A fronton (Spanish; Castilian: frontón; Basque: frontoi or Basque: pilotaleku; French: fronton) is a two-walled or single-walled court used as a playing area for Basque pelota.
The front wall of the first frontons in villages was usually the wall of a church. Because the games being played close by, several priests would play pelota along with the villagers and got to be well-known players and often served as referees in provincial or town competitions[1] but were out of the picture when it turned into a commercialized sport. Because of the increasing popularity of the game, many churches put up signs forbidding pelota games on their porches.[2] The games were also played in town halls, but when the game turned into a highly popular entertainment in the region, towns started to build special frontons in open-air or closed courts.
There are two main types of frontons, the first one being the single-wall fronton, prevalent on the eastern Basque Country, while two-wall frontons are typically located in present-day Basque Autonomous Community, a large part of Navarre, and La Rioja. A two-wall fronton is made up of a rectangular floor and three vertical walls, named frontis; the front wall is the main one, where the hits are directed according to the rules. That wall has a line at a determined height named Bajo Chapa (Lower Zone). Perpendicular to the front wall is attached another longer wall, with marks for the distance to the main wall. The number of marks depends on the type of fronton used. Perpendicular to the side wall is the back wall. The height of the three walls must be the same for professional courts. Often, in common rural open-air courts, the place where the back wall should be is delimited by a line on the floor. A free wall sideline is delimited to make watching the game easier for an audience or other players. In every kind of fronton, the sidelines are 4.5 m apart.
| Type | Front and Back Walls | Ground | Side wall | |||||
| Size | Long | Wide | Lower and upper zones(front) | Long | Wide | Long | Wide | |
| 1. Very short court | 10m | 11m | 0.60m | 30m | 10m | 10m | 30m | |
| 2. Short Court | 10m | 11m | 1m | 36m | 10m | 10m | 36m | |
| 3. Long court | 10m | 11m | 1m | 54m | 10m | 10m | 54m | |
| 4. Trinquet | 10m | 11m | 0.60m | 28.5m | 10m | 10m | 28.5m | |
| Source: Consejo Superior de Deportes [3] | ||||||||
This kind of court is 30 m long and is used professionally only for frontenis and paleta-rubber variants.
This 36 m court is used professionally for hand-pelota, paleta-leather and short bat variants.
This 54 m court is used professionally for long bat, remonte and basket variants.
This 28.5 m court has a somewhat different shape than the others: with an inclined roof all along the left wall. It allows the variants of handball, paleta-rubber, paleta-leather and xare. It is used almost exclusively in the Northern Basque Country, but also in some places of León and Castilla.
This 100 m open-air court is used for playing Grand Chistera in France and has no side walls, the limit for play is at 80 m from the fronton. This court is not recognised by the International Federation of Basque Pelota and cannot be used for international competitions.[4]
The marks on the fronton must create a notable contrast with the color of the field. To make the difference visible, the marks are often painted.
The sideline line is 15 cm wide and parallel to the side wall. This line marks the limit between the playing ground and the exterior.
The lower zone line is 15 cm wide and the height depends on the size of the fronton (see chart). The upper zone is frequently marked at 10 m high on the wall and the line is also 15 cm wide.
The squares are the lines painted on the side wall and the ground, used to mark the places of service, falta, and pasa. From square to square the distance is 4 m (long fronton) or 3 m (Very short and short frontons).
The falta line is located in the fourth square, while pasa is located in the seventh square; both lines are 15 cm wide.In the Olympic version, the falta is in the third square and the pasa on the fifth square.
The service line is often located in the fifth square, usually in racquet, cesta punta, and paleta-rubber, or in the fourth square, usually in hand categories.