Potential enlargement of the European Union explained

There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.[1] Kosovo (the independence of which is not recognised by five EU member states) formally submitted its application for membership in 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union. Due to multiple factors, talks with Turkey are at an effective standstill since December 2016.

Six candidates are currently engaged in active negotiations: Montenegro (since 2012), Serbia (since 2014), Albania (since 2020), North Macedonia (since 2020), Moldova and Ukraine (since 2024). The most advanced stage of the negotiations, defined as meeting the interim benchmarks for negotiation chapter 23 and 24 which allow the closing process of all negotiation chapters to start, has so far only been reached by Montenegro.[2] Montenegro's declared political goal is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028.[3]

The accession criteria are included in the Copenhagen criteria, agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49). Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any "European state" that respects the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is subject to political assessment by the EU institutions.[4] Past enlargement since the foundation of the European Union as the European Economic Community by the Inner Six states in 1958[5] brought total membership of the EU to twenty-eight, although as a result of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, the current number of EU member states is twenty-seven.

Of the four major western European countries that are not EU members, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland have submitted membership applications in the past but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them, while the United Kingdom is a former member. Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, as well as Liechtenstein, participate in the EU Single Market and also in the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU; none, however, are in the EU Customs Union.

Current agenda and applicants

The present enlargement agenda of the European Union regards three distinct groups of states:

These states must negotiate the terms of their EU accession with the current member states, and align their domestic legislation with EU law before joining.

There are other states in Europe that either seek membership or could potentially apply if their present foreign policy changes or the EU gives a signal that they might now be included on the enlargement agenda. However, these are not formally part of the current agenda, which is already delayed due to bilateral disputes in the Balkans and difficulty in fully implementing the acquis communautaire (the accepted body of EU law).

It was previously the norm for enlargements to see multiple entrants join the Union at once. The only previous enlargements of a single state were the 1981 admission of Greece and the 2013 admission of Croatia. However, the EU members have warned that, following the significant effect of the fifth enlargement in 2004, a more individual approach will be adopted in the future, although the entry of pairs or small groups of countries will most probably coincide.[6]

Procedure to become an EU member state

For an applicant to become a member state of the EU, several procedural steps needs to get passed. These steps will move the status of the state from applicant (potential candidate) to candidate, and later again to a negotiating candidate. The status as a negotiating candidate is reached by the mutual signing of a negotiation framework at a first intergovernmental conference. The start of substantial negotiations with the EU, is subsequently marked by the opening of the first negotiating chapters at a second intergovernmental conference. Every 35 chapters of the accepted body of EU law (divided into 6 clusters) must be opened and closed during subsequent additional intergovernmental conferences, for a state to conclude the negotiations by the signing of an accession treaty.

After a reform in 2020, the 35 chapters have been divided into six main clusters, where all chapters of the first cluster are supposed to be opened together at the same time. The opening of chapters, can only happen by a unanimous decision by the Council of the European Union once the screening procedure has been completed for the specific chapters in concern (by a report outlining which legislative changes are needed), while there can also be set some "opening benchmarks" requiring a certain amount of legislative changes/implementation to be met even before the opening of the chapter. The closure of a chapter, is done provisionally by a unanimous decision by the Council of the European Union once the state demonstrates to have implemented and aligned their domestic legislation with the EU law, for each specific chapter in concern.

There are no requirement for completion of the screening procedure for all 35 negotiating chapters, before the start of the first and second intergovernmental conference.[7]

Western Balkans

See also: Strategy for the Western Balkans and Yugoslavia–European Communities relations.

The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set the integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion. This commitment was made in order to stabilise the region in the wake of the Yugoslav Wars, a series of ethnic wars through the 1990s that led to the break-up of Yugoslavia.

Slovenia was the first former Yugoslav country to join the EU in 2004, followed by Croatia in 2013.

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia have all been officially granted candidate status.[8] [9] Kosovo, which is claimed by Serbia and not recognised by 5 EU states, applied on 14 December 2022 and is considered a potential candidate by the European Union.[10]

Serbia and Montenegro, the most advanced candidates in their negotiation processes with the EU, may join the EU sometime between 2025 and 2030.[11] [12] [13] Montenegro's declared political goal is to achieve membership of the EU by 2028.[3]

The European Council had endorsed starting negotiations with Albania and North Macedonia on 26 March 2020,[14] however, the negotiation process was blocked by Bulgaria for over two years.[15] In June 2022 French President Emmanuel Macron submitted a compromise proposal which, if adopted by both countries, would pave the way for the immediate adoption of negotiating frameworks for North Macedonia and Albania by the EU Council and for the organization of intergovernmental conferences with them.[16] On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved the revised French proposal to lift the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia, with the Assembly of North Macedonia also doing so on 16 July 2022 allowing accession negotiations to begin. On the same day, the start of negotiations was set for 19 July 2022.[17]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission adopted a new Growth Plan for the Western Balkans, with the aim of bringing them closer to the EU through offering some of the benefits of EU membership to the region in advance of accession. The Growth Plan provides €6 billion financial grants and loans for the entire region in return of implementation of structural reforms. Beside the core financial support of the growth plan, one of the additional embedded priority actions is granting access to the Single Euro Payments Area.[18]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended opening negotiations with Bosnia once the necessary degree of compliance with the membership criteria is achieved. On 12 March 2024, the European Commission recommended opening EU membership negotiations with Bosnia, citing the positive results from important reforms the country enacted.[19] [20] [21] On 21 March 2024, all 27 EU leaders, representing the European Council, gathered for a summit in Brussels, where they unanimously approved opening EU membership negotiations for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[22] [23]

Association Trio

See main article: Association Trio.

See also: Accession of Georgia to the European Union, Accession of Moldova to the European Union and Accession of Ukraine to the European Union.

In 2005, the European Commission suggested in a strategy paper that the present enlargement agenda could potentially block the possibility of a future accession of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.[24] Olli Rehn, the European Commissioner for Enlargement between 2004 and 2010, said on the occasion that the EU should "avoid overstretching our capacity, and instead consolidate our enlargement agenda," adding, "this is already a challenging agenda for our accession process."[25]

Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine ratified an Association Agreement with the EU, and the European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective, can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights."[26] They also entered the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU, which creates "framework for modernising [...] trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors" of their economies with EU standards.[27] However, the EU did not expand further into the post-Soviet space in the 2010s.[28]

By January 2021, Georgia and Ukraine were preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024.[29] [30] [31] However, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine submitted an application for EU membership on 28 February 2022, followed by Georgia and Moldova on 3 March 2022.[32] [33] On 23 June 2022, the European Council granted candidate status to Moldova and Ukraine, and recognized Georgia as a potential candidate for membership. When taking its candidacy decision for Ukraine and Moldova, the Council made opening the accession negotiations conditional to addressing respectively seven and nine key areas related to strengthening the rule of law, fighting corruption and improving governance processes.

In his speech in Moldova on 28 March 2023, President of the European Council Charles Michel mentioned that "by the end of the year, the Council will have to decide on the opening negotiations with [Ukraine and Moldova]. It will be a political decision taking into account the report that will be published by the Commission. And I sincerely hope that a positive decision will be possible by the end of the year".[34]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended opening negotiations with Moldova and Ukraine, and granting candidate status to Georgia, and this was agreed by the European Council on 14 December 2023.[35]

On 25 June 2024, the first Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was called by the Belgian Presidency of the Council of the EU, officially marking the start of the accession negotiations with Moldova and Ukraine.[36]

The Association Trio is sometimes expanded to the Trio + 1 with the inclusion of Armenia, which is not formally on the EU's enlargement agenda but is considering submitting an application for membership.

On 9 July 2024, following the adaptation of a law by Georgia's ruling Georgian Dream party requiring non-governmental and media entities to register as "foreign agents", the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that it had suspended the country's accession to the bloc.[37] [38]

Turkey

See also: Accession of Turkey to the European Union and European Union–Turkey relations.

Turkey's candidacy to join the EU has been a matter of major significance and considerable controversy since it was granted in 1999. Turkey has had historically close ties with the EU, having an association agreement since 1964,[39] being in a customs union with the EU since 1995 and initially applying to join in 1987. Only after a summit in Brussels on 17 December 2004 (following the major 2004 enlargement) did the European Council announce that membership negotiations with Turkey were officially opened on 3 October 2005.

Turkey is the eleventh largest economy in the world (measured as Purchasing Power Parity), and is a key regional power.[40] [41] In 2006, Carl Bildt, former Swedish foreign minister, stated that "[The accession of Turkey] would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe."[42] However, others, such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and former German Chancellor Angela Merkel, expressed opposition to Turkey's membership. Opponents argue that Turkey does not respect the key principles that are expected in a liberal democracy, such as the freedom of expression.[43]

Turkey's large population would also alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 84 million inhabitants would bestow it the largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament. It would become the most populous country in the EU.[44] Another problem is that Turkey does not recognise one EU member state, Cyprus, because of the Cyprus problem and the Cypriot government blocks some chapters of Turkey's talks.

Turkey's relations with the EU have seriously deteriorated in the aftermath of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and subsequent purges.[45] [46] On 26 July 2016, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker announced that Turkey's EU membership process would come to an end if the death penalty was reinstated in Turkey.[47] On 24 November 2016, the European Parliament approved a non-binding resolution calling for the "temporary freeze of the ongoing accession negotiations with Turkey" over human rights and rule of law concerns.[48] [49] [50] On 6 July 2017, the European Parliament accepted the call for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[51] On 13 December, the European Council (comprising the heads of state or government of the member states) resolved that it would open no new areas in Turkey's membership talks in the "prevailing circumstances",[52] as Turkey's path toward autocratic rule made progress on EU accession impossible.[53] On 13 March 2019, the European Parliament accepted the call for a halt to the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[54] As of 2022, and especially following Erdoğan's victory in the constitutional referendum, Turkish accession talks are effectively at a standstill.[55] [56] [57]

In July 2023, Erdoğan brought up Turkey's accession to EU membership up in the context of Sweden's application for NATO membership.[58] However, in September 2023, he announced that the European Union was well into a rupture in its relations with Turkey and that they could part ways during Turkey's European Union membership process.[59]

Summary table

StateStatus[60] Chapters
opened		Chapters
closed		Latest stepsNext step

Candidate negotiating
33/33[61] 3/33Screening completed for all negotiating chapters in June 2013.[62] First chapters opened in December 2012.Every chapter must be closed to conclude the negotiations.

Candidate negotiating
22/34[63] 2/34Screening completed for all negotiating chapters in March 2015.[64] First chapters opened in December 2015.Every chapter must be opened and closed to conclude the negotiations.

Candidate negotiating
0/33[65] 0/33Screening completed for all negotiating chapters in November 2023.[66] The opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference. Every chapter must be opened and closed to conclude the negotiations.

Candidate negotiating
0/33[67] 0/33Screening completed for all negotiating chapters in December 2023.The opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference will not begin until the opening phase has been completed, which according to the Council conclusions of July 2022 is conditional on the Assembly of North Macedonia approving a constitutional amendment related to the Bulgarian minority.[68] [69] [70]


Candidate negotiating
0/33[71] 0/33Screening of negotiation chapters (the explanatory phase) began in January 2024, and the bilateral phase of the screening started in July 2024.[72] The opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference. Every chapter must be opened and closed to conclude the negotiations.


Candidate negotiating
0/33[73] 0/33Screening of negotiation chapters (the explanatory phase) began in January 2024, and the bilateral phase of the screening started in July 2024.[74] The opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference. Every chapter must be opened and closed to conclude the negotiations.

Candidate
The European Council granted conditional approval for the opening of accession negotiations in March 2024.[75] Screening of negotiation chapters (the explanatory phase) began in April 2024.[76] The European Commission needs to prepare a negotiating framework for adoption by the Council, once all relevant steps set out in the Commission's recommendation of 12 October 2022 have been taken by Bosnia and Herzegovina.[77] As of 3 July 2024, this final condition for negotiations to start had not yet been met.[78] The state claimed to meet 98% of conditions demanded by the European Commission by passing a 2024 budget and Growth Plan reform package in July 2024.[79] [80] [81] Final approval of the Growth Plan reform package was however blocked by four cantons on 25 July.[82]


Candidate
The European Council granted candidate status in December 2023.[83] The European Commission needs to recommend starting negotiations.

Applicant / Potential candidateApplication for membership submitted in December 2022.[84] The Council needs to by unanimous decision request the European Commission to submit an opinion.


Candidate with frozen negotiations
16/33[85] 1/33Screening completed for all negotiating chapters in October 2006. First chapters opened in June 2006. Chapter opening frozen in December 2016, due to backsliding in the areas of democracy, rule of law, and fundamental rights. Chapter closing dialogue frozen since June 2018.[86] Negotiations frozen, with no further chapters being considered for opening or closing, which has been reconfirmed by the Council each year since 2018.[87] [88] [89]

Timeline

Major eventsAssociation
Agreement
(with link)		Membership
application		Candidate
status		Negotiations
start
(1st IGC)		Substantial
negotiations
start
(2nd IGC)		Accession
Treaty
signed
Turkey (AA)[90] [91] [92] (tbd)
Montenegro (SAA)[93] [94] (tbd)
Serbia (SAA)[95] [96] (tbd)
Albania (SAA)[97] [98] (tbd)(tbd)
North Macedonia (SAA)(tbd)(tbd)
Moldova (AA)[99] [100] [101] (tbd)(tbd)
Ukraine (AA)[102] [103] (tbd)(tbd)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (SAA)[104] [105] (tbd)(tbd)(tbd)
Georgia (AA)[106] (tbd)(tbd)(tbd)
Kosovo (SAA)[107] (tbd)(tbd)(tbd)(tbd)

Level of preparation for acquis chapters

Current situation

The table below shows the level of preparation of applicant countries for adopting the acquis communautaire, on a scale from 1 to 5 points, according to the data of the 2023 reports of the European Commission processed by European Pravda:[143]

Change over the last year

The table below shows the change in the level of preparation of applicant countries for adopting the acquis communautaire over the last year, according to the data of the 2023 reports of the European Commission, processed by European Pravda:[143]

Evaluation of actions over the past year

The table below shows the assessment of the actions of the candidate countries over the last year, according to the data of the 2023 reports of the European Commission, processed by European Pravda:[143]

States not on the agenda

See main article: Foreign relations of the European Union.

The Maastricht Treaty (Article 49) states that any European country (as defined by a European Council assessment) that is committed to democracy may apply for membership in the European Union.[154] In addition to European states, other countries have also been speculated or proposed as future members of the EU.

States in Europe that have chosen, for various reasons, not to join the EU have integrated with it to different extents according to their circumstances. Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein participate directly in the single market via the EEA, Switzerland does so via bilateral treaties and the other European microstates (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City) have specific agreements with the EU and neighbouring countries, including their use of the euro as their currency. Most of these countries are also part of the Schengen Area. Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland have all previously had live applications to join the EU, which have been withdrawn or otherwise frozen. Such applications could be resubmitted in the event of a change in the political landscape.

On 5 March 2024, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan said that his country would apply for EU candidacy by autumn 2024 at the latest.[155] On 12 March 2024, the European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia met Maastricht Treaty Article 49 requirements and that the country may apply for EU membership.[156] At the 2024 Copenhagen Democracy Summit, Pashinyan stated that he would like Armenia to become a member of the European Union "this year."[157]

Main article:Armenia–European Union relations
Relationship:Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement.[158]
Main obstacles:Membership of competing Eurasian Economic Union, security dependency on Russia.
Proponents:Armenian National Movement Party,[159] Bright Armenia, Civil Contract,[160] European Party of Armenia,[161] For The Republic Party, Free Democrats, Heritage,[162] People's Party of Armenia,[163] Republic Party, Rule of Law,[164] Sovereign Armenia Party,[165] Union for National Self-Determination[166]
Opponents:Prosperous Armenia,[167] Republican Party of Armenia[168]
Public opinion:56.7% in favour, 19% against (2024 poll)[169]
Main article:Belarus–European Union relations
Relationship:Participation in the Eastern Partnership (suspended on 28 June 2021). As of 2020 the European Union does not recognise Alexander Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus.
Main obstacles:Alexander Lukashenko's authoritarian rule, Eurosceptic government, Russian political influence, Union State (integration with Russia).
Proponents:Belarusian Christian Democracy, BPF Party, United Democratic Forces of Belarus, Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress, United Civic Party of Belarus, Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly), Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly
Opponents:Russian government, Alexander Lukashenko, Belaya Rus
Public opinion:42.1% in favour (2013 poll with several options)[170]
Main article:Iceland–European Union relations
Relationship:Member of the European Economic Area and Schengen Area, frozen membership application.
Main obstacles:Common Fisheries Policy[171] and others.
Proponents:Social Democratic Alliance, Reform Party, Bright Future
Opponents:Independence Party, Left-Green Movement, Progressive Party
Public opinion:47% in favour, 33% against (2022 poll).[172]
Main article:Norway–European Union relations
Relationship:Member of the European Economic Area and Schengen Area, frozen application, but not withdrawn.
Main obstacles:Common Fisheries Policy and others, public opinion.
Proponents:Conservative Party, Labour Party, Liberal Party
Opponents:Progress Party, Centre Party, Red Party, Socialist Left Party
Public opinion:26% in favour, 53% against (2022 poll).[173]
Main article:Russia–European Union relations
Relationship:
Main obstacles:Vladimir Putin's authoritarian rule, Eurosceptic government, and occupation of territories within Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.
Proponents:Yabloko, People's Freedom Party, Russia of the Future, Democratic Party of Russia, 5th of December Party, Green Alternative
Opponents:Vladimir Putin, United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, For Truth, National Patriotic Forces of Russia
Public opinion:38% in favour, 40% against (2013 poll).[174]
Main article:
Relationship:Bilateral treaties, open border, customs union, and euro adoption.
Main obstacles:Small size.[175]
Proponents:United Left,[176] Future Republic,[177] Libera San Marino,[178] [179] Party of Socialists and Democrats,[180] Socialist Party,[181] For San Marino[182] [183]
Opponents:Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party,[184] Sammarinese Social Right Movement
Public opinion:A referendum in 2013 on applying for EU membership resulted in 50.3% approving, but it failed due to insufficient turnout.[185]
Main article:Switzerland–European Union relations
Relationship:Bilateral treaties allowing participation in the European Single Market, member of the Schengen Area, withdrawn membership application.
Main obstacles:Swiss public opinion and direct democracy.
Proponents:Green Party, Social Democratic Party,[186] Green Liberal Party, Volt Switzerland[187]
Opponents:Swiss People's Party, Evangelical People's Party, Ticino League, Federal Democratic Union, Swiss Party of Labour, Solidarity,[188] Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland[189] [190]
Public opinion:A Swiss referendum on restarting EU membership negotiations in 2001 was defeated by 76.8%.[191]
Main article:United Kingdom–European Union relations
Relationship:Withdrawal agreement, EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, past membership.
Main obstacles:January 2020 withdrawal.
Proponents:Liberal Democrats,[192] Green Party,[193] Scottish National Party
Opponents:Conservative Party, Reform UK, Workers Party of Britain
Public opinion:

See main article: Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union. 51% in favour of rejoining, 35% against, 12% neither/ don't know (23-25 May 2024, Deltapoll).[194]

Other proposals

Internal enlargement scenarios

See also: Withdrawal from the European Union. Internal enlargement is the process of new member states arising from the break-up of an existing member state.[197] [198] [199] There have been and are a number of active separatist movements within member states (for example in Catalonia and Flanders) but there are no clear agreements, treaties or precedents covering the scenario of an existing EU member state breaking into two or more states, both of which wish to remain EU member states. The question is whether one state is a successor and one a new applicant or, alternatively, both are new states which must be admitted to the EU.[200] [201]

In some cases, a region desires to leave its state and the EU, namely those regions wishing to join Switzerland. But most, namely the two movements that held referendums during the 2010s, Scotland and Catalonia, see their future as independent states within the EU. This results in great interest in whether, once independent, they would retain EU membership or conversely whether they would have to re-apply. In the later case, since new members must be approved unanimously, any other state which has an interest in blocking their membership to deter similar independence movements could do so.[202] [203] Additionally, it is unclear whether the successor state would retain any opt-outs that the parent state was entitled to.

Opinions on membership

Basque Country

See main article: Basque nationalism. The presence of a strong Basque Nationalist movement, strongly majoritary in several territories of the Basque Country, makes possible the future existence of an independent Basque Country under different potential territorial configurations. In overall terms the Basque nationalism is pro-European.

Catalonia

See main article: Catalan independence movement. On 1 October 2017, the Catalan government held a referendum on independence, which had been declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain, with potential polling stations being cordoned off by riot police. The subsequent events constituted a political crisis for Catalonia. The EU's position is to keep distance from the crisis while supporting Spain's territorial integrity and constitution.[213] [214] While the debate around Scotland's referendum may inform the Catalan crisis, Catalonia is in a distinct situation from Scotland whereby the central government does not recognise the legitimacy of any independence declaration from Catalonia. If Spain does not recognise the independence of a Catalan state, Catalonia cannot separately join the EU and it is still recognised as part of Spain's EU membership.

Corsica

See main article: Corsican nationalism.

Corsica has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement, with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence, the latter option with around 10–15% public support.[215] The independist party Corsica Libera envisions an independent Corsica within the European Union as a union of various European peoples, as well as recommendations for alignment within European directives.

Flanders

There is an active movement towards Flemish independence or union with the Netherlands. The future status of Wallonia and Brussels (the de facto capital of the EU) are unclear as viable political states, perhaps producing a unique situation from Scotland and Catalonia. There are various proposals, both within and outside the independentist movement, for what should happen to Brussels, ranging from staying part of the Belgian rump state, to joining the hypothetical Flemish state, to become a separate political entity.[216] [217]

Sardinia

See main article: Sardinian nationalism. Sardinia has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement, with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence. Generally associated with left-wing politics, the Sardinian movement is largely pro-European and pro-environmentalism.[218] [219]

According to a 2012 survey conducted in a joint effort between the University of Cagliari and that of Edinburgh,[220] [221] [222] 41% of Sardinians would be in favour of independence (with 10% choosing it from both Italy and the European Union, and 31% only from Italy with Sardinia remaining in the EU), whilst another 46% would rather have a larger autonomy within Italy and the EU, including fiscal power; 12% of people would be content to remain part of Italy and the EU with a Regional Council without any fiscal powers, and 1% in Italy and the EU without a Regional Council and fiscal powers.[223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228] [229] A 2017 poll by the Ixè Institute found that 51% of those questioned identified as Sardinian (as opposed to an Italian average of 15% identifying by their region of origin), rather than Italian (19%), European (11%) and/or citizen of the world (19%).[230] [231]

Sardinian nationalists address a number of issues, such as the environmental damage caused by the military forces[232] [233] [234] [235] [236] [237] [238] [239] [240] (about 60% of such bases in Italy are located on the island),[241] the financial and economic exploitation of the island's resources by the Italian state and mainland industrialists,[242] the lack of any political representation both in Italy and in the European Parliament[243] [244] (due to an unbalanced electoral constituency that still remains to this day,[245] Sardinia has not had its own MEP since 1994),[246] the nuclear power and waste (on which a referendum was proposed by a Sardist party,[247] being held in 2011[248]) and the ongoing process of depopulation and Italianization that would destroy the Sardinian indigenous culture.[249]

Veneto

See main article: Venetian nationalism. Similarly to Sardinia, Veneto has a strong and electorally successful nationalist movement, with positions ranging from autonomy to outright independence. In the 2014 independence referendum, an online unofficial referendum, 89% of participants were in favour of Veneto becoming "a federal, independent and sovereign state" and 55% supported accession to European Union membership.[250] Three years later, in the 2017 autonomy referendum, with a 58% turnout, 98% of Venetians voted in favour of "further forms and special conditions of autonomy to be attributed to the Region of Veneto".[251] Consequently, negotiations between the Venetian government and the Italian one started.

The longstanding and largest Venetist party, Liga Veneta (LV), was established in 1979 under the slogan "farther from Rome, closer to Europe",[252] but has later adopted more Eurosceptic positions. Luca Zaia, a LV member who has served as president of Veneto since 2010, usually self-describes as a pro-Europeanist and has long advocated for a "Europe of regions" and "macro-regions".[253] [254] [255] [256]

Member state expansion scenarios

Cyprus

Officially, the island nation of Cyprus is part of the European Union, under the de jure sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots are citizens of the Republic of Cyprus and thus of the European Union, and were entitled to vote in the 2004 European Parliament election (though only a few hundred registered). The EU's acquis communautaire is suspended indefinitely in the northern third of the island, which has remained outside the control of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish invasion of 1974. The Greek Cypriot community rejected the Annan Plan for the settlement of the Cyprus dispute in a referendum on 24 April 2004. Had the referendum been in favour of the settlement proposal, the island (excluding the British Sovereign Base Areas) would have joined the European Union as the United Cyprus Republic. The European Union's relations with the Turkish Cypriot Community are handled by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enlargement.[257]

Ireland

The European Council has recognised that following the UK withdrawal from the EU, if Northern Ireland were to be incorporated into a united Ireland it would automatically rejoin the EU under the current Irish membership. A historical precedent for this was the incorporation of East Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany as a single European Communities member state.[258] [259]

Romania

Opinion polls in both Moldova and Romania show significant support for the unification of the two countries, based on their reciprocal historical and cultural ties.[260] [261] Such a scenario would result in Moldova becoming part of an enlarged Romania and therefore receiving the benefits and obligations of the latter's EU membership.[262] An obstacle would be the existence of the breakaway Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria), which is considered by Moldova and most of the international community to be de jure part of Moldova's sovereign territory but is de facto independent. Transnistria's absence of strong historical or cultural links to Romania and its close political and military relationship with Russia have been seen as major hurdles to integration of the region with both Romania and the EU.[261] Another likely barrier from within Moldova would be opposition on the part of the autonomous territory of Gagauzia, whose population has been mostly against integration with Romania since at least the 1990s.[263] A 2014 referendum held by the Gagauzian government showed both overwhelming support for the region joining the Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union and a similar level of rejection to closer ties with the EU.[264]

Possible incorporation of special member state territories

There are multiple special member state territories, some of which are not fully covered by the EU treaties and apply EU law only partially, if at all. It is possible for a dependency to change its status regarding the EU or some particular treaty or law provision. The territory may change its status from participation to leaving or from being outside to joining.

Danish self-governing territories

Faroe Islands

See main article: Faroe Islands and the European Union. The Faroe Islands, a self-governing nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, is not part of the EU, as explicitly asserted by both Rome treaties.[265] The relations with the EU are governed by a Fisheries Agreement (1977) and a Free Trade Agreement (1991, revised 1998). The main reason for remaining outside the EU is disagreements about the Common Fisheries Policy,[266] which disfavours countries with large fish resources. Also, every member has to pay for the Common Agricultural Policy, which favours countries having much agriculture which the Faroe Islands does not. When Iceland was in membership negotiations around 2010, there was a hope of better conditions for fish-rich countries, but to no avail. The Common Fisheries Policy was introduced in 1970 for the very reason of getting access for the first EC members to waters of candidate countries, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark including the Faroe Islands.

Nevertheless, there are politicians, mainly in the right-wing Union Party (Sambandsflokkurin), led by their chairman Kaj Leo Johannesen, who would like to see the Faroes as a member of the EU. However, the chairman of the left-wing Republic (Tjóðveldi), Høgni Hoydal, has expressed concerns that if the Faroes were to join the EU as is, they might vanish inside the EU, comparing this with the situation of the Shetland Islands and Åland today, and wants the local government to solve the political situation between the Faroes and Denmark first.[267]

Greenland

See main article: Greenland and the European Union. Greenland is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and became part of the EEC (the predecessor entity of the EU) when Denmark joined in 1973. After the establishment of Greenland's home rule in 1979, which made it an autonomous community, Greenland held a referendum on EEC membership. The result was (mainly because of the Common Fisheries Policy) to leave, so on 1 February 1985, Greenland left the EEC and EURATOM. Its status was changed to that of an Overseas Country.[268] [269] Danish nationals residing in Greenland (i.e. all native population) are nonetheless fully European citizens; they are not, however, entitled to vote in European elections.

There has been some speculation as to whether Greenland may consider rejoining the now-European Union. On 4 January 2007, the Danish daily Jyllands-Posten quoted the former Danish minister for Greenland, Tom Høyem, as saying "I would not be surprised if Greenland again becomes a member of the EU... The EU needs the Arctic window and Greenland cannot alone manage the gigantic Arctic possibilities".[270] Greenland has a lot of natural resources, and Greenland has, especially during the 2000s commodities boom, contracted foreign private companies to exploit some of them, but the cost is considered too high, as Greenland is remote and severely lacks infrastructure which has to be built. After 2013 prices declined so such efforts stalled.

The Brexit debate has reignited talk about the EU in Greenland with calls for the island to join the Union again.[271]

Dutch Caribbean territories

The islands of Aruba and Curaçao, as well as Sint Maarten, are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are special Dutch municipalities. All are Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) under Annex II of the EC treaty.[268] OCTs are considered to be "associated" with the EU and apply some portions of EU law. The islands are opting to become an Outermost Region (OMR) of the EU, a status in which the islands form a part of the European Union, though they benefit from derogations (exceptions) from some EU laws due to their geographical remoteness from mainland Europe. The islands are focusing on gaining the same status as the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the French overseas departments.

When Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba were established as Dutch public bodies after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles (which was an OCT) in 2010, their status within the EU was raised. Rather than change their status from an OCT to an outermost region, as their change in status within the Netherlands would imply, it was decided that their status would remain the same for at least five years. After those five years, their status would be reviewed.

If it was decided that if one or all of the islands wish to integrate more with the EU then the Treaty of Lisbon provides for that following a unanimous decision from the European Council.[272] Former European Commissioner for Enlargement Danuta Hübner has said before the European Parliament that she does not expect many problems to occur with such a status change, as the population of the islands is only a few thousand people.

French overseas departments and collectivities

The territories of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion are overseas departments of France and at the same time mono-departmental overseas regions. According to the EC treaty (article 299 2), all of these departments are outermost regions (OMR) of the EU—hence provisions of the EC treaty apply there while derogations are allowed. The status of the Overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin is also defined as OMR by the Treaty of Lisbon. New Caledonia and the overseas collectivities of French Polynesia, Saint-Barthelemy, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna are Overseas Countries and Territories of the EU.[268]

New Caledonia

New Caledonia is an overseas part of France with its own unique status under the French Constitution, which is distinct from that of overseas departments and collectivities. It is defined as an "overseas country" under the 1998 Nouméa Accord, and enjoys a high degree of self-government.[273] Currently, in regard to the EU, it is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT).

As a result of the Nouméa Accord, New Caledonians voted in three consecutive independence referendums in 2018, 2020, and 2021. The referendums were to determine whether the territory would remain a part of the French Republic as a "sui generis collectivity", or whether it would become an independent state. The accords also specify a gradual devolution of powers to the local New Caledonian assembly. The results of all three referendums determined that New Caledonia would remain a part of the French Republic.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Joining the EU . 16 December 2023 . ec.europa.eu.
  2. Web site: Council of the European Union . 26 June 2024 . Sixteenth meeting of the Accession Conference with Montenegro at Ministerial level (press release by the Council of the EU) . 1 August 2024 . Consilium.
  3. Web site: Tatiana Marinova . Simona-Alex Mihaleva . 17 June 2024 . President Radev: Bulgaria Supports Montenegro's European Integration . 1 August 2024 . BTA.
  4. Web site: 19 May 1998 . Legal questions of enlargement . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060321034825/http://www.europarl.eu.int/enlargement/briefings/23a2_en.htm . 21 March 2006 . 9 July 2008 . The European Parliament . dmy-all.
  5. Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads: "The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value. The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community".
  6. Web site: European Union, Community Law And International Business Law . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110626095318/http://ecpd.org.rs/pdf/studies/Booklet_EU_Law.pdf . 26 June 2011 . 20 November 2019 . European Center for Peace and Development . 46.
  7. Web site: Alexandra Brzozowski . 31 January 2024 . EU Commission to start screening process for Ukraine, Moldova after ‘surprise’ delay . 8 July 2024 . Euractiv.
  8. News: After Years Of Delay, North Macedonia, Albania Get OK To Begin EU Accession Talks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201022170806/https://www.rferl.org/a/after-years-of-delay-north-macedonia-albania-get-ok-to-begin-eu-accession-talks/30507053.html . 22 October 2020 . 2020-03-28 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . en.
  9. Web site: 15 December 2022 . 'Huge, historic move': EU grants Bosnia and Herzegovina Candidate Status . 2022-12-15 . Sarajevo Times.
  10. Web site: 2022-06-10 . Kosovo to apply for EU membership by end of 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220611073657/https://www.euractiv.com/section/all/news/kosovo-to-apply-for-eu-membership-by-end-of-2022 . 2022-06-11 . 2022-06-11 . euractiv.com . en.
  11. Web site: 11 December 2017 . EU advances membership talks for Montenegro, Serbia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210856/https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/eu-advances-membership-talks-for-serbia-montenegro . 4 October 2020 . 24 August 2019 . Euractiv.
  12. News: Jozwiak . Rikard . Feb 5, 2018 . Serbia, Montenegro 'Could Potentially' Join EU In 2025 . 21 October 2023 . RadioFreeEurope.
  13. News: 28 August 2023 . EU must be ready to accept new members by 2030 . euronews.
  14. News: Staff . 27 March 2020 . EU leaders give final OK to begin Albania, North Macedonia accession talks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201205120516/https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-leaders-give-final-approval-eu-membership-talks-macedonia-albania/30512156.html . 5 December 2020 . 8 July 2020 . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  15. Web site: Bulgaria Blocks North Macedonia's EU Accession Negotiations - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201118221256/https://www.novinite.com/articles/206448/Bulgaria+Blocks+North+Macedonia%E2%80%99s+EU+Accession+Negotiations . 18 November 2020 . 7 November 2020 . novinite.com.
  16. News: Macron Says Compromise Found On EU Membership Talks For North Macedonia . 2022-07-15 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . en.
  17. Web site: 16 July 2022 . North Macedonia parliament OKs deal; EU talks start July 19 . 16 July 2022 . Associated Press.
  18. Web site: 8 November 2023 . New Growth Plan for the Western Balkans . 19 June 2024 . European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR).
  19. News: Sito-sucic . Daria . 2024-03-12 . European Commission recommends opening EU membership talks with Bosnia . 2024-03-12 . Reuters.
  20. News: Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations . 2024-03-12 . Commission proposes to open EU accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and updates on progress made by Ukraine and Moldova . 2024-03-12 . European Commission.
  21. News: 12 March 2024 . Speech by President von der Leyen at the European Parliament Plenary on the preparation of the European Council meeting of 21-22 March 2024 . 2024-03-12.
  22. News: Jones . Mared Gwyn . 2024-03-21 . European Union leaders approve opening accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina . 2024-03-21 . EuroNews.
  23. News: Petrequin . Samuel . 2024-03-21 . EU leaders agree on opening membership talks with Bosnia, but with many strings attached . 2024-03-21 . Associated Press.
  24. Web site: 9 November 2005 . 2005 enlargement strategy paper . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180913122942/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0561:FIN:EN:HTML . 13 September 2018 . 20 November 2019 . European Union.
  25. News: 1 February 2006 . EU enlargement chief vows to press ahead, for 'stability' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20080618060410/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/02/01/news/eu.php . 18 June 2008 . 2 June 2008 . International Herald Tribune.
  26. Web site: 18 April 2014 . Georgia can apply for EU membership if it complies with democratic principles . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116013256/https://en.trend.az/scaucasus/georgia/2264637.html . 16 November 2020 . 18 October 2019 . en.trend.az.
  27. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_150981.pdf< EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
  28. Web site: Rettman . Andrew . 22 October 2010 . EU unlikely to expand into post-Soviet east in next decade . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110311223450/http://euobserver.com/9/31109 . 11 March 2011 . 7 January 2011 . Euobserver.com.
  29. Web site: 29 January 2019 . У 2024 році Україна подасть заявку на вступ до ЄС . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210606180804/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2629440-u-2024-roci-ukraina-podast-zaavku-na-vstup-do-es.html . 6 June 2021 . 14 February 2021 . ukrinform.ua.
  30. Web site: Makszimov . Vlagyiszlav . 2021-01-22 . Georgian president visits Brussels in push for 2024 EU membership application . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122054423/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eastern-europe/news/georgian-president-visits-brussels-in-push-for-2024-eu-membership-application . 22 January 2021 . 2021-01-24 . euractiv.com . en-GB.
  31. Web site: Georgia-EU Relations Within Georgia's 2024 Objective to Apply for the EU Membership . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210103123745/https://www.georgianjournal.ge/politics/36727-georgia-eu-relations-within-georgias-2024-objective-to-apply-for-the-eu-membership.html . 3 January 2021 . 2021-01-24 . georgianjournal.ge . ka.
  32. News: Georgia, Moldova Formally Apply For EU Membership Amid Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine . Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  33. Web site: Moldovan president says Moldova applies for EU membership Law-Order . devdiscourse.com.
  34. Web site: EC to decide on opening negotiations over EU accession of Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia by year-end - Charles Michel Rustavi2 . 2023-03-30 . rustavi2.ge . en.
  35. Web site: 2023-12-14 . European Council conclusions on Ukraine, enlargement and reforms . 2023-12-14 . European Council.
  36. Web site: Brzozowski . Alexandra . 2024-06-14 . BREAKING: EU member states greenlight Ukraine, Moldova negotiating frameworks . 2024-06-15 . www.euractiv.com . en-GB.
  37. Web site: 2024-07-09 . EU announces Georgia’s accession is ‘stopped’ after anti-West pivot . 2024-07-10 . POLITICO . en-GB.
  38. Web site: 2024-07-09 . EU halts Georgia's accession to the bloc, freezes financial aid over much-criticized law . 2024-07-10 . AP News . en.
  39. Official Journal of the European Communities 1973, C113 p2
  40. Web site: Bhalla . Reva . Goodrich . Lauren . Zeihan . Peter . 17 March 2009 . Turkey and Russia on the Rise . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110823084005/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise . 23 August 2011 . Stratfor.
  41. Web site: Friedman . George . 31 July 2007 . The Geopolitics of Turkey . dead . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091010114854/http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=293204 . 10 October 2009 . Stratfor.
  42. News: Ekman . Ivar . 11 December 2006 . Top Swedish official backs Turkey for EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015125225/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/11/news/sweden.php . 15 October 2007 . 3 July 2007 . International Herald Tribune.
  43. News: 30 April 2008 . BBC: EU hails Turkey free speech move . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190902204820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7375327.stm . 2 September 2019 . 7 January 2011 . BBC News.
  44. News: 17 March 2007 . The ins and outs: The EU's most effective foreign-policy instrument has been enlargement. But how far can it go? . limited . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110701061352/http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=682266&story_id=8808134 . 1 July 2011 . 18 May 2020 . The Economist.
  45. 13 October 2016 . Turkey's bid to join the EU is a bad joke; but don't kill it . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162030/https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21708693-two-cheers-hypocrisy-turkeys-bid-join-eu-bad-joke-dont-kill-it . 11 September 2017 . 28 August 2017 . The Economist.
  46. News: 11 April 2017 . EU-Turkey Relations Reaching a Crossroads . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190717122522/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2017/04/11/eu-turkey-relations-reaching-crossroads-pub-68675 . 17 July 2019 . 3 May 2017 . carnegieeurope.eu.
  47. Web site: July 26, 2016 . AB'den Türkiye'ye: İdam cezası geri gelirse... . Hürriyet . tr.
  48. Web site: 24 November 2017 . P8_TA(2016)0450 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165103/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2f%2fEP%2f%2fNONSGML%2bTA%2bP8-TA-2016-0450%2b0%2bDOC%2bPDF%2bV0%2f%2fEN . 12 June 2018 . 11 November 2017 . European Parliament.
  49. News: Freeze EU accession talks with Turkey until it halts repression, urge MEPs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170310183603/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/20161117IPR51549/freeze-eu-accession-talks-with-turkey-until-it-halts-repression-urge-meps . 10 March 2017 . 3 May 2017 . European Parliament.
  50. News: Weise . Zia . 24 November 2016 . EU parliament votes overwhelmingly in favour of scrapping Turkey accession talks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191224014723/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/24/eu-votes-overwhelmingly-favour-scrapping-turkey-accession-talks . 24 December 2019 . 21 November 2019 . The Telegraph.
  51. Web site: July 6, 2017 . AP: Türkiye ile müzakereler askıya alınsın . DW Türkçe . tr.
  52. News: Kempf . Danny . 13 December 2016 . EU says won't expand Turkey membership talks . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224317/https://www.yahoo.com/news/eu-says-wont-open-turkey-membership-chapters-165121377.html . 30 December 2019 . 21 November 2019 . yahoo.com . Agence France-Presse.
  53. News: Pierini . Marc . 12 December 2016 . Turkey's Impending Estrangement From the West . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200206183255/https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/66408 . 6 February 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Carnegie Europe.
  54. Web site: March 13, 2019 . European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks . Euronews . en.
  55. News: Emmott . Robin . 2 May 2017 . Turkey's EU dream is over, for now, top official says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011613/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-eu-idUSKBN17Y0U0 . 12 November 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Reuters.
  56. News: 10 April 2017 . "Turkey is no longer an EU candidate", MEP says . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200310131012/https://www.euronews.com/2017/04/10/turkey-is-no-longer-an-eu-candidate-mep-says . 10 March 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Euronews.
  57. News: Gonen . Emre . 2 May 2017 . A truce with the EU? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919191307/https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/emre_gonen/2017/05/02/a-truce-with-the-eu . 19 September 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Daily Sabah - Euronews.
  58. Web site: Huseyin Hayatsever . Ece Toksabay . 2023-07-10 . Erdogan links Sweden's NATO membership to Turkey's EU accession . 2023-07-10 . Reuters.
  59. Web site: 16 September 2023 . Turkey could part ways with EU if necessary, Erdogan says . Reuters.
  60. Web site: EU enlargement . 2024-03-22 . European Union.
  61. Web site: 27 June 2024 . Enlargement: Montenegro . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  62. Web site: Montenegro Report 2022 . European Commission.
  63. Web site: 11 January 2024 . Enlargement: Serbia . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  64. Web site: Serbia Report 2022 . European Commission.
  65. Web site: 27 January 2024 . Enlargement: Albania . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  66. Web site: Albania's EU membership process . 27 June 2024 . European Movement Albania.
  67. Web site: 27 January 2024 . Enlargement: North Macedonia . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  68. Web site: Aleksandar Samardjiev . 11 August 2022 . North Macedonia: EU membership remains a never-ending challenge . 26 June 2024 . Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa.
  69. Web site: 12 December 2023 . Council conclusions on Enlargement (16707/23) . 13 July 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  70. Web site: 14 December 2023 . European Council conclusions on Ukraine, enlargement and reforms .
  71. Web site: 25 June 2024 . Enlargement: Moldova . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  72. Web site: 25 June 2024 . Intergovernmental conference with Moldova: press conference . 10 July 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  73. Web site: 25 June 2024 . Enlargement: Ukraine . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  74. Web site: 25 June 2024 . Intergovernmental conference with Ukraine: press conference . 10 July 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  75. News: Noestlinger . Nette . Sito-sucic . Daria . Gray . Andrew . 2024-03-21 . EU leaders invite Bosnia to membership talks in historic step . 2024-03-21 . Reuters.
  76. Web site: 3 July 2024 . Parliamentary question - E-001049/2024(ASW): Answer given by Mr Várhelyi on behalf of the European Commission . 8 July 2024 . European Parliament.
  77. Web site: 22 March 2024 . European Council meeting (21 and 22 March 2024) – Conclusions . 31 March 2024 . General Secretariat of the Council.
  78. Web site: 25 June 2024 . From March to June, BiH made no progress towards the EU . 18 July 2024 . Sarajevo Times.
  79. Web site: 4 July 2024 . Bosnia adopts 2024 Budget after months of delay . 19 July 2024 . N1 Sarajevo.
  80. Web site: 16 July 2024 . BiH Institutions should receive the Budget by the end of the Week . 19 July 2024 . Sarajevo Times.
  81. Web site: 19 July 2024 . Bosnia’s House of People approves 2024 budget and amended law on judicial body . 19 July 2024 . DTT-net.
  82. Web site: 25 July 2024 . Forto accuses SDA of blocking EU Growth Plan projects for political reasons . 29 July 2024 . N1 Sarajevo.
  83. Web site: 7 February 2024 . Enlargement: Georgia . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  84. News: Xhabafti . Erion . Semini . Llazar . 2022-12-14 . Kosovo leaders sign application request to join EU . 2022-12-14 . Associated Press.
  85. Web site: 11 January 2024 . Enlargement: Türkiye . 27 June 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  86. Web site: 26 June 2018 . Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association process - Council conclusions (10555/18) . 16 July 2024 . Consilium . General Secretariat of the Council.
  87. Web site: Turkey Report 2021 . European Commission.
  88. Web site: 18 July 2023 . AP raporu: Türkiye'nin AB üyelik süreci mevcut koşullarda devam edemez . Gazete Duvar . tr.
  89. Web site: 8 November 2023 . Turkey Report 2023 . 15 July 2024 . European Commission.
  90. Web site: 9 November 2005 . Turkey 2005 Progress Report . 15 July 2024 . European Commission.
  91. Web site: 8 November 2006 . Turkey 2006 Progress Report . 15 July 2024 . European Commission.
  92. Web site: 2024 . Turkey-EU relations: Accession-process (current situation) . 15 July 2024 . Turkey European Union Association (TURABDER).
  93. Web site: 17 December 2010 . Montenegro is officially awarded EU candidate status . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150919012925/https://euobserver.com/news/31534 . 19 September 2015 . 16 September 2013 . euobserver.com.
  94. Web site: 18 December 2012 . Press release – Marking the start of substantial negotiations with Montenegro . 15 July 2024 . CY2012 . Cyprus Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
  95. Web site: 21 January 2014 . Serbia starts negotiations to join EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141008041626/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=21&nav_id=89054 . 8 October 2014 . 21 January 2014 . b92.net.
  96. Web site: 14 December 2015 . EU opens first chapters in accession negotiations with Serbia . 15 July 2024 . European Western Balkans.
  97. Web site: 23 June 2014 . EU candidate status for Albania . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150918203628/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-439_en.htm . 18 September 2015 . 21 November 2019 . European Commission.
  98. Web site: 27 June 2014 . European Council - 26/27 June 2014 - Conclusions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211510/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/143478.pdf . 11 November 2020 . 21 November 2019 . European Council.
  99. News: Tanas . Alexander . 3 March 2022 . With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership . 3 March 2022 . Reuters . en.
  100. Web site: 24 June 2022 . European Council conclusions, 23-24 June 2022 . 25 June 2022 . European Council.
  101. Web site: 25 June 2024 . EU opens accession negotiations with Moldova . 1 July 2024 . European Union.
  102. News: 28 February 2022 . Zelensky signs application for Ukraine's membership to EU . 28 February 2022 . Hindustan Times . Associated Press.
  103. Web site: 25 June 2024 . EU opens accession negotiations with Ukraine . 1 July 2024 . European Union.
  104. Web site: SAA Agreement with Bosnia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019183708/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2008023 . 19 October 2017 . 2010-04-20 . Council of the European Union.
  105. Web site: 15 February 2016 . Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership today . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160216091652/http://english.eu2016.nl/latest/news/2016/02/15/bosnia-and-herzegovina-applied-for-eu-membership-today . 16 February 2016 . 15 February 2016 . The Netherlands EU Presidency 2016.
  106. News: 3 March 2022 . Georgia's PM Signs Application to Join the EU . 3 March 2022 . Civil.ge.
  107. Web site: 2016-03-24 . Information relating to the entry into force of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo, of the other part . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020030/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.078.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2016:078:TOC . 26 March 2016 . 2016-03-24 . EUR-Lex.
  108. IDIS 'Viitorul', Some reflections on the timing of Moldova's negotiations of the EU Association Agreement. Moldova's Foreign Policy Statewatch, Issue 1, March 2010.
  109. Web site: 2013-10-28 . Kosovo Launches Crucial SAA Talks With EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032719/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-launches-saa-dailogue-with-the-eu . 17 November 2015 . 2013-10-28 . Balkan Insight.
  110. Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo signed . 26 October 2015 . 21 November 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190816150942/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5928_en.htm . 16 August 2019 . European Commission.
  111. Web site: Feb 13, 1996 . 21996D0213(01) - EN . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190527055647/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:21996D0213%2801%29:EN:HTML . 27 May 2019 . 2013-09-16 . EUR-Lex.
  112. News: Castle . Stephen . 25 October 2010 . Serbia Moves Closer to Joining E.U. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160719035812/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/europe/26serbia.html?_r=1&src=twrhp . 19 July 2016 . 16 September 2013 . The New York Times.
  113. Web site: Jacopo Barigazzi . 7 March 2022 . EU to officially examine Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia’s bids to join the bloc . 11 March 2022 . Politico.
  114. Web site: Council conclusions on the application of Bosnia and Herzegovina for membership of the EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921200846/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/09/20-conclusions-bosnia . 21 September 2016 . 20 September 2016 . Council of the European Union.
  115. Web site: 8 April 2022 . Євросоюз передав Києву опитувальник для отримання статусу кандидата . The European Union has sent Kyiv a questionnaire to obtain candidate status . 8 April 2022 . European Pravda . uk.
  116. Web site: 9 December 2016 . Hahn: Questionnaire is a game changer for future of BiH . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180906053312/http://europa.ba/?p=46485 . 6 September 2018 . 9 December 2016 . Delegation of the European Union to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  117. Web site: 2022-04-11 . Remarks by Commissioner Várhelyi on the handing over of the questionnaires to Georgia and Moldova . 2022-04-15 . European Commission.
  118. Web site: 11 April 2022 . Georgia Receives EU Membership Questionnaire . 2022-04-11 . civil.ge.
  119. Web site: 22 April 2022 . Молдова заповнила опитувальник для отримання статусу кандидата на членство у ЄС . Moldova has completed a questionnaire to obtain EU candidate status . 22 April 2022 . European Pravda . uk.
  120. Web site: 12 May 2022 . Moldova transfers 2nd part of completed questionnaire for EU accession . 12 May 2022 . interfax.com.
  121. Web site: 17 April 2022 . Шлях до членства у ЄС - Україна вже завершила роботу над опитувальником . The road to EU membership - Ukraine has completed work on the questionnaire . 17 April 2022 . European Pravda . uk.
  122. Web site: Obtaining Ukraine's EU membership candidate status is of great importance for the Ukrainian people - President during a conversation with Ursula von der Leyen . 10 May 2022 . president.gov.ua.
  123. Web site: Irakli Garibashvili submits EU questionnaire's part one to Carl Hartzell . 2 May 2022.
  124. Web site: Irakli Garibashvili submits EU questionnaire's 2nd part to Carl Hartzell . 10 May 2022.
  125. Web site: 29 May 2019 . Key findings of the Opinion on Bosnia and Herzegovina's EU membership application and analytical report . 12 June 2022 . European Commission.
  126. Web site: The European Commission recommends to Council confirming Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia's perspective to become members of the EU and provides its opinion on granting them candidate status . 17 June 2022 . ec.europa.eu.
  127. Web site: 16 October 2013 . Albania: EU Commission OKs status of membership candidate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131102182631/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/10/16/Albania-EU-Commission-OKs-status-membership-candidate_9469789.html . 2 November 2013 . 16 October 2013 . ansamed.info.
  128. Web site: 2022-10-12 . EU's von der Leyen: proposed candidate status for Bosnia and Herzegovina . Reuters.
  129. Web site: 2023-11-08 . Commission adopts 2023 Enlargement package, recommends to open negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova, to grant candidate status to Georgia and to open accession negotiations with BiH, once the necessary degree of compliance is achieved . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108124942/https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-adopts-2023-enlargement-package-recommends-open-negotiations-ukraine-and-moldova-grant-2023-11-08_en . 2023-11-08 . 2023-11-08 . europa.eu.
  130. Web site: 2016-11-09 . Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043235/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_strategy_paper_en.pdf . 10 November 2016 . 2016-11-09 . europa.eu.
  131. News: Pawlak . Justyna . 22 April 2013 . EU opens to Serbia after Kosovo deal Reuters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210827115726/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-serbia-idUKBRE93L0AJ20130422?edition-redirect=uk . 27 August 2021 . 2013-09-16 . Uk.reuters.com.
  132. Web site: 2018-06-28 . European Council conclusions, 28 June 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201115031647/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final . 15 November 2020 . 2020-03-29 . European Council.
  133. Web site: 2018-06-26 . Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process - Council conclusions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722040617/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35863/st10555-en18.pdf . 22 July 2018 . 2020-03-29 . European Council.
  134. Web site: 2023-12-14 . European Council conclusions on Ukraine, enlargement and reforms . 2023-12-30 . . en.
  135. Web site: Council conclusions on enlargement and stabilisation and association process - Consilium . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190630225305/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/06/18/council-conclusions-on-enlargement-and-stabilisation-and-association-process . 30 June 2019 . 30 June 2019 . consilium.europa.eu.
  136. Web site: Serbia . 2023-12-31 . . en.
  137. Web site: Türkiye . 2023-12-31 . . en.
  138. Web site: RFE/RL's Balkan Service . 24 March 2020 . After Years of Delay, North Macedonia, Albania Get OK To Begin EU Accession Talks . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  139. Web site: 2024-06-21 . EU countries agree to begin membership talks with Moldova and Ukraine . 2024-06-21 . France 24.
  140. Web site: Council conclusions on Montenegro . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130619074745/http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/genaff/131206.pdf . 19 June 2013 . 16 September 2013 . ue.eu.in . dmy-all.
  141. Web site: 2013-12-17 . Council conclusions on Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221046/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/genaff/140142.pdf . 17 December 2013 . 2013-12-17 . Council of the European Union.
  142. Web site: Gijs . Camille . 2022-07-19 . EU launches accession talks with North Macedonia, Albania . 2022-07-19 . politico.eu.
  143. Web site: 2023-11-13 . EU Candidate Race: Can Ukraine Catch Up with Western Balkans? Analysing EU Commission Report . 2023-11-26 . . en.
  144. Web site: Albania Report 2023 . European Commission.
  145. Web site: Moldova Report 2023 . European Commission.
  146. Web site: Montenegro Report 2023 . European Commission.
  147. Web site: North Macedonia Report 2023 . European Commission.
  148. Web site: Serbia Report 2023 . European Commission.
  149. Web site: Ukraine Report 2023 . European Commission.
  150. Web site: Bosnia and Herzegovina Report 2023 . European Commission.
  151. Web site: Georgia Report 2023 . European Commission.
  152. Web site: Kosovo Report 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231108160953/https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_692%20Kosovo%20report.pdf . Nov 8, 2023 . European Commission.
  153. Web site: Türkiye 2023 Report . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240402232946/https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/SWD_2023_696%20T%C3%BCrkiye%20report.pdf . Apr 2, 2024 . European Commission.
  154. Web site: Conditions for membership . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153649/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/conditions-membership/index_en.htm . 27 November 2016 . 21 December 2014 . European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations . European Commission.
  155. Web site: Nikol Pashinyan said that you should apply to become a candidate for EU membership before autumn at the latest . hraparak.am.
  156. Web site: Joint Motion for a Resolution on closer ties between the EU and Armenia and the need for a peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia | RC-B9-0163/2024 | European Parliament . www.europarl.europa.eu.
  157. Web site: Siranush Ghazanchyan . May 14, 2024 . Democracy a strategy for Armenia։ PM Pashinyan participates in Copenhagen Democracy Summit . Public Radio of Armenia.
  158. Web site: 3 October 2018 . Armenia-EU finalize new deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000428/http://asbarez.com/160565/eu-armenia-finalize-new-deal-on-closer-ties . 29 August 2018 . 3 October 2018 . Asbarez News Agency.
  159. Web site: Armenia outside European integration process – Ararat Zurabyan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220624193339/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2013/10/08/ararat-zurabyan3/885845 . 24 June 2022 . 23 June 2022 . tert.am.
  160. Web site: Will Armenia apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days? . radar.am.
  161. Web site: Օր առաջ դուրս գալ ԵԱՏՄ-ից. "Հայաստանի Եվրոպական կուսակցությունը" համագումար է... . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190509120602/https://a1plus.am/hy/article/196009 . 9 May 2019 . 12 January 2020 . a1plus.am.
  162. Web site: About Us . https://web.archive.org/web/20140530220513/http://heritage.am/en/about . 30 May 2014 . Heritage Party Website.
  163. Web site: 8 December 2006 . People's Party of Armenia Changes Orientation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190719164138/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/518567 . 19 July 2019 . 21 November 2019 . Armenpress.
  164. Web site: Shahunyan . Tatevik . 26 September 2005 . Interview With RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan . https://web.archive.org/web/20070607153503/http://arminfo.am/political-issue22.html . 7 June 2007 . 21 November 2019 . arminfo.am.,
  165. Web site: "Ժողովրդին պարտադրում են ընտրություն կատարել նախկիններ եւ ներկաներ տիրույթում, ինձ համար բոլորն էլ արդեն նախկին են". Դավիթ Սանասարյանի կուսակցության համագումարը . aravot.am.
  166. Web site: Union for National Self-Determination Party . The views of Armenian and Azerbaijani Political Parties on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and conflict resolution process . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190619191041/http://commonspace.eu/user_upload/karabakh/21_Union_for_National_Self-Determination.pdf . 19 June 2019 . 21 November 2019 . commonspace.eu.
  167. News: Danielyan . Emil . 18 October 2019 . Tsarukian Endorsed By Eurosceptic EU Politicians . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731040605/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/28382654.html . 31 July 2020 . 18 October 2019 . azatutyun.am . RFE/RL.
  168. News: 3 September 2013 . Armenia chooses Russia over EU . Politico.
  169. Web site: New Poll Reveals 56.7% Of Armenians Support EU Membership, 80.3% Oppose Constitutional Changes . 29 July 2024.
  170. Web site: 12 April 2013 . Do Belarusians Want to Join the EU? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201023091542/https://belarusdigest.com/story/do-belarusians-want-to-join-the-eu . 23 October 2020 . 10 August 2020 . Belarus Digest.
  171. Book: Ingebritsen, Christine . The Nordic States and European Unity . Cornell University Press . 1998 . 978-0-8014-3484-6 . registration.
  172. News: Afstaða til veru Íslands í NATO og aðildar að ESB . 9 March 2022 . is.
  173. Web site: NTB . 2022-04-04 . Måling: En av fem er usikker på norsk EU-medlemskap . 2022-04-19 . Romerikes Blad . no.
  174. Web site: 2013-11-19 . Меньшинство россиян за быстрое вступление в ЕС . 2023-11-09 . Deutsche Welle . ru.
  175. Web site: 18 November 2013 . EU Relations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino: Options for their participation in the Internal Market . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200911060130/https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2013/EN/1-2013-793-EN-F1-1.Pdf . 11 September 2020 . 20 November 2013 . European Commission.
  176. Web site: 9 September 2013 . Referendum "europeo": Sinistra Unita dice "Sì" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131001061613/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/politica/2013/09/09/referendum-europeo-sinistra-unita-dice-si . 1 October 2013 . 15 September 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  177. Web site: 6 September 2013 . Referendum Ue: sì convinto dall'Upr . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131001063956/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/politica/2013/09/06/referendum-ue-si-convinto-dall-upr . 1 October 2013 . 15 September 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  178. Web site: 26 September 2013 . Civico 10. Su Europa e referendum . dead . https://archive.today/20130927053434/http://www.sanmarinonotizie.com/?p=77406 . 27 September 2013 . 26 September 2013.
  179. Web site: 5 September 2013 . Civico10 sul referendum sull'Europa: vietato votare 'no' . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130911032317/http://www.giornale.sm/san-marino-civico10-sul-referendum-sulleuropa-vietato-votare-no-25228/#.Ui_Qtz-FZ24 . 11 September 2013 . 15 September 2013.
  180. Web site: 19 September 2013 . Congresso Psd: si cerca la mediazione su un nome che rappresenti le diverse anime . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928141712/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/politica/2013/09/19/congresso-psd-si-cerca-mediazione-nome-rappresenti-diverse-anime . 28 September 2013 . 26 September 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  181. Web site: 10 September 2013 . Referendum Europa: il Ps è per il sì . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131001061856/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/politica/2013/09/10/referendum-europa-ps-si . 1 October 2013 . 15 September 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  182. Web site: 6 October 2013 . Referendum 2013: Per San Marino invita a votare sì . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150610201748/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/san-marino/elezioni/referendum-2013/referendum-news/2013/10/06/referendum-2013-san-marino-invita-votare-si . 10 June 2015 . 8 October 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  183. Web site: 5 September 2013 . Referendum sull'Europa, Psm spinge verso "l'inizio di una trattativa lunga e difficile" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005201/http://www.giornale.sm/san-marino-referendum-sulleuropa-psm-spinge-verso-linizio-di-una-trattativa-lunga-e-difficile-24059 . 15 October 2013 . 15 September 2013.
  184. Web site: 20 September 2013 . DC, maggiore integrazione all'Europa non significa adesione . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130928141618/http://www.smtvsanmarino.sm/politica/2013/09/20/dc-maggiore-integrazione-europa-non-significa-adesione . 28 September 2013 . 26 September 2013 . SMtv San Marino.
  185. Web site: 23 October 2013 . San Marino rejects EU accession . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065303/https://www.politico.eu/article/san-marino-rejects-eu-accession . 29 October 2017 . 23 December 2017 . politico.eu.
  186. News: 8 February 2009 . Linke lanciert neue EU-Beitrittsdebatte . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090719094025/http://bazonline.ch/schweiz/standard/Linke-lanciert-neue-EUBeitrittsdebatte/story/14787303 . 19 July 2009 . 9 February 2009 . baz.online . de.
  187. Web site: Our vision for a United Europe . 2022-11-17 . Volt Switzerland . en-CH.
  188. Web site: Switzerland — Parties . 18 January 2022 . Europe Elects.
  189. Web site: Kuenzi . Renat . 15 May 2014 . 'We're Not the Only EU Sceptics' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218032314/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/conservative-pressure-group_-we-re-not-the-only-eu-sceptics-/38582264 . 18 February 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Swissinfo.
  190. Web site: Über Uns . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160413063201/http://auns.ch/ueber-uns . 13 April 2016 . 4 April 2016 . Campaign for an Independent and Neutral Switzerland official website.
  191. Web site: 4 March 2001 . Swiss say 'no' to EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090220225800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1201133.stm . 20 February 2009 . 5 May 2008 . BBC News.
  192. Web site: Brack . Duncan . Moran . Layla . Layla Moran . 2 August 2021 . The UK–EU relationship: the Liberal Democrat position . 2021-10-25 . libdems.org.uk . en.
  193. Web site: 2022-10-02 . Greens call for re-joining the EU 'as soon as political situation is favourable' . Green Party.
  194. Web site: 2024-05-26 . Voting Intention and Deltapoll Trackers (26th May 2024) Deltapoll . 2024-05-31 . Deltapoll Deltapoll.
  195. Web site: What if the EU Invited Canada to Join Its Bloc?. John . Hulsman . Boris. Liedtke. 8 June 2018. INSEAD Knowledge.
  196. News: 2019-11-25 . General Election 2019: Scotland would 'seek a way back in' to EU . 2021-10-25 . BBC News . en-GB.
  197. Web site: 22 June 2017 . The Internal Enlargement of the European Union . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070055/https://www.ideasforeurope.eu/publication/the-internal-enlargement-of-the-european-union . 5 January 2018 . 4 January 2018 . Centre Maurits Coppieters.
  198. Web site: 1 May 2014 . The 'internal' enlargement of the European Union – is it possible? . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620013056/https://blog.oup.com/2014/05/internal-enlargement-of-european-union-legal-possibility . 20 June 2019 . Oxford University Press.
  199. Web site: 2011 . The Internal Enlargement of the European Union . https://web.archive.org/web/20180209061146/https://www.ideasforeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/The-internal-enlargement-of-the-EU-Final.pdf.pdf . 9 February 2018 . Centre Maurits Coppieters.
  200. Edward, David, "Scotland's Position in the European Union", Scottish Parliamentary Review, Vol. I, No. 2 (Jan 2014) [Edinburgh: Blacket Avenue Press]
  201. Web site: 25 January 2013 . Scottish independence: Irish minister says EU application 'would take time' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191231192520/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-21195630 . 31 December 2019 . 2 February 2013 . BBC.
  202. News: Rankin . Jennifer . Carrell . Severin . 13 March 2017 . Independent Scotland 'would have to apply to join EU' – Brussels official . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020836/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/13/independent-scotland-would-have-to-apply-to-join-eu-commission-says . 12 November 2020 . 20 September 2018 . The Guardian.
  203. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/10/10/the-catalan-independence-movement-is-pro-eu-but-will-the-eu-accept-it The Catalan independence movement is pro-EU – but will the EU accept it?
  204. Web site: 14 September 2017 . Independent Catalonia would need to apply to join EU -Juncker . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011165319/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-eu/independent-catalonia-would-need-to-apply-to-join-eu-juncker-idUKKCN1BP20W . 11 October 2019 . Reuters.
  205. European Commission - Statement on the events in Catalonia . en . 9 December 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191101111059/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-3626_en.htm . 1 November 2019 . europa.eu.
  206. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-20664907 Scottish independence: EC's Barroso says new states need 'apply to join EU'
  207. Web site: correspondence from Mr Barroso to the House of lords . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191116231143/https://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/economic-affairs/ScottishIndependence/EA68_Scotland_and_the_EU_Barroso's_reply_to_Lord_Tugendhat_101212.pdf . 16 November 2019 . 10 December 2012.
  208. News: Holehouse . Matthew . 16 February 2014 . Jose Manuel Barroso: nearly impossible for Scotland to join EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920190813/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/10641833/Jose-Manuel-Barroso-nearly-impossible-for-Scotland-to-join-EU.html . 20 September 2020 . 4 September 2014 . Sunday Telegraph . London . Spain, which fears the separation of the Catalonia region, has blocked the accession of Kosovo ... Jose Manuel Barroso, the president of the European Commission ... went on: 'It will be extremely difficult to get the approval of all the other member states to have a new member coming from one member state.' 'We have seen that Spain has been opposing even the recognition of Kosovo, for instance. It's to some extent a similar case because it's a new country, and so I believe it's going to be extremely difficult, if not impossible.'.
  209. News: Nikolaj . Nielsen . 17 September 2013 . EU commission: Catalonia must leave EU if it leaves Spain . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108093348/https://euobserver.com/enlargement/121466 . 8 November 2020 . 19 September 2013 . EUObserver.
  210. News: Johnson . Simon . 27 November 2013 . Spanish PM: Independent Scotland would be kicked out of the EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010839/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10479461/Spanish-PM-Independent-Scotland-would-be-out-of-the-EU.html . 12 November 2020 . 3 April 2018 . The Daily Telegraph . London.
  211. News: 3 February 2014 . Scottish independence: Spain warning over EU entry . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145840/http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/scottish-independence-spain-warning-over-eu-entry-1-3292575 . 24 September 2015 . 20 November 2019 . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . 'They have to resolve a mountain of problems, as Better Together has explained very well,' he said.'You have to achieve candidate status. You have to negotiate 35 chapters . It has to be ratified by the institutions of the EU. It then has to be ratified by 28 national parliaments.'.
  212. News: Murray . Graeme . 26 February 2012 . Spain will not veto an independent Scotland joining EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225102/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/304495/Spain-will-not-veto-an-independent-Scotland-joining-EU . 11 November 2020 . 4 September 2014 . Sunday Express . London.
  213. News: Richard . Youngs . 11 July 2017 . EU needs a smarter response to the Catalonia crisis . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030409/https://www.politico.eu/article/catalonia-mariano-rajoy-eu-needs-a-smarter-response-to-the-catalonia-crisis . 9 November 2020 . 21 November 2019 . Politico.
  214. Web site: Teffer . Peter . 22 December 2017 . Separatist 'win' does not change EU view on Catalonia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180708220731/https://euobserver.com/elections/140401 . 8 July 2018 . 21 November 2019 . EU Observer.
  215. Web site: Fourquet . Jérôme . Jérôme Fourquet . Kraus . François . Bourgine . Alexandre . Les Corses et leur perception de la situation sur l'île: Résultats détaillés . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050613/http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/1904-1-study_file.pdf . 4 March 2016 . 19 July 2016 . ifop.com.
  216. Web site: Van Parijs . Philippe . 4 October 2007 . Brussels after Belgium: fringe town or city state ? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210907/http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/etes/documents/2007zp.Brussels_Bulletin.final.pdf . 3 March 2016 . 29 November 2007 . The Bulletin.
  217. Web site: Feki . Donya . 29 November 2007 . Jean Quatremer: a nation has been born—Flanders . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100309223853/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/23093/jean-quatremer-a-nation-has-been-born-flanders.html . 9 March 2010 . 29 November 2007 . Café Babel.
  218. Hechter (M.), The Dynamics of Secession, Acta Sociologica, vol. 35, 1992, p. 267.
  219. Web site: 9 April 2014 . Entrevista A Marcel Farinelli (1): "Córcega Y Cerdeña Forman Un Archipiélago Invisible Al Tener Sus Islas Nacionalismos De Signo Opuesto" .
  220. Web site: What next for independence movements in Europe? | openDemocracy.
  221. Web site: Identità e autonomia in Sardegna – FocuSardegna . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195345/http://www.focusardegna.com/index.php/eventi/257-identita-e-autonomia-in-sardegna . 14 July 2014.
  222. Web site: 9 November 2015 . La Sardegna che vorrebbe l'indipendenza come i catalani . La Stampa.
  223. Book: Gianmario Demuro . Identità e Autonomia in Sardegna e Scozia . Ilenia Ruggiu . Francesco Mola . Maggioli Editore . 2013 . 978-8-8387-8243-5 . 35–39.
  224. Web site: Focus: La questione identitaria e indipendentista in Sardegna - University of Cagliari, Ilenia Ruggiu . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170815181145/http://people.unica.it/ileniaruggiu/files/2014/05/8%C2%B0-La-questione-identitaria-e-indipendentista-in-Sardegna.pdf . 15 August 2017 . 17 March 2022.
  225. Ruggiu . Ilenia . 26 June 2014 . The Scottish Referendum: The View from Italy and Sardinia . Scottish Affairs . 23 . 3 . 407–414 . 10.3366/scot.2014.0039.
  226. Web site: Indipendentista il 40% dei sardi (Conferenza delle Regioni e delle Province autonome) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065604/http://www.regioni.it/riforme/2015/06/24/sar-regione-pigliaru-indipendentista-il-40-dei-sardi-410441 . 4 March 2016 . 17 January 2023.
  227. Web site: 1 May 2012 . La Sardegna vuole l'indipendenza. Favorevoli 4 sardi su 10 . controcampus.it.
  228. Web site: 30 April 2012 . gianfrancopintore: Il 40% dei sardi è per l'indipendenza; il resto per la sovranità .
  229. Web site: Delibere - Regione Autonoma della Sardegna . regione.sardegna.it.
  230. La Sardegna: lo stato delle cose fra "percepito" e ossatura reale, Istituto Ixè, Fondazione di Sardegna; Vissuto – identità, table n.44
  231. Web site: 7 December 2017 . L'Isola ha paura del futuro Fiducia solo sul turismo – Regione .
  232. Web site: Dark truth behind Sardinia's holiday oasis . news.com.au.
  233. Web site: Sardinia: Militarization, Contamination and Cancer in Paradise . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160626131218/http://warisacrime.org/downloads/sardinia.pdf . 26 June 2016.
  234. Web site: Sardegna, La Protesta Contro Le Servitu' . rai.tv.
  235. Web site: Così in Sardegna si è riacceso l'indipendentismo, Nicola Mirenzi – Europa Quotidiano .
  236. <> Relazione sulla politica dell'informazione per la sicurezza, pg.69
  237. Web site: 15 September 2014 . Capo Frasca, la nuova Pratobello . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20220816105146/https://lindro.it/capo-frasca-la-nuova-pratobello . 16 August 2022 . 6 May 2022.
  238. Web site: 15 September 2014 . Oltre 5mila per dire no ai poligoni festa identitaria davanti ai cancelli . La Nuova Sardegna.
  239. Web site: Marrocco . Adalgisa . Indipendentismo sardo, questo sconosciuto . Contrappunti.
  240. Web site: Be On The Citizen Side Of Things . citizenside.com.
  241. Mattu, Katjuscia. Internal colonialism in Western Europe: the case of Sardinia
  242. Web site: I fondamenti storici dell'indipendenza sarda – Lacanas.
  243. Web site: 30 May 2023 . Parties, associations ask for direct representation of Sardinia in European Parliament . Nationalia.
  244. Web site: 8 May 2014 . Europee, in Sardegna campagna "Eu non voto". C'è anche Zappadu . Il Fatto Quotidiano.
  245. Web site: 19 March 2014 . Il Senato affonda il collegio Sardegna, per l'Isola nessun europarlamentare .
  246. Eve Hepburn, New Challenges for Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties, Routledge, 2010, pp.121
  247. Web site: Referendum consultivo in Sardegna . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192012/http://www.nuclearnews.it/news-2519/referendum-consultivo-in-sardegna . 4 March 2016 . Assonucleare.it.
  248. Web site: Referendum nucleare Sardegna: concluse verifiche Comuni, i SI al 97,13% - Regione Autonoma della Sardegna . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20221229112613/https://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/25?s=166748&v=2&c=86&t=1 . 29 December 2022 . 17 March 2022 . regione.sardegna.it.
  249. Web site: Sardegna: paradiso turistico o la lenta morte di un popolo? Di Marco Oggianu, 21.12.2006 . gfbv.it.
  250. Web site: Veneto Libero, Indipendente (nella Nato in Europa e con l'Euro.... Il Problema è lo STATO ITALIANO) - Rischio Calcolato . dead . https://archive.today/20140322124151/http://www.rischiocalcolato.it/2014/03/veneto-libero-indipendente-nato-in-europa-leuro-problema-italiano.html . 2014-03-22 . 2014-03-25 . rischiocalcolato.it.
  251. Web site: Referendum consultivo. referendum2017.consiglioveneto.it.
  252. Web site: 2 July 1993 . L'Europa Secondo la Lega .
  253. Web site: dettaglio news - Regione del Veneto.
  254. Web site: Europee: Zaia, serve un'Europa forte e delle Regioni. www.liberoquotidiano.it.
  255. Web site: 22 September 2017 . Zaia: "Noi come la CatalognaMi farei anche arrestare" .
  256. Web site: 10 October 2023 . Zaia: "Risorse Ue sono soldi anche nostri, vanno spesi bene" .
  257. Web site: 3 January 2007 . Turkish Cypriot community . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081344/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/turkish_cypriot_community/index_en.htm . 10 December 2010 . European Commission — Directorate-General for Enlargement.
  258. Web site: 1 May 2017 . Outcome of the special European Council (Article 50) meeting of 29 April 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181228040144/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2017/603226/EPRS_ATA(2017)603226_EN.pdf . 28 December 2018 . 26 December 2017 . European Parliament.
  259. News: Rankin . Jennifer . 28 April 2017 . Europe could allow a united Ireland to join EU after Brexit . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200812075200/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/apr/27/eu-to-debate-recognising-united-ireland-to-allow-swift-return-for-north . 12 August 2020 . 23 July 2020 . The Guardian.
  260. Web site: Nescutu . Madalin . 7 April 2021 . Numărul unioniștilor, în creștere accelerată în Moldova: cel mai recent sondaj arată că 44% dintre ei vor unirea cu România . The number of unionists, growing rapidly in Moldova: the latest poll shows that 44% of them want union with Romania . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210506175041/https://www.g4media.ro/numarul-unionistilor-in-crestere-accelerata-in-moldova-cel-mai-recent-sondaj-arata-ca-44-dintre-ei-vor-unirea-cu-romania.html . 6 May 2021 . 6 July 2021 . g4media.ro . ro-RO.
  261. Web site: 5 September 2023 . Romania-Moldova reunification: Three scenarios .
  262. Web site: 5 March 2015 . A union between Moldova and Romania: On the cards? . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190246/https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/127824 . 8 November 2020 . EUObserver.
  263. Web site: 27 July 2023 . Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship | Origins .
  264. News: 4 February 2014 . Gagauzia Voters Choose Russia over EU . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  265. Web site: 1 January 2004 . Treaty establishing the European community, last revision from Nice 2001, Art.299(6)a . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105433/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.html . 16 November 2013 . 7 January 2011 . EUR-Lex.
  266. Web site: Spongenberg . Helena . 4 May 2006 . Fish keep Faroe Islands at a distance from EU . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073827/http://euobserver.com/9/21516 . 5 June 2011 . 21 November 2019 . EUobserver.com.
  267. Web site: Portal.fo . 7 January 2011 . fo.
  268. Web site: 22 June 2016 . Greenland's exit warning to Britain . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191018153048/https://www.politico.eu/article/greenland-exit-warning-to-britain-brexit-eu-referendum-europe-vote-news-denmark . 18 October 2019 . 18 October 2019 . Polotico.eu.
  269. 1 February 1985 . Legislation (Greenland) . live . Official Journal of the European Communities . 28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201211102030/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:1985:029:FULL&from=EL . 11 December 2020 . 27 December 2020.
  270. News: 5 January 2007 . Greenland could re-join the EU . https://web.archive.org/web/20080120191436/http://euobserver.com/844/23194?rss_rk=1 . 20 January 2008 . 25 June 2007 . EUobserver Review.
  271. Web site: Baume . Maïa de La . 22 June 2016 . Greenland's exit warning to Britain . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191018153048/https://www.politico.eu/article/greenland-exit-warning-to-britain-brexit-eu-referendum-europe-vote-news-denmark . 18 October 2019 . 18 October 2019 . politico.eu.
  272. Web site: Treaty of Lisbon Article 2, point 293 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171025165313/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/cg00014.en07.pdf . 25 October 2017 . 2 June 2008.
  273. Web site: Countries - Pacific - New Caledonia - Information Paper - NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128203127/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/New-Caledonia.php . 28 January 2013 . 9 December 2013 . mfat.govt.nz.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Potential enlargement of the European Union".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.