Gangs in New Zealand explained

There are numerous gangs in New Zealand, of varying criminality, organisation and ethnicity, including outlaw motorcycle gangs, street gangs and ethnically based gangs. A chapter of the Hells Angels motorcycle club was formed in Auckland in 1961, the first Hells Angels chapter outside the US. Soon after, the Mongrel Mob formed in Hastings and Wellington, developing into a predominantly Māori and Pacific Islander gang, and having the largest membership in the country. Through the 1960s and 1970s, other outlaw motorcycle clubs and ethnically based gangs formed, including another predominantly Māori gang, Black Power (not related to the African-American movement), which grew to rival the Mongrel Mob.

Overview

History

The New Zealand Police have distinguished between "New Zealand gangs" with predominantly Māori and Pacific Islander membership, outlaw motorcycle gangs and local street gangs.

New Zealand has had youth and street gangs since the 1950s, according to sociologist Jarrod Gilbert. By the 1970s, established gangs included Black Power, Mongrel Mob, Head Hunters and Barbarian Stormtroopers. Some had friends in high places, with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon partying at a Black Power pad in 1976 and Mayor of Wellington Michael Fowler stumping bail for seven of them after an altercation with the Mongrel Mob.[1] Organised crime gangs such as those that currently dominate in New Zealand mostly date from the 1970s. The Police named the three most prominent "New Zealand gangs" as Black Power, the Mongrel Mob, and the Nomads, as of 2007.[2] Examples of local street gangs in 2007 were the Junior Don Kings (JDK) and Dope Money Sex (DMS) of Auckland.[3]

'Gangsta' style gangs have been a presence in New Zealand since the early 1990s but individual gangs of this type are typically short lived.[2] New Zealand gangs have generally been heavily influenced by their American counterparts and have remained a significant social problem since 1990. Although Black Power takes its name from the black liberation movement of the same name, in many ways it and similar gangs are much more akin to white American motorcycle gangs such as the Hell's Angels. Since the early 1990s newer gangs have primarily been influenced by African American street gangs such as the Crips and Bloods.[4]

In December 2019, Stuff reported that returning New Zealand deportees from Australia had established local chapters of the Comanchero and Mongols biker gangs in New Zealand. Many of these gang members had been deported under Section 501 of the Australian Migration Act 1958, which has accelerated the deportation of criminal non-residents from Australia since 2015[5]

Gang patches

Some political leaders including the-then Māori Party co-leader Pita Sharples have called for gang patches to be made illegal.[6] [7] [8] In 2009 the Wanganui District Council voted to ban gang patches, but it was overturned following a judicial review instigated by the Hells Angels.[9] The council tried again in 2011, this time restricting the ban to just the central business district, malls and parks.[10] A law banning gang patches from government and public buildings was introduced in 2012 by National Party Member of Parliament (MP) Todd McClay.[11] Police welcomed the law,[12] but critics such as Mana Movement MP Hone Harawira claimed it was racist against Māori.[13] It was passed as the Prohibition of Gang Insignia in Government Premises Act 2013, and has been in force since August 2013.[14]

In February 2024, The Sixth National Government of New Zealand comprising the National Party, ACT Party and New Zealand First announced plans to ban Gang patches in public.[15] [16] [17]

Incarceration rates

Gang members account for a rapidly increasing proportion of incarcerations in New Zealand. A New Zealand Ministry of Justice study showed that in 1991 just under 80% of prison inmates had no gang history, and just over 90% had no current gang membership. Of the prison population, 4% were members of the Mongrel Mob and 4.3% former members, while 3.6% were current and 3.2% former members of Black Power. No other gang had more than one percent of the prison population.[18] A similar study in 2003 showed that 11.3% of prison inmates were gang members. Of these, 35% were Mongrel Mob and 33% Black Power, with no other individual gang having more than 5% of the imprisoned gang population.[19] As of April 2013, gang members and affiliates account for over 30% of inmates, with over 10% of New Zealand prisoners being Mongrel Mob members.[20]

Gang membership

According to the 2007 book Gangs by English journalist Ross Kemp, New Zealand had more gangs per head than any other country in the world,[21] with about seventy major gangs and over 4,000 patched members[22] in a population of 4 million people. In 2019 the Police recorded 6,500 patched or prospective gang members in the country, with the ten main gangs being the Head Hunters, Bandidos, Hells Angels, King Cobras, Black Power, Mongrel Mob, Tribesmen, Rebels, Devils Henchmen and Highway 61.[23]

In October 2019, Stuff reported that New Zealand gangs seemed to be recruiting members at a greater rate than the New Zealand Police. Between October 2017 and October 2019, the number of patched gang members and "prospects" had risen by 1,400 to an estimated total of 6,375. By comparison, the number of Police officers during that same period had increased by only 893. Stuff attributed the increase in gang membership to the return of deported "bikie gang" members from Australia, who had been deported under recent Australian anti-bikie gang legislation. In addition, the Mongrel Mob started a female chapter.[24]

By June 2021, there were 8,061 patched gang members on the Police Gang List, a 4,000 increase from 2016.[25] By November 2022, the number of gang members on the Gang Harm Insight Centre's Gang List had risen to 8,357; the highest number ever recorded in New Zealand history. While National Party police spokesperson Mark Mitchell claimed that the Labour Government's alleged "soft on crime" policies had contributed to a 56% increase in gang membership since 2017, Police Minister Chris Hipkins responded that the Police Gang List included people who had left the gangs or who were associates rather than formal gang members.[26]

Prominent gangs

Black Power

See main article: Black Power (New Zealand). Black Power was formed about 1970 in Wellington as the Black Bulls,[27] and its membership is primarily Māori and Pasifika. It has been involved with various kinds of crime, particularly drug dealing. Its symbol is the clenched fist of the American black power movement, and their colours are blue and black.

Nomads

See main article: New Zealand Nomads. In 1977 the Nomads split from Black Power.[28]

Head Hunters MC

See main article: Head Hunters MC. The Head Hunters motorcycle club is one of the fastest growing motorcycle clubs in the country. It has chapters in West Auckland, Wellsford, Northland and most recently Wellington and Christchurch after patching over the Epitaph Riders.[29] Its beginning is said to go back to 1967 and has been historically tied to West Auckland although it maintains a presence in Ellerslie through a senior member.[30] [31] In 2011 members of the motorcycle club in Wellington have patched over to become part of the Head Hunters motorcycle club.[32]

King Cobras

See main article: King Cobras (gang). The King Cobras are a Central Auckland-based gang[33] with its origins born out of the Polynesian Panthers in the early 1970s whose ranks are predominantly Pacific Islanders[34] but not exclusive of others. Their reputed turf is reported to stretch from the Downtown area to Māngere Papatoetoe and Manurewa.[35] The Cobras also have links and associations with activity in the far north Moerewa Whangārei and North Shore,[36] and an established presence in the Hutt Valley and the Wellington area.[37] The gang is also known to have a presence in Christchurch.[38]

In 2009 it was reported that members of the gang had been involved in a multimillion-dollar methamphetamine drug ring organised within Paremoremo Prison, and previously ran another large drug ring along with the Head Hunters.[39] The Cobras maintained a headquarters in Ponsonby up until August 2011 as they are reported to be shifting premises.[33] [40]

Bandidos MC

See main article: Bandidos Motorcycle Club. In 2012, the notorious worldwide Motorcycle Club known as the Bandidos set up in South Auckland[41] and later established a second chapter in Christchurch.[42] The Bandidos have gone on to establish prospect chapters in Dunedin and Invercargill.[43] [44]

Hells Angels MC

See main article: Hells Angels. The Hells Angels motorcycle club founded a chapter in Auckland in 1961 and has since taken over gangs in Whanganui. New Zealand had the first chapter of the Hells Angels outside the US.[22]

In 2011 the club made headlines when it tried to register a lottery.[45] It made headlines again in late 2015 when it shutdown Nelson's long-standing Lost Breed MC to stamp its mark on the city.[46]

Highway 61 MC

See main article: Highway 61 Motorcycle Club.

The Highway 61 motorcycle club was founded in 1968 and was the largest outlaw motorcycle club in New Zealand during the 1980s, 90s up until 2010.[47] It has chapters in Auckland, Hastings, Rotorua, Northland, Wellington and Christchurch, and by 2008 had expanded into Brisbane, Sydney and the Gold Coast in eastern Australia.[48] They are mainly European and Māori in descent.

Mongrel Mob

See main article: Mongrel Mob. The Mongrel Mob was formed and organised in Hastings and Wellington in the early 1960s. Originally consisting of Pākehā youth, it became primarily Māori and Pacific Islander, like its Black Power rivals. The gang has been active in organised crime and has been involved in several murders. Its symbol is a bulldog wearing a German Stahlhelm helmet, and the gang makes use of other Nazi imagery. Their colours are red and black. The Mongrel Mob is currently the largest gang in New Zealand.[49]

Rebels MC

See main article: Rebels Motorcycle Club. In 2010 members of the Australian motorcycle club the Rebels have announced they will be establishing a presence in New Zealand in 2011. Rebels MC members have been sighted wearing their patches in various places throughout the North Island in early 2011.[50]

Road Knights MC

See main article: Road Knights Motorcycle Club. The Road Knights motorcycle club operates in the South Island.[51] They are based in Invercargill, Timaru and Dunedin.[52]

Rock Machine MC

See main article: Rock Machine. At the beginning of 2014, members of the Canadian motorcycle club the Rock Machine established a Nomad chapter in New Zealand. In August of the same year they publicly announced they had established a second chapter in Christchurch.[53]

Tribesmen MC

See main article: Tribesmen Motorcycle Club. The Tribesmen is a prominently Māori motorcycle club formed in the 1980s in Ōtara, they have a presence in South Auckland and as far south as Rotorua[54] and Murupara.[55] The Tribesmen are also rivals with the Mongrel Mob.[56]

Killer Beez

See main article: Killer Beez. The Tribesmen have a feeder youth street gang called Killer Beez (sometimes Killer Bees, Killabeez, or KBZ),[57] possibly a reference to the hip hop group Killa Beez, a name given to Wu-Tang Clan affiliates who also wear yellow and black.[58] Killer Beez was headed by Josh Masters,[59] formerly a vice-president of the Tribesmen gang. Masters was one of 44 people from both gangs arrested in a police swoop in May 2008. In total, 60 Killer Beez members were arrested in an operation[60] that involved 110,000 intercepted messages.[61] Charges included supplying methamphetamine, conspiracy to supply methamphetamine and money laundering. Masters pleaded guilty but as of October 2011 was fighting to have that overturned.[62] [63]

In 2011 Vila Lemanu was the most senior Killer Beez member not in prison, he was on the run for several months[64] before having his conviction quashed by the Court of Appeal and a new trial ordered.[65]

The Killer Beez controlled the record label Colourway Records[66] until all its assets were seized in 2008.[67]

Red Devils MC

The Red Devils Motorcycle Club has a presence in Mount Eden along with strong ties to the Hells Angels. In 2012 the club was involved in a high-profile anti-drug operation which later fell apart under heavy scrutiny in court. A range of charges laid against twenty one club members and associates were stayed, and later dropped altogether, in the belief that police had committed a "gross abuse of process" in posing as court officials to obtain a fake arrest warrant. The case against the club was officially dropped in early 2015 with the final charges dismissed on 1 July. Police now believe that the Nelson chapter has become a full-fledged prospect chapter of the Hells Angels.[68] [69] [70] [71]

Other gangs

Motorcycle gangs

Race-based gangs

Street/youth gangs

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Trust: A true story of Women and Gangs. Pip Desmond. 2009. Page 26
  2. Web site: New Zealand Police Criminal Investigation Branch: Organised Crime. https://web.archive.org/web/20070113084646/http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/organised_crime.html . 13 January 2007.
  3. News: Gang pack rapes random, alcohol-fuelled . Gower . Patrick . Patrick Gower . 20 August 2007 . . 15 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20221231054101/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/gang-pack-rapes-random-alcohol-fuelled/PED6237UQUFRG626ANIA5QTEJQ/. 31 December 2022. live.
  4. News: Bash, bling and blood . Gower, Patrick . 20 August 2007 . . 15 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231054459/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/bash-bling-and-blood/25LJETK5S7USCLQKYRT35SUGCM/ . 31 December 2022. live .
  5. News: Vance . Andrea . Ensor . Blair . McGregor . Iain . Con Air: Flying to New Zealand in handcuffs . 3 May 2022 . . December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021645/https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/chapter-two/ . 16 March 2021. live.
  6. News: Sharples calls for tougher line on gang problems . Berry, Ruth . 29 January 2007 . . 30 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160609235743/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/gangs/news/article.cfm?c_id=217&objectid=10421380. 9 June 2016. dead.
  7. News: Sharples' gangs call divides opinions . Young, Audrey . 30 January 2007 . . 30 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051841/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/sharples-gangs-call-divides-opinions/HEAI5WJH3LRCDUZEYFCJTKUOYQ/?c_id=1&objectid=10421449. 31 December 2022. live.
  8. News: Gang patches could be banned nationwide . Lundy, Sharon . 5 March 2007 . . . 30 September 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20221231052231/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/gang-patches-could-be-banned-nationwide/ILEPNH4SHVGX2AIL6IX6TN7JOU/. 31 December 2022. live.
  9. News: Wanganui to try new gang patch ban bylaw. 3 News. 14 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423044321/http://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/wanganui-to-try-new-gang-patch-ban-bylaw-2011031418. 23 April 2016. live.
  10. News: Whanganui amends gang patch bylaw. 3 News. 20 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160324101125/http://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/whanganui-amends-gang-patch-bylaw-2011122022. 24 March 2016. live.
  11. News: Gang patch bill set to pass. . 29 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091900/http://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/gang-patch-bill-set-to-pass-2012082907. 12 February 2017. live.
  12. News: Gang patch outlawing welcomed by police. 3 News. 7 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091659/http://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/gang-patch-outlawing-welcomed-by-police-2012110712. 12 February 2017. live.
  13. News: Harawira: Proposed gang patches ban 'racist' . The New Zealand Herald. 22 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20221231055552/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/harawira-proposed-gang-patches-ban-racist/TZAVTLEAYOOXUCS4XWH6R5RWIA/?c_id=1&objectid=10828679. 31 December 2022. live.
  14. Web site: Nash . Stuart . Prohibition on display of gang patches . 22 August 2018 . Beehive.govt.nz . New Zealand Government. 5 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212219/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/prohibition-display-gang-patches. 11 November 2020. live.
  15. https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/02/25/govt-says-police-commissioner-100-onboard-with-new-anti-gang-laws/
  16. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/510112/new-law-to-give-police-courts-greater-powers-in-gang-crackdown#:~:text=Gang%20patches%20will%20be%20banned,September%20during%20National's%20election%20campaigning.
  17. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/gang-crackdown-government-to-introduce-legislation-to-ban-gang-insignia-in-public-places-and-gathering-in-groups/YBGMXBKGNBDHJOTCCKPKGCCOHA/
  18. Web site: Ministry of Justice – Census of Prison Inmates 1991. 31 July 2023.
  19. Web site: Corrections Department – Gang Membership.. 31 July 2023. 28 October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071028173121/http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/research/census/2003/gang-membership/index.html. dead.
  20. Web site: LA-style gangs fuel problems in NZ prisons. 8 June 2013.
  21. Book: Kemp, Ross. Gangs. 978-0-7181-5328-1. 2007. 45.
  22. Kemp, p 50
  23. News: Gangbusters: patches on the rise as NZ gang scene 'revitalised' . Anna . Leask . The New Zealand Herald . 15 August 2019 . 15 August 2019.
  24. News: Police struggling to keep pace with evolution of New Zealand gangs. Steve. Elers. . 18 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120072619/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/116682183/police-struggling-to-keep-pace-with-evolution-of-new-zealand-gangs. 20 November 2021. live.
  25. News: Gang numbers have nearly doubled in five years, police say . . 2 December 2021 . Bernadette . Basagre.
  26. News: Maher . Rachel . New Zealand records highest ever number of gang members, grew by 338 in two months . 4 January 2023 . . 22 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103005814/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealand-records-highest-ever-number-of-gang-members-grew-by-338-in-two-months/RZZOGMWYENDEJEXMK44IWURA64/ . 3 January 2023. live.
  27. News: Gang Land . Salient . salient.org.nz . Tristan . Egarr . 14 July 2008 . 5 December 2010 . 11 September 2012 . https://archive.today/20120911234716/http://salient.org.nz/features/gang-land . dead .
  28. Web site: The New Zealand Edge : Hot : Nga Kupu Aroha - Words of Love : www.nzedge.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20071227164723/http://www.nzedge.com/features/ar-denis01.html. dead. 2007-12-27. 27 December 2007. 31 July 2023.
  29. News: Head Hunters set up Christchurch gang pad . Blair . Ensor . 20 November 2015 . Stuff.
  30. News: Bridget Saunders: Fight night at the Headhunters' HQ . The Sunday Star-Times. 11 May 2008. 15 January 2009.
  31. News: Schoolgirls pay to party at gang HQ . 15 August 2003 . . 30 September 2011.
  32. News: Carl Bradley: NZ street gangs are facing an influx of Australian outlaw bikers. The New Zealand Herald. 8 February 2019. Carl. Bradley.
  33. News: Exodus for weakened Cobras . Hurley, Bevan . 7 August 2011 . . 30 September 2011.
  34. Encyclopedia: Newbold . Greg . Taonui . Rawiri . Māori gangs and Pacific youth gangs . . 27 February 2024 . 2 October 2018.
  35. News: Dope houses low on police hit-list . Taylor, Phil . 15 November 2003 . . 30 September 2011.
  36. https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174058/http://www.3news.co.nz/Wanted-man-apprehended-in-Glenfield-house/tabid/423/articleID/168805/Default.aspx 3 News
  37. Web site: King Cobras gang in Wellington – police. 14 April 2013.
  38. Web site: King Cobras boss arrested as part of fake motorbike licence investigation . Stuff NZ. October 2021 .
  39. Web site: Five jailed after lengthy drug trial – National News TVNZ. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150129222414/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/209992/2539670/article.html. 2015-01-29.
  40. News: Millionaire prisoner involved in drug ring . Fisher, David . 11 January 2009 . . 30 September 2011.
  41. Web site: Motorcycle Gangs. Gangscene. https://web.archive.org/web/20200114162226/https://gangscene.co.nz/gangscene-new-zealand-motorcycle-gangs-omcg.html. 14 January 2020.
  42. Web site: Bandidos move on Christchurch's patch. 14 January 2014.
  43. Web site: Bandidos gang claims big presence in south. 21 February 2014.
  44. Web site: Bandidos set up Dunedin chapter. 11 February 2014.
  45. Web site: Hells Angels pursue rejected lottery plan . stuff.co.nz . 2011 . . 30 October 2011.
  46. Web site: Hells Angels overthrows Lost Breed motorcycle gang in Nelson. January 2016.
  47. Encyclopedia: Newbold . Greg . Taonui . Rāwiri . Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Gangs – Motorcycle and white supremacist gangs . 13 October 2013 . 13 July 2012 .
  48. Web site: Highway 61 bikies dig in at Yatala . https://web.archive.org/web/20080130135506/http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2008/01/28/7178_gold-coast-top-story.html . dead . 30 January 2008 . goldcoast.com.au . 28 January 2008.
  49. Kemp, pp 47–71
  50. News: Kiwi police ready to fight Aussie gangs . 28 January 2011 . . . 30 September 2011.
  51. Web site: Gang tensions on knife edge. The Southland Times. 20 June 2008. Dyland. Thorne. 3 July 2008.
  52. Web site: Motorcycle Gang Locations. Stokes. Cam. GangScene. 29 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20110724192738/http://www.gangscene.co.nz/gangscene-gang-clothing.html. 24 July 2011.
  53. News: New gang 'loud and proud'. 24 August 2013. stuff. 6 December 2021.
  54. News: Rotorua man jailed for bar robbery . The New Zealand Herald. A Rotorua man was jailed for more than seven years today for his role in the armed robbery of a bar two years ago. . 8 October 2011 . 15 August 2011.
  55. News: Murupara cursed by gang violence – Judge. 3 News. 12 December 2011. 18 November 2013. 1 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174159/http://www.3news.co.nz/Murupara-cursed-by-gang-violence---Judge/tabid/423/articleID/236255/Default.aspx. dead.
  56. News: King . Andrew . Tribesmen migrate south and motor straight into trouble . 24 April 2019 . Star.kiwi . 9 December 2017 . 24 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190424065903/https://www.star.kiwi/2017/12/tribesmen-migrate-south-motor-straight-trouble/ . dead .
  57. News: Gang's NZ offsiders have notched up 170 years' jail time. The New Zealand Herald. The Tribesmen have been weakened by successful police operations targeting the drug dealing of the gang and feeder gang the Killer Beez. . 8 October 2011 . Jared . Savage . 12 February 2011.
  58. Web site: New Zealand Parliament – Young people and gangs in New Zealand . parliament.nz . 2011 . Publicity has surrounded the Killer Beez (KB), an affiliated criminal youth gang. Originally formed in Otara in 2003 to provide recruits to the Tribesmen gang, the KB identifying colours are yellow and black. . 8 October 2011.
  59. News: Killer Beez boss to have his say in court. 25 May 2012. Fairfax New Zealand. Kirsty. Johnston.
  60. News: Out in force on the mean streets . The New Zealand Herald . But in 2008 police smashed both gangs wide open with a six-month cannabis and methamphetamine sting operation that arrested 60 Killer Beez members and put many of the gang's leaders in jail. . 8 October 2011 . Andrew . Laxon . 2 July 2011.
  61. News: Police bugs track 110,000 gang messages . The New Zealand Herald. 2011 . Police intercepted more than 110,000 phone and text messages between the Killer Beez and Tribesmen gang members during a major three-month drug operation in South Auckland and the Waikato. . 8 October 2011 . Tony . Stickley.
  62. Web site: Gang boss badly beaten in prison . stuff.co.nz . 2011 . 8 October 2011.
  63. News: Killer Beez boss seeks to have guilty plea revoked . Edward . Gay . The New Zealand Herald . 28 September 2011 . 8 October 2011.
  64. Web site: Killer Beez boss on the run . Michael . Fox . Stuff . 7 October 2011 . Constable Louis Solia of Otara police said Lemanu was probably the most senior Killer Beez member on the street and warned he should not be approached. . 9 October 2011.
  65. Web site: Vila Lemanu | Bag-snatch Co-Accused Sentence Quashed . Stuff . 2011 . In August, the Court of Appeal quashed Shadrock's murder conviction and ordered a re-trial which is due to take place at the High Court in Auckland next June. . 12 December 2011.
  66. Web site: New Zealand Parliament – Crimes Amendment Bill, Local Government Amendment Bill, Sentencing Amendment Bill (No 3) — Third Readings . parliament.nz . 2011 . I ask members to consider a gang called the Killer Beez. It has its own hip-hop record label called Colourway Records. What does it do? It makes music videos—recruitment advertisements for gangs, thinly disguised as music videos, that are played on mainstream . 8 October 2011.
  67. News: 44 in dock after drug raids . The New Zealand Herald. 2011 . During the operation, police seized $200,000 in cash, 538g of pure methamphetamine with a street value of more than $500,000, nearly 400g of cannabis, 15 vehicles under the Proceeds of Crimes Act, 12 firearms and all the assets from the business premises of Colourway Records in Otara. . 8 October 2011.
  68. News: Further fallout from police gang blunder – National – NZ Herald News . The New Zealand Herald . 25 October 2012.
  69. News: Judgement of Simon France. High Court of New Zealand. 2012-10-24.
  70. Web site: Graham McCready to prosecute police for misconduct in Red Devils case. 2015-06-16. 2015-10-26. Jonathan. Carson. Stuff.
  71. Web site: Nelson bikie gang becomes Hell's Angels chapter. 10 July 2023 .
  72. Web site: Devil's Henchman denies killing Lisa Blakie. 10 July 2023 .
  73. News: Rebels move into Devils Henchmen headquarters in Timaru. Timaru Herald. 8 May 2023. Brooke. Black. Yashas. Srinivasa.
  74. News: Council buys Timaru gang pad, begins demolition amid tensions. Brooke. Black. Timaru Herald. 16 May 2023.
  75. News: How Devils Henchmen outwitted pad-raiding Rebels MC rivals – and pocketed $1m-plus in the process. New Zealand Herald. Kurt. Bayer. 27 May 2023. subscription.
  76. Web site: Armed drug raid on city gang pad. Vass. Beck. 14 March 2007 . Bay of Plenty Times. 16 May 2009.
  77. News: "Greasy Dogs" among gangs hit in crackdown. Newstalk ZB. 16 March 2007. https://archive.today/20070815085048/http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=114130. dead. 15 August 2007.
  78. Joe Harawira: the emergence of a matauranga Maori environmentalist. Dannielle Moewai. Jaram. MAI Review. 2009. 1. 4. 8 September 2009.
  79. Web site: Taranaki slaying key to gang law – author. 26 March 2013.
  80. News: 'We'll keep calm and carry on' Magogs gear up for street party. Stuff . March 2014.
  81. Web site: Magogs target in police gang raids. 3 November 2011.
  82. Web site: Link to US gang as Outlaws settle here. 10 July 2023 .
  83. Web site: Newtown: Eight Gangs Living in Suburb . Shane . Cowlishaw . The Dominion-Post . 9 May 2012 . 22 June 2012.
  84. Web site: Xin Xin's family flee over Triad gang threat . Meng-Yee, Carolyne . 17 August 2008 . . 14 September 2011.
  85. Web site: Drug crusader admits threat to pharmacist . https://web.archive.org/web/20121012190037/http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/54716. 12 Oct 2012. 7 August 2007. Waikato Times. 16 May 2009.
  86. News: Reports of Tribal Huk gang members chasing man with knife leads to arrests . Yalden . Phillipa . 2018-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180913001028/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/106984054/reports-of-tribal-huk-gang-members-chasing-man-with-knife-leads-to-arrests . 13 Sep 2018 . 2024-01-23 . Stuff.co.nz. live.
  87. Web site: Jurassic Roar. August 2008. 1 September 2009.
  88. News: Gang pack rapes random, alcohol-fuelled. Patrick. Gower. The New Zealand Herald. 20 August 2007.
  89. Web site: Nga Kupu Aroha/Words of Love. 1 September 2009.
  90. Web site: Nga Kupu Aroha/Words of Love. 1 September 2009.
  91. News: Residents share tales of terror from youth gangs in 'dead-end' street . Collins, Simon . 31 January 2007 . . 30 September 2011.
  92. News: Peace talk starts small in the neighbourhood . Boyes, Nicola . 31 October 2005 . . 29 September 2011.

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