Gamma-synuclein explained

Gamma-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCG gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Synuclein-gamma is a member of the synuclein family of proteins, which are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. High levels of SNCG have been identified in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development.^[3] Gamma-synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina.^[4] It is also detected in the brain, ovarian tumors, and in the olfactory epithelium. Gamma-synuclein is the least conserved of the synuclein proteins.^[5]

Gamma-Synucleins expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression^[6] as mammalian gamma-synuclein was first identified as breast cancer-specific gene 1 (BCSG1). A change in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been observed in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The normal cellular function of gamma-synuclein remains unknown.^[4]

Interactions

Gamma-synuclein has been shown to interact with BUB1B.^[7]

See also

• Synuclein

Further reading

• George JM . The synucleins . Genome Biol. . 3 . 1 . REVIEWS3002 . 2002 . 11806835 . 10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002. 150459 . free .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Lavedan C, Leroy E, Dehejia A, etal . Identification, localization and characterization of the human gamma-synuclein gene . Hum. Genet. . 103 . 1 . 106–12 . 1998 . 9737786 . 10.1007/s004390050792 . 23292937 .
• Buchman VL, Hunter HJ, Pinõn LG, etal . Persyn, a member of the synuclein family, has a distinct pattern of expression in the developing nervous system . J. Neurosci. . 18 . 22 . 9335–41 . 1998 . 9801372 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09335.1998. 6792889 .
• Lavedan C, Buchholtz S, Auburger G, etal . Absence of mutation in the beta- and gamma-synuclein genes in familial autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease . DNA Res. . 5 . 6 . 401–2 . 1999 . 10048491 . 10.1093/dnares/5.6.401 . free .
• Surguchov A, Surgucheva I, Solessio E, Baehr W . Synoretin--A new protein belonging to the synuclein family . Mol. Cell. Neurosci. . 13 . 2 . 95–103 . 1999 . 10192768 . 10.1006/mcne.1999.0735 . 25249400 .
• Duda JE, Shah U, Arnold SE, etal . The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins in olfactory mucosa from patients with and without neurodegenerative diseases . Exp. Neurol. . 160 . 2 . 515–22 . 2000 . 10619569 . 10.1006/exnr.1999.7228 . 54240371 . free .
• Souza JM, Giasson BI, Lee VM, Ischiropoulos H . Chaperone-like activity of synucleins . FEBS Lett. . 474 . 1 . 116–9 . 2000 . 10828462 . 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01563-5 . 41596616 .
• Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL . Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 34 . 26515–22 . 2000 . 10852916 . 10.1074/jbc.M003542200 . free .
• Galvin JE, Schuck TM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ . Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra . Exp. Neurol. . 168 . 2 . 347–55 . 2001 . 11259122 . 10.1006/exnr.2000.7615 . 53271482 .
• Surguchov A, Palazzo RE, Surgucheva I . Gamma synuclein: subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction . Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton . 49 . 4 . 218–28 . 2002 . 11746666 . 10.1002/cm.1035 .
• Uversky VN, Li J, Souillac P, etal . Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 14 . 11970–8 . 2002 . 11812782 . 10.1074/jbc.M109541200 . free .
• Lu A, Zhang F, Gupta A, Liu J . Blockade of AP1 transactivation abrogates the abnormal expression of breast cancer-specific gene 1 in breast cancer cells . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 35 . 31364–72 . 2002 . 12072430 . 10.1074/jbc.M201060200 . free .
• Pan ZZ, Bruening W, Giasson BI, etal . Gamma-synuclein promotes cancer cell survival and inhibits stress- and chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis by modulating MAPK pathways . J. Biol. Chem. . 277 . 38 . 35050–60 . 2002 . 12121974 . 10.1074/jbc.M201650200 . free .
• Li QX, Campbell BC, McLean CA, etal . Platelet alpha- and gamma-synucleins in Parkinson's disease and normal control subjects . J. Alzheimer's Dis. . 4 . 4 . 309–15 . 2003 . 12446933 . 10.3233/jad-2002-4406.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .

Notes and References

1. Ji H, Liu YE, Jia T, Wang M, Liu J, Xiao G, Joseph BK, Rosen C, Shi YE . Identification of a breast cancer-specific gene, BCSG1, by direct differential cDNA sequencing . Cancer Res . 57 . 4 . 759–64 . Mar 1997 . 9044857 .
2. Ninkina NN, Alimova-Kost MV, Paterson JW, Delaney L, Cohen BB, Imreh S, Gnuchev NV, Davies AM, Buchman VL . Organization, expression and polymorphism of the human persyn gene . Hum Mol Genet . 7 . 9 . 1417–24 . Oct 1998 . 9700196 . 10.1093/hmg/7.9.1417 . free .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: SNCG synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1).
4. 11806835 . vanc. George . 150459 . JM. 10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002 . The synucleins . Genome Biology . 3 . 1 . 2002 . REVIEWS3002 . free .
5. Lavedan . C. . vanc . 1998 . The synuclein family . Genome Res. . 8 . 9. 871–880 . 9750188 . 10.1101/gr.8.9.871. free .
6. Bruening . W . Giasson . BI . Klein-Szanto . AJ . Lee . VM . Trojanowski . JQ . Godwin . AK. . vanc . 2000 . Synucleins are expressed in the majority of breast and ovarian carcinomas and in preneoplastic lesions of the ovary . Cancer . 88 . 9. 2154–2163 . 10813729 . 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2154::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-9. free .
7. Gupta . Anu . Inaba Satoru . Wong Oi Kwan . Fang Guowei . Liu Jingwen . Oct 2003 . Breast cancer-specific gene 1 interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1 . Oncogene . 22 . 48 . 7593–9 . England. 0950-9232. 14576821 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1206880 . free .