] Keith Ferrell's Dogcatcher, for instance, was a 1936 delivery with a fuel injected small-block Chevrolet, built for the class; in 1967, Ferrell deliberately left something off to run it in B/Altered (later, with a supercharger, in BB/A).

After the company revived, the 1937-42 coupés, sedans, and pickups were again popular with hot rodders and gasser teams, and again, comparatively low production leaves unexplained why they gained so much attention. Ollie Olsen's 1940 coupé Wil-A-Meaner (driven by Bob "Rapid" Dwyer) won the 1961 Nationals' A/G title. Between 1962 and 1964, the Hassel & Vogelsong 1940 coupé "was the scourge of B/Gas", winning the 1963 and 1964 Nationals and setting a 1964 national record at 11.34. In 1967, the Hrudka Brothers' 1933 panel delivery was a popular wheelstander.

Postwar Willyses were also used (such as the Bremerton, Washington-based Speed Sport Specialties 1954 Willys in B/Gas), but, despite being a better chassis than the 1955-7 Chevrolet, were never as popular as the prewar cars.

Combinations could be unusual. Fujimo, Too! was a B/G 1950 Plymouth business coupé (run by Adler and Trout) with an injected Oldsmobile and Hydro-Motive transmission.

NHRA first licensed women drivers in gas classes in 1963, when Roberta Leighton, member of the Dust Devils Car Club and driver of an injected El Camino, was first admitted.[5]

Throughout the 1960s, the Stickle and Riffle Anglia, based out of the Rod Shop and driven by Bob Riffle, were frequent winners. Their only national titles, however, were B/G at the 1967 Nationals and C/G at the 1968 Nationals. Riffle's best pass in B/Gas was 10.54 seconds at 128.2mph.

At the 1965 Nationals, held at Indianapolis Raceway Park in Indianapolis, Indiana, 1941 Willyses driven by Dick Bourgeous (owned by "Big John" Mazmanian, sponsored by Engle Cams) and Doug "Cookie" Cook (the Stone-Woods-Cook gasser, sponsored by Isky Cams) faced off in A/GS. (Cook took the win with a pass of 14.20 seconds at 116.53mph.)

Stone-Woods-Cook abandoned A/GS for Top Fuel Funny Car by the start of the 1967 season.

Late model cars were first allowed in the Gas classes in 1967.

Mazmanian would quit the gas classes for fuel funny car in 1968.

Gas classes were eliminated by NHRA in 1972.[6] However, the NHRA still categorises gassers in sportsman categories, and vehicles can run gasoline or alcohol fuel (the latter safer in case of fire). The term "Super Gas" in NHRA refers to the rules that prohibit dragsters and mandate full-bodied cars in that category today.

Engine

Because they were primarily built for racing, these cars typically had the engine swapped to a larger or more powerful one, or the existing stock engine modified (often heavily). It was very common to fit a Roots supercharger modified from original use on General Motors two-cycle diesel truck engines and mechanical fuel injection, manufactured by Algon, Hilborn, or Crower.

Suspension

With form being dictated by function, their appearance is often very top heavy and ungainly, largely due to front ends being raised higher than stock, to assist in the weight transfer during rapid acceleration (racing). Having their exhaust pipes exit through the front fender well is a common characteristic of gassers, as is having bodies painted in flamboyant metalflakes, pearls, and candy finishes complemented by lettering in wild fonts. Most gassers also had ladder bars.

Name

The name arose because they competed in a gasoline-fueled drag racing class, rather than one using methanol or nitromethane.

Named cars

There were a number of cars run under names.

NameEntrantYear and makeClass
AgitatorPaul Day 1933 WillysBB/GS
Assassination Guzman & Ward AAM/SP
The BareDick Shroyer 1939 ChevroletH/G
The Bird HunterTed Walters1940 WillysC/G
Bonesmobile SpecialCurt Carroll1931 FordA/G
Born RunninWillie Johnson1927 Ford truckA/SR
Boss HydroJoe Pirrone 1933 WillysAA/G
Cat SkinnerBogan & Renfroe 1941 WillysA/G
Chicken Coupe 1940 Willys B/GS
City of IndustrySam ParriottA/SP, AM/SP, AAM/SP
ConfusionCourtney Lee Scott1934 Ford B/GS
Dark Horse Stone-Woods-Finders (driven by Chuck Finders)1933 WillysB/GS
Dark Horse TooStone-Woods-Cook (driven by Doug Cook) 1966 MustangAA/GS
Dirty ThirtyCharlie Hill1933 Willys A/GS
Dogcatcher Keith Ferrell 1933 Willys deliveryB/A, BB/A
Filthy Forty Hill & Zartman1940 WillysC/G
Fire BrewedChuck Finders 1949 AngliaAA/GS
Flintstone FlyerDave Koffel1949 PackardE/G
Flintstone Flyer TooDave Koffel1959 StudebakerF/G
Frivilous IBob & Jim Joffer1963 FordB/MP
Fujimo, Too!Adler & Trout1950 PlymouthB/G
The Gasser Passer"Ohio George" MontgomeryFord PrefectAA/G
Giddy Up GoJoe Lowery1956 ChevroletD/G
Here Comes SnoopyBucky Burk1949 AngliaB/G
The High and MightyJim Parsons1927 FordA/SR
Holeshot 6Tom Langdon 1949 AngliaG/G
The Hammer1950 AngliaG/G
Hydro Phobia 1931 FordB/G
Inch PincherDean Lowry1956 Volkswagen BeetleH/G
IrritationDan Stanton1940 WillysC/A
Jolly DollyBob Bernarden1939 ChevroletC/G
Kamikaze KoupCoonrod & Harry1933 WillysA/GS
The KentuckianGlen Wothington1966 CorvetteBM/SP
King KongKohler Brothers1951 AngliaA/GS
The Klein BirdBill Ireland1965 MustangA/MP
The NumismatistAllyn Lynch1941 Willy'sB/GS
The Numismatist IIAllyn Lynch1965 MustangC/GS
WahopponEd Mezzio1955 ChevroletB/GS
Wil-A-MeanerOllie Olsen (driven by Bob "Rapid" Dwyer)1940 Willys coupéA/G

NHRA National Champions

Source

1955, Great Bend, Kansas

See also: Great Bend, Kansas.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GDick CadwaladerOldsmobile1933 Ford (not recorded)96.87mph
B/GWaterworth/MorrisMercury(not recorded)92.15mph
C/GHoward Johansen1955 Chevrolet(not recorded)94.53mph
D/G M. S. Shephard1955 Chevrolet (not recorded)88.4mph
A/SROwen BowlingChrysler1929 Ford(not recorded)88.75mph
B/SRRed LundFord1932 Ford(not recorded)96.15mph
C/SRDale HamDodge 1929 Ford(not recorded)91.64mph
A/SPWarren TurnerChryslerAllard(not recorded)104.89mph
B/SPRalph Richter1955 Porsche(not recorded)84.19mph

1956, Kansas City, Missouri

See also: Kansas City, Missouri.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GWilton ZaiserOldsmobile1931 Ford13.32108.82mph
B/GH. L. DavisChrysler1940 Ford14.36103.32mph
C/GEarl DorrisChevrolet1934 Chevrolet 15.2094.63mph
D/G Leland AllegaChevrolet1956 Chevrolet15.3587.29mph
A/SRSafford & ShoresChevrolet1929 Ford 13.94102.04mph
B/SRFord1932 Ford14.4399.22mph
A/SPJack Jenkins1956 Corvette14.5298.36mph
B/SPRalph Richter1956 MGA20.1369.44mph

1957, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

See also: Oklahoma City.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GHarry Lawhon Oldsmobile1933 Ford 13.1496.25mph
B/GC. E. FoltinOldsmobile1938 Chevrolet14.0785.95mph
C/G Richard C. JasperChevrolet1934 Ford14.2896.56mph
D/GAlan TemplinChevrolet1951 Ford14.7792.78mph
A/SRCurtis FrankeChevrolet1924 Model T13.22105.88mph
B/SRCarl StoneChevrolet1932 Ford13.9798.03mph
A/SPDon SimmonsBuick1954 Austin-Healey(not recorded)109.63mph
C/SPErnest Grimm1957 Corvette(not recorded)99mph

1958, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GCarroll Howard Oldsmobile1931 Ford 13.53103.56mph
B/GRobert "Junior" JohnsonChevrolet1941 Studebaker13.13104.04mph
C/GRichard C. JasperChevrolet1934 Ford13.7699.22mph
D/GRon HelfensteinChevrolet1940 Ford13.6799.44mph
E/G Jim SpencerChevrolet1951 Chevrolet15.0790.54mph
A/SR Carl JohnsonCadillac1930 Ford13.52100mph
B/SRJohn MulkeyChevrolet1932 Ford13.36104.65mph
A/SPCadillac1953 Kurtis (City of Industry)12.17122.44mph
B/SPDon SimmonsBuick1954 Austin-Healey12.80116.27mph
C/SP
| Wilson & Croy| Ford|Spee| 19.92|69.98mph|-|Little Eliminator| Robert "Junior" Johnson|B/G 1941 Studebaker|}

1959, Detroit Dragway

See also: Detroit Dragway.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/G"Ohio George" MontgomeryCadillac1933 Willys11.94124.65mph
B/GJim WhitakerChevrolet1932 Ford14.1992.23mph
C/GDoug CookChevrolet1937 Chevrolet13.17105.88mph
D/G Ed Coughlin Chevrolet1955 Chevrolet14.0697.71mph
E/GJohnny Loper1959 Chevrolet14.9493.45mph
A/SRG. A. JonesOlds11.61125.87mph
B/SRPeter MatteiChevrolet1934 Ford13.05107.91mph
AA/SPBill JonesLincoln1957 Thunderbird16.1991.74mph
A/SPJack HorsleyLincoln15.1693.26mph
B/SPAndrew Zanca Chevrolet1954 Corvette 12.96110.02mph
C/SP Gil Dunn1955 Porsche16.9981mph
Sports Eliminator Jack HorsleyA/SP 1959 Devin
Little Eliminator"Ohio George" MontgomeryA/G 1933 Willys

1960, Detroit Dragway

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GS"Ohio George" MontgomeryCadillac1933 Willys 12.36107.65mph
B/GSWilton ZaiserOldsmobile1941 Willys 11.84121.29mph
C/GSDoug CookChevrolet 1941 Willys12.89119.36mph
A/GBilly PateChrysler1932 Ford12.36113.06mph
B/GLeonard GrennonChevrolet1935 Plymouth13.40105.38mph
C/G Chevrolet1955 Chevrolet14.31102.04mph
D/G John EndesChevrolet1958 Chevrolet14.03100.11mph
E/GWilbur TackettChevrolet1955 Chevrolet15.7894.14mph
F/GThom ProsserFord1946 Ford 15.9985.14mph
A/GAAl ZerbariniOldsmobile1940 Willys12.61106.88mph
B/GA Johnny LoperOldsmobile1941 Willys13.72108.82mph
C/GA DeSoto1957 Plymouth14.33100.67mph
A/SRDon CathcartOldsmobile1926 Ford13.52106.83mph
B/SR Courtney Lee Scott DeSoto1934 Ford13.32107.27mph
C/SRGMC15.0377.5mph
AM/SPCadillac1953 Kurtis City of Industry12.29130.62mph
BM/SP Dick ValentineChevrolet1957 Corvette13.01103.8mph
Street Eliminator Courtney Lee Scott B/SR 1934 Ford
Little Eliminator "Ohio George" MontgomeryA/GS 1933 Willys

1961, Indianapolis Raceway Park

See also: Lucas Oil Indianapolis Raceway Park.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GSCadillac1933 Willys10.91130.63mph
B/GSRay MooreChevrolet1940 Willys Chicken Coupe 11.76120.32mph
C/GSK. S. PittmanOldsmobile1941 Willys12.03118.89mph
A/GChevrolet1940 Willys11.68116.27mph
B/G Junior Garrison Chevrolet1940 Willys12.42112.6mph
C/GLarry TeterChevrolet1932 Ford13.34112mph
D/GJoe HrudkaChevrolet1957 Chevrolet12.73105.26mph
E/GJim KoonceChevrolet1955 Chevrolet14.0796.2mph
F/GDon NealFord1932 Ford13.6799.33mph
G/G Pete McNicholl Chrysler slant 61940 Willys14.1196.98mph
AM/SPSam ParriottCadillac1953 Kurtis City of Industry11.91128.2mph
BM/SPJerry OsbornChevroletAustin-Healey12.09117.49mph
CM/SPBusham/CasazzaChevroletspecial13.16107.14mph
A/SRMilton PotterOldsmobileModel A11.49132.55mph
B/SRArmstrong/ThomasChevrolet1932 Ford12.38114.79mph
C/SRJim LightcapGMCFord Model A13.63102.04mph
Street EliminatorJunior GarrisonB/G 1940 Willys

1962, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

See also: Indianapolis Raceway Park.

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GSDoug Cook (Stone-Woods-Cook)Oldsmobile1941 Willys10.59136.77mph
B/GSBill ReevesChevroletWillys11.24125.34mph
C/GS Sam Jones (Moody & Jones) Chevrolet1937 Chevrolet12.43113.2mph
A/GNorm HallChevroletWillys 12.06120.16mph
B/GJohnny LoperChevroletWillys12.04111.11mph
C/G Larry TeterChevrolet1932 Ford13.37108.3mph
D/GJoe Hrudka (Peters & Betz)Chevrolet1955 Chevrolet13.37105.63mph
E/GDave KoffelChevrolet1949 Packard Flintstone Flyer 13.71102.85mph
F/GJerry HaleyGMC1933 Plymouth14.7695.23mph
A/SRHugh TuckerOldsmobile1928 Chevrolet11.14130.24mph
B/SRScott ReiderChevrolet1932 Ford12.65112.78mph
AM/SPCadillac1953 Kurtis City of Industry12.53111.8mph
BM/SPBones Balogh (J&J Muffler)Chevrolet1958 Corvette11.62124.82mph
CM/SPJames CornellChevroletCorvette12.75104.89mph
DM/SP Jim FriarTriumph 17.1079.29mph
Street EliminatorC/GS 1937 Chevrolet

1963, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GSCadillac1933 Willys10.45129mph
B/GSJack MerkelChevrolet1937 Willys10.95130.05mph
C/GS Sam Jones (Moody & Jones) Chevrolet1937 Chevrolet11.70117.8mph
A/G Gene AltizerChevrolet1951 Ford Anglia11.03127.84mph
B/GRon HassellChevrolet1940 Willys12.27116.88mph
C/G Hill and ZartmanChevrolet1940 Willys Filthy Forty 12.70110.42mph
D/GGene MoodyChevrolet1955 Chevrolet12.58110.97mph
E/GGerald MurphyChevrolet1955 Chevrolet13.54103.8mph
F/GDave KoffelChevrolet1949 Packard Flintstone Flyer13.69101.8mph
G/GBobby Vaughn GMC1934 Willys13.79101.91mph
H/G Dave DeYoung (DeYoung & Theu) GMC1952 Chevrolet14.7791.83mph
AA/SRHugh TuckerOldsmobile1928 Chevrolet11.33133.33mph
A/SRDodge1927 Ford12.17121.13mph
B/SRScott Reider (Reider & Weiler)Chevrolet11.98116.42mph
C/SRFerrante & Costanzo Ford1923 Ford 13.7198.68mph
AM/SPRon WaggonerChevroletAustin-Healey11.52125.34mph
BM/SPRon Hadley ChevroletCorvette12.48114.64mph
CM/SP Sam CunninghamChevroletCorvette12.21114.94mph
DM/SPBill Waddill1961 Coventry15.2492.94mph
Middle EliminatorA/GS Willys
Little EliminatorDave Strickler A/FX 1963 Chevrolet
Junior EliminatorB/SR 1932 Ford

1964, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GSCadillac1933 Willys10.20138.88mph
B/GSJack MerkelChevrolet1937 Willys10.54134.53mph
C/GS Sam Jones (Moody & Jones) Chevrolet1937 Chevrolet11.70119.04mph
A/G Lutz & Lundberg ChevroletFord Anglia10.79131.19mph
B/GRon HasselChevrolet1940 Willys11.31121.29mph
C/GAlan TschidaChevrolet1940 Willys11.97113.63mph
D/GGene MoodyChevrolet1955 Chevrolet 12.33111.24mph
E/G Wes Edwdards Chevrolet1956 Chevrolet 13.25102.04mph
F/GChevrolet1955 Chevrolet 13.32102.01mph
G/G GMC1933 Plymouth12.54107.39mph
H/GDave DeYoungGMC1952 Chevrolet 14.7090.18mph
AA/SRHugh TuckerOldsmobile1928 Chevrolet11.03128.93mph
A/SRJan RiedelChevrolet1932 Ford11.38122.78mph
B/SR Loren McCombs Ford13.89 (no speed recorded)
C/SRStan YoungFordModel T13.29103.68mph
AAM/SPSam ParriottFord10.62132.93mph
AM/SP ChevroletDevin Trouble Maker10.62132.93mph
BM/SPNeil Mahr ChevroletAustin-Healey11.33123.95mph
A/MP Bill Flynn1964 Dodge 11.95119.36mph
B/MP Jess PlattChevrolet1957 Corvette12.12(no speed recorded)
C/MP Ralph Holloman 1955 Chevrolet13.26108.95mph
D/MP Hoefer Bros.1956 Chevrolet13.41(no speed recorded)
E/MP Pete McNichollChrysler slant 61933 Plymouth14.3193.07mph
Street Eliminator AM/SP Devin Trouble Maker

1965, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
A/GSDoug CookChrysler1941 Willys14.20116.53mph
B/GS Billy HoltChevrolet1933 Willys10.94128.2mph
C/GSVinnie TarantolaChevrolet1940 Willys11.45121.45mph
A/GCarl KirkChevroletFord Anglia10.60130.43mph
B/GJim OddyChevroletFord Anglia11.50116.58mph
C/G Zakia & ClarkChevrolet1955 Chevrolet12.45108.43mph
D/GThurman TaylorChevrolet1955 Chevrolet12.22112.5mph
E/GRay HausendoblerChevrolet1956 Chevrolet13.22104.77mph
F/GChevrolet1955 Chevrolet13.26105.67mph
G/GElroy Amundson Chevrolet13.06 (no speed recorded)
H/G Chevrolet1939 Chevrolet 13.9096.35mph
AAM/SP Don NoyesChevrolet10.52141.5mph
AM/SP Joe LunatiChevroletDevin Trouble Maker10.33138.24mph
BM/SP DodgeCorvette10.95126.4mph
AA/SRAl Dauernhelm Chrysler1929 Ford 10.32126.93mph
A/SRLawlis & Remy Dodge1923 Ford10.38133.33mph
B/SR Nick Nash Chevrolet1923 Ford11.96116.88mph
C/SRJoe Cunningham Chevrolet1923 Ford 12.77106.25mph
A/MP1965 Plymouth11.11130.24mph
B/MP Rufus BoswellChevrolet1939 Chevrolet 11.77118.11mph
C/MPRalph Ridgeway Chevrolet1956 Chevrolet12.67112.34mph
Street EliminatorFerd NapfelF/G 1955 Chevrolet

1966, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
AA/G 427 SOHC1933 Willys9.58153.58mph
BB/GBilly HoltChevrolet1941 Willys 10.97121.62mph
CC/GChevrolet1940 Willys 11.36124.3mph
A/G Dick WeinleChevrolet10.57130.62mph
B/GRon HassellChevroletFord Anglia10.74128.38mph
C/G Bill CarrollChevrolet1939 Willys11.25121.78mph
D/GHarry LuzaderChevrolet11.72114.06mph
E/GGene SchwartzChevrolet1951 Chevrolet12.98105.26mph
F/GGene MoodyChevrolet1955 Chevrolet13.28105.14mph
G/G Thomas Langdon Chevrolet12.34114.06mph
H/GChevrolet1939 Chevrolet13.6397.19mph
AA/SRHugh TuckerChrysler1928 Chevrolet9.75125.69 mph (202.28 km/h)
A/SR Jim ParsonsChrysler1927 Ford 10.16138.46mph
B/SR Howie NyeChevrolet1933 Plymouth 13.8476.2mph
C/SRT. J. Cunningham Chevrolet1923 Ford 11.80115.38mph
AAM/SPGuzman & Ward Chevrolet1958 MGA9.90141.4mph
AM/SPChevroletDevin Trouble Maker10.31139.96mph
BM/SP Bob Schaefer1966 Corvette 12.04120.64mph
CM/SPMarvin Sterling1959 Corvette11.60118.57mph
DM/SPDick Moroso1961 Corvette 13.32103.21mph
A/MPFred ShallcrossChevrolet1941 Willys11.40127.11mph
B/MPDave MostellerChevrolet1953 Corvette11.91116.27mph
C/MPJim GriffithChevrolet1957 Chevrolet12.4711.66mph
Street EliminatorAM/SP Devin Trouble Maker

1967, NHRA Nationals, Indianapolis Raceway Park

ClassEntrantEngineCar (year and make)Elapsed time (seconds)Trap speed
AA/G"Ohio George" Montgomery427 SOHC1933 Willys 8.92134.32mph
BB/G Joe Airoso Chevrolet1941 Willys 10.48133.92mph
CC/G Bill Lindner Chevrolet1937 Willys10.91129.12mph
A/GCarl KirkChevrolet9.96138.67mph
B/GBob RiffleChevrolet10.54128.22mph
C/GTony RussoChevrolet1941 Willys11.20119.6mph
D/GJim Rodriguez Chevrolet1956 Chevrolet11.64116.42mph
E/G Bob BlumChevrolet1950 Ford 12.51108.17mph
F/GFerd NapfelChevrolet1955 Chevrolet 12.88106.5mph
G/GDick BeckerFord11.42108.17mph
H/GDean Lowery12.8896.35mph
I/GBobby VaughnGMC1934 International14.71(no speed recorded)
AA/SRMickey HartChrysler1923 Ford 9.61152.02mph
A/SRLarry WeitzelDodge1923 Ford 9.84139.53mph
B/SRHowie NyeChevrolet1933 Plymouth11.28121.13mph
C/SRBuddy ShumazeChevrolet1923 Ford 18.18(no speed recorded)
AAM/SP Lou AbelChrysleSpecial9.40156.25mph
AM/SPDave KannersChevrolet1957 Corvette 9.55133.13mph
BM/SPBill ManningChevrolet10.63123.22mph

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Breitenstein, Jeff . Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary: A-Bombs to Zoomies . MotorBooks International . 978-1-61059-235-2 . 96–.
  2. Book: McClurg, Bob . Diggers, Funnies, Gassers and Altereds: Drag Racing's Golden Age . 2013 . CarTech . 978-1-61325-105-8 . 70–.
  3. Web site: Night at the Museum: Stone, Woods & Cook Willys . NHRA . 26 July 2016 . 23 May 2017.
  4. Web site: Saluting U.S. Nationals history: "Ohio George" Montgomery dominates early Nationals. Phil. Burgess. NHRA National Dragster. Editor. NHRA.
  5. Web site: Carol Cox: NHRA's first class winner . Phil . Burgess . NHRA . 4 May 2018 . 16 September 2018.
  6. Taylor, "Duel of the Duals" in Hot Rod, April 2017, p.11.