Fusobacterium Explained

Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria[1] belonging to Gracilicutes. Individual cells are slender, rod-shaped bacilli with pointed ends.[2] [3] Fusobacterium was discovered in 1900 by Courmont and Cade and is common in the flora of humans.[4] [5]

Strains of Fusobacterium can cause several human diseases and infections, including periodontal diseases, Lemierre's syndrome,[6] oral, head, and neck infections, as well as colorectal cancer and topical skin ulcers.[7]

It has been tied to HIV infection and suboptimal immune recovery.[8] Detection of Fusobacterium is typically through surgical retrieval of tissue, fecal tests, or blood tests in patients showing symptoms.[9] Early detection is preferred and helps to prevent further disease progression.[4]

Although older sources state that Fusobacterium is part of the normal flora of the human oropharynx, the current consensus is that Fusobacterium should always be treated as a pathogen.[10] There are thirteen described Fusobacterium strains; the predominant one affecting humans is F. nucleatum,[11] followed by F. necrophorum, which also affects animals, mainly cattle.[12]

Background

History

Although the genus was not discovered until 1900 by Courmont and Cade,[4] the first documented Fusobacterium infection was reported in 1898 by Veillon and Zuber, who described a case of systemic infection in a young child.[13] The genus was proposed by Knorr in 1923.[14] Fusobacterium has been classically considered a normal part of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and female genital flora, which is why infections are not commonly seen.

Clinical relevance

Fusobacterium is often associated with ulcerative colitis.[15] Research of colon cancer has also shown an overrepresentation of Fusobacterium, both in feces of patients[16] and tumor tissue itself.[17] Fusobacterium has also been seen increased in individuals infected with HIV as well as in individuals with suboptimal immune recovery as compared to patients who were not infected and had optimal responses.

Prevalent pathogenic species

F. nucleatum is found in humans more so than any other species of Fusobacterium. It is commonly found in the oral cavity as well as in the intestinal tract. Some of its pathogenic ties include its extraction from amniotic fluid sourced from spontaneous premature labor without reason/a given source. A few additional sources of its pathogenic nature include its association with oral inflammation diseases, cancers such as pancreatic, oral, and colorectal, as well as infections of the head and neck. This association is due to the high increase in the prevalence of F. nucleatum in those infected areas. F. nucleatum can worsen or initiate colorectal cancer by stimulating other bacteria such as Streptococcus, Campylobacter spp. and Leptotrichia as well as cancerous gene expression from Beta-catenin signaling. F. nucleatum can be detected in tissues, genomic DNA, and feces using methods such as (FQ, q, and dd) polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. However, these are limited because tissues can only be tested after surgery and fecal matter can return false positive results.

F. necrophorum has been found as a common pathogen in the diagnostic of peritonsillar abscess and is more prevalent than other bacteria regarding this infection. It is also the most frequent leading cause associated with Lemierre Syndrome and is not proven to be a normal part of the human oral bacterium population. F. necrophorum commonly infects animals, causing liver abscesses and necrodic diseases, and can combine with other pathogenic bacteria to cause various infections such as foot rot and uterine infections.[18]

Sources of other species of Fusobacterium

Source:

Symptoms and treatment

Fusobacterium infections often cause clinical symptoms such as a fever, inflammation, and a diseased appearance. Further diagnosis can confirm suspicions of Fusobacterium infection through blood testing or culturing the tissue. Upon diagnosing the infection, action to treat it involves the application of antibiotics over a 2-week period which could be in the form of penicillin or other variants as well as using anaerobic antibiotics like clindamycin and metronidazole which work when the Fusobacterium can break down the Beta-lactams. Leaving Fusobacterium untreated could lead to more severe developments of the infection and early testing is recommended. By testing early, fatal diseases such as Lemierre syndrome can be avoided. However, this requires the family physician to be conscious of the danger as infections such as Lemierre syndrome affects younger populations and especially those of male gender. The bacterium is a big anchor for biofilms.[19] [20] It is usually susceptible to clindamycin,[21] while approximately 20% of the clinical strains are resistant to penicillin.[22] In contrast to Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium has a potent lipopolysaccharide.

Taxonomy

See also: Bacterial taxonomy.

Current species

Fusobacterium is divided into 13 different species, two of which each have their own set of subspecies (F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum).

Reclassified species

Other previously declared species of Fusobacterium such as F. symbiosum, F. praecutum, F. plauti, F. alocis, F. sulci, and F. prausnitzii have since been reclassified due to containing different characteristics from the other Fusobacterium members. F. alocis has been reclassified into Filifactor alocis while F. sulci has been reclassified as Eubacterium sulci. F. prausnitzii is a part of the Clostridium leptum subgroup under Eubacterium-like organisms. A few strains F. prausnitzii, a gut commensal associated with healthy patients, was completely reclassified as Faecalibacterium (Clostridiales:Ruminococcaceae) in 2002.

Phylogenic tree

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Broadley . Marissa . Schweon . Steven J. . May 2017 . Get the facts about Fusobacterium . Nursing2023 . en-US . 47 . 5 . 64–65 . 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000515524.23032.d5 . 28445341 . 41693034 . 0360-4039.
  2. Book: Madigan M . Martinko J . Brock Biology of Microorganisms . 11th . Prentice Hall . 2005 . 978-0-13-144329-7 .
  3. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 22nd Edition,, (2009)n p.983
  4. Cheung . Winson . September 2007 . Fusobacterium . Canadian Family Physician . 53 . 9 . 1451–1453 . 17872873 . 2234623 .
  5. Garcia-Carretero . Rafael . Lopez-Lomba . Marta . Carrasco-Fernandez . Blanca . Duran-Valle . Maria Teresa . October 2017 . Clinical Features and Outcomes of Fusobacterium Species Infections in a Ten-Year Follow-up . Journal of Critical Care Medicine (Universitatea de Medicina Si Farmacie Din Targu-Mures) . 3 . 4 . 141–147 . 10.1515/jccm-2017-0029 . 29967887 . 5769905 .
  6. Ehlers Klug . Tejs . Rusan . Maria . Fuursted . Kurt . Ovesen . Therese . Fusobacterium necrophorum: Most Prevalent Pathogen in Peritonsillar Abscess in Denmark . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 15 November 2009 . 49 . 10 . 1467–1472 . 10.1086/644616 . 19842975 . free .
  7. Shang . Fu-Mei . Liu . Hong-Li . Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: A review . World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology . 15 March 2018 . 10 . 3 . 71–81 . 10.4251/wjgo.v10.i3.71. 29564037 . 5852398 . free .
  8. Lee . Soo Ching . Chua . Ling Ling . Yap . Siew Hwei . Khang . Tsung Fei . Leng . Chan Yoon . Raja Azwa . Raja Iskandar . Lewin . Sharon R. . Kamarulzaman . Adeeba . Woo . Yin Ling . Lim . Yvonne Ai Lian . Loke . P’ng . Rajasuriar . Reena . 2018-09-24 . Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals . Scientific Reports . en . 8 . 1 . 14277 . 10.1038/s41598-018-32585-x . 30250162 . 6155144 . 2018NatSR...814277L . 2045-2322.
  9. Arane . Karen . Goldman . Ran . October 2016 . Fusobacterium infections in children . Canadian Family Physician . 62 . 10 . 813–814 . 27737977 . 5063768 .
  10. Real-time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice . Aliyu SH, Marriott RK, Curran MD, etal . J Med Microbiol . 53 . October 2004 . 1029–35 . 10.1099/jmm.0.45648-0 . 15358827 . Pt 10 . free .
  11. Citron . Diane . Update on the Taxonomy and Clinical Aspects of the Genus Fusobacterium . Clinical Infectious Diseases . September 2002 . 35 . s1 . S22–S27 . 10.1086/341916 . 12173104 . 5 May 2023.
  12. Tadepalli . S. . Narayanan . S. K. . Stewart . G. C. . Chengappa . M. M. . Nagaraja . T. G. . 2009-02-01 . Fusobacterium necrophorum: A ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle . Anaerobe . Foodborne and Gastrointestinal Pathogen Ecology and Control in the Intestinal Tract . en . 15 . 1 . 36–43 . 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.05.005 . 18595747 . 1075-9964.
  13. Creemers-Schild . D . Grounthoud . F . Spanjaard . L . Visser . L G . Brouwer . C N M . Kuijper . E J . May 2014 . Fusobacterium necrophorum, an emerging pathogen of otogenic and paranasal infections? . New Microbes and New Infections . 2 . 3 . 52–57 . 10.1002/nmi2.39 . 25356344 . 4184658 .
  14. Bennett . K. W. . Eley . A.YR 1993 . Fusobacteria: New taxonomy and related diseases . Journal of Medical Microbiology . 1993 . 39 . 4 . 246–254 . 10.1099/00222615-39-4-246 . 8411084 . 1473-5644. free .
  15. Su . Wenhao . Chen . Yongyu . Cao . Pan . Chen . Yan . Guo . Yuanmei . Wang . Siwei . Dong . Weiguo . 2020-11-27 . Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes the Development of Ulcerative Colitis by Inducing the Autophagic Cell Death of Intestinal Epithelial . Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology . 10 . 594806 . 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594806 . 33330137 . 7728699 . free .
  16. J.. Ahn. R.. Sinha. Z.. Pei. C.. Dominianni. J.. Wu. J.. Shi. J. J.. Goedert. R. B.. Hayes. L.. Yang. 18 December 2013. J Natl Cancer Inst. 105. 24. 1907–1911. 10.1093/jnci/djt300. 24316595. 3866154.
  17. News: Alice Park . 18 October 2011 . A Surprising Link Between Bacteria and Colon Cancer . Time.com . 18 October 2011.
  18. Bicalho . M. L. S. . Machado . V. S. . Oikonomou . G. . Gilbert . R. O. . Bicalho . R. C. . 2012-05-25 . Association between virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes and uterine diseases of dairy cows . Veterinary Microbiology . en . 157 . 1 . 125–131 . 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.034 . 22186615 . 0378-1135.
  19. Saito . Y. . Fujii . R. . Nakagawa . K.-I. . Kuramitsu . H. K. . Okuda . K. . Ishihara . K. . February 2008 . Stimulation of Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis . Oral Microbiology and Immunology . 23 . 1 . 1–6 . 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00380.x . 18173791 . free . 10130/821. 9675789 .
  20. Okuda . Tamaki . Kokubu . Eitoyo . Kawana . Tomoko . Saito . Atsushi . Okuda . Katsuji . Ishihara . Kazuyuki . Feb 2012 . Synergy in biofilm formation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species . Anaerobe . 18 . 1 . 110–116 . 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.003 . 1095-8274 . 21945879 . free . 10130/3922.
  21. Web site: 2017 . Clindamycin . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145319/https://davisplus.fadavis.com/3976/meddeck/pdf/clindamycin.pdf . November 14, 2017 . November 14, 2017 . Davis.
  22. Di Bella . Stefano . Antonello . Roberta Maria . Sanson . Gianfranco . Maraolo . Alberto Enrico . Giacobbe . Daniele Roberto . Sepulcri . Chiara . Ambretti . Simone . Aschbacher . Richard . Bartolini . Laura . Bernardo . Mariano . Bielli . Alessandra . June 2022 . Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey . Anaerobe . en . 75 . 102583 . 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583 . 35568274 . 11368/3020691 . 248736289. free .
  23. Web site: The LTP . 20 November 2023.
  24. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 20 November 2023.
  25. Web site: LTP_08_2023 Release Notes. 20 November 2023.
  26. Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  27. Web site: bac120_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
  28. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.

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