Foreign relations of Serbia explained

Foreign relations of Serbia are formulated and executed by the Government of Serbia through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia established diplomatic relations with most world nations – 188 states in total – starting with the United Kingdom (1837) and ending most recently with Guyana (2024). Serbia has friendly relations with following neighboring countries: Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, and Hungary. It maintains colder, more tense relations with Albania and Croatia and to a lesser degree with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria due to historic nation-building conflict and differing political ideologies.

Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), United States, Russia, and China as the four pillars of Serbian foreign policy.[1]

Serbia is a member of the United Nations (UN), the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Central European Initiative (CEI), the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Customs Organization (WCO), the Interpol, the International Organization for Standardization (IOS), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and a number of other international organizations.

History

Medieval Serbia

In the centuries prior to Ottoman rule in the country, medieval Serbian states established diplomatic relations with a number of states in Europe and the Mediterranean, particularly under the Nemanjić dynasty, during which time the Serbian Empire reached its greatest extent. Serbian envoys regularly embarked on missions to states near and far, typically in large entourages bearing gifts for the foreign courts. One such embassy to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt arrived in Cairo bearing gifts including five hawks, five falcons, four silver cups, and an extravagantly ornamental sword. Serbian diplomats of the time were mostly drawn from two groups; those sent to the Catholic West primarily hailed from noble families from the coastal cities of the Adriatic Sea, such as Kotor, Dubrovnik, and Bar, and those sent to the Orthodox East were frequently members of the clergy, like Saint Sava. Typically the rulers of these states would provide dwellings for the envoys and their entourages, as well as transportation.[2]

Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)

See main article: Serbian Revolution and Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878). Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.[3] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[4]

Principality of Serbia (1878-1882) and Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918)

See main article: Principality of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbia. The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina) until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.

In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[5]

Serbia in late 19th and eraly 20th century had multiple national goals.[6] [7] [8] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[9] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[10] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[11] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[12] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[13]

World War I

See main article: Serbian campaign. The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[14] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[15]

On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany. Austria-Hungary thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days and became the World War I.

British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[16] Others, most notably prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary (roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand", saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria-Hungary had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[17]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with:

Country Date[18]
1 United Kingdom[19]
2
3 France[20]
4 Austria
5 Bulgaria
6 Greece
7 Italy
8 Romania[21]
9 Turkey
10 United States
11 Japan[22]
12 Portugal[23]
13 Paraguay
14 Belgium[24]
15 Netherlands[25]
16 Cuba
17 Uruguay
18 Nicaragua
19 Egypt[26]
20 Dominican Republic
21 Albania
22 Spain[27] [28]
23 Switzerland
24 Norway[29]
25 Denmark[30]
26 Sweden[31]
27 Czech Republic[32]
28 Poland[33]
–
29 Hungary
30 Argentina
31 Finland[34]
32
33 Brazil
34 Canada
35 Lebanon[35]
36 Mexico
37
38 Pakistan
39 Israel[36]
40 India
41
42 Chile
43 Myanmar
44 New Zealand[37]
45 Germany[38]
46 Jordan
47 [39]
48[40]
49 Ethiopia[41]
50 Costa Rica[42]
51
52 Iceland[43]
53 Panama[44]
54 Indonesia
55 Thailand[45]
56 Afghanistan
57 China
58 Libya[46]
59 Ecuador[47]
60 Cambodia
61 Sudan[48]
62 Mongolia
63 Luxembourg
64
65 Morocco
66 Sri Lanka
67 Yemen[49]
68 Tunisia[50]
69 Iraq[51]
70 Ghana[52]
71 Liberia[53]
72 Nepal
73 Guinea[54]
74 Cyprus
75 Somalia[55]
76 Mali[56]
77 Togo[57]
78 Nigeria[58]
79 Senegal[59]
80
81 [60]
82 Algeria
83 Benin[61]
84
85 Kuwait
86 Uganda[62]
87 Sierra Leone[63]
88 Kenya[64]
89
90 Central African Republic[65]
91 Mauritania[66]
92 Zambia[67]
93 Cameroon[68]
94 Gambia
95 Chad[69]
96 Australia
97 Colombia
98 Malaysia[70]
99 Singapore
100[71]
101 Jamaica[72]
102 [73]
103 Burkina Faso[74]
104 Malta
105 Peru[75]
106 Equatorial Guinea
107 Botswana[76]
108 Mauritius[77]
109 Madagascar[78]
110 Rwanda[79]
111 Bangladesh[80]
112 Philippines[81]
113 Niger[82]
114 Lesotho[83]
115 Gabon
116 Trinidad and Tobago[84]
117 Oman[85]
118 Guinea-Bissau[86]
119 Maldives
120 Mozambique[87]
121 Angola
122 Papua New Guinea
123 Suriname
124 Fiji[88]
125 Seychelles[89]
126 Comoros
127 Cape Verde
128 Barbados[90]
129 Ireland
130 Grenada
131 Djibouti
132 [91]
133 El Salvador
134 Zimbabwe[92]
135 Haiti
136 Guatemala[93]
137 Bahamas[94]
– [95]
138 Bahrain[96]
139 Qatar[97]
140
141 Namibia[98]
142
143 South Africa[99]
144 Slovakia[100]
145 Ukraine
146 Armenia
147 Belarus
148 Uzbekistan
149
150 Georgia
151 Tajikistan
152
153 Turkmenistan
154 Croatia
155 Kazakhstan
156 Azerbaijan
157 Malawi
158 Kyrgyzstan
159 Bosnia and Herzegovina
160 Lithuania[101]
161 Latvia[102]
162 Estonia[103]
—
163 Slovenia
164 San Marino
165 Liechtenstein
166 Montenegro
167 United Arab Emirates
168 Andorra
169 Monaco[104]
170 Dominica
171 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
172
173 Bhutan
174
175 Eritrea
176 Tonga[105]
177 Saudi Arabia
178 Vanuatu
179 Antigua and Barbuda
180 Saint Kitts and Nevis
181 Palau
182 Tuvalu
183 Belize
184 Nauru
185 Saint Lucia
186 Solomon Islands
187
188
189

Multilateral relations

European Union

See also: Accession of Serbia to the European Union. Serbian foreign policy is focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU). Serbia officially applied for membership in the European Union in 2009, received a full candidate status in 2012 and started accession talks in 2014.[106] [107] [108] The European Commission considers accession possible by 2030. After initial popular support for country's entry, it has held unfavorable domestic approval with support weakening since 2014.[109] International support for their accession is similarly mixed with concerns over Serbia's claim over Kosovo, regional geopolitical tensions, foreign policy alignment with Russia, and domestic policies.[110]

NATO

See also: Serbia–NATO relations. Serbia proclaimed military neutrality in 2007.[111] The relationship between Serbia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has been regulated in the context of an Individual Partnership Action Plan. Serbia is the only state in the Southeastern Europe that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a 1999 NATO bombing, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with Kosovo, as well as a close relationship with Russia.[112] [113]

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Algeria1962[114] See Algeria–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Algeria and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1962.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[115]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Algiers.[116]
Angola 1975[117] See Angola–Serbia relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
1961[118]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • The Minister of Foreign Affairs of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 while the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
1964[119]
  • Diplomatic relations between Republic of the Congo and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1964.
Cote d'Ivoire1968
  • Diplomatic relations between Côte d'Ivoire and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1968.
Egypt 1908[120] See Egypt–Serbia relations
1990[122]
  • Diplomatic relations between Eswatini and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1990, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.
Ethiopia1952See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1952.
  • Ethiopia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Adis Abeba.
Guinea1958[123]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Guinea through its embassy in Accra (Ghana).
Guinea-Bissau1975[124]
  • Diplomatic relations between Guinea-Bissau and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1975.
  • Guinea-Bissau supports Serbia's position regarding Kosovo, and prime minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló visited Belgrade in 2017.[125]
Kenya 1963[126]
  • Kenya has the honorary consul in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi.
Libya1955[127] See Libya–Serbia relations
Madagascar1960[130]
  • Diplomatic relations between Madagascar and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1960, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[131]
Mauritania1966[132]
  • Mauritania is not represented in Serbia.
  • Serbia is represented in Mauritania through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco).[133]
Morocco
  • Morocco has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Rabat.
Nigeria 1960[134]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja as well as honorary consuls in Kano and Lagos.
Seychelles1977[135]
  • Diplomatic relations between Seychelles and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1977, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[136]
Somalia 1960[137] See Serbia–Somalia relations
  • Serbia is represented in Mauritania through its embassy in Nairobi (Kenya).
  • Somalia has an embassy in Belgrade.
South Africa1992[138] See Serbia–South Africa relations
Zambia 1964[140]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is not represented in Serbia.
Zimbabwe 1980[141] See Serbia–Zimbabwe relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Zimbabwe sided with Serbia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. [142] President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe, who visited Belgrade in 1996, described Serbia in 2014 as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally.[143]

Americas

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Argentina1928[144] See Argentina–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Argentina and Serbia (then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1928.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[145]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Bahamas1988[146]
  • Diplomatic relations between Bahamas and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1988, with a number of bilateral agreements being concluded and in force.[147]
Brazil1938[148] See Brazil–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Brazil and Serbia (then as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1938.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada1941[149] See Canada–Serbia relations
Chile1935[154]
  • Diplomatic relations between Chile and Serbia (then as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1935; they were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and renewed in 1990; with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[155]
Colombia1966[156]
  • Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1966 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[157]
Costa Rica1952[158]
  • Diplomatic relations between Costa Rica and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1952 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[159]
Cuba1902[160] See Cuba–Serbia relations
Guyana2024[163]
  • Diplomatic relations between Guyana and Serbia were established in 2024.
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (United States).[164]
Mexico1946[165] See Mexico–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1946.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Panama 1953[166]
  • Diplomatic relations between Panama and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1953 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[167]
Peru 1967[168] See Peru–Serbia relations
Trinidad and Tobago1974[169]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Trinidad and Tobago were established in 1974 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[170]
United States1881[171] See Serbia–United States relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia and the United States were established in 1881.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and a consulate general in Los Angeles and Chicago.[172]
  • The United States has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • According to the 2020 Census there were 191,538 people of Serbian descent living in the United States.[173]
  • Bilateral relations were severed during most of the 1990s, with the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade being closed between 1999 and 2001 as a result of the Kosovo War and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[174]
Uruguay1950[175]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Uruguay were established in 1950 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.[176]
1951[177] See Serbia–Venezuela relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Venezuela were established in 1951 with a number of bilateral agreements concluded and in force.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Caracas.[178]
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • After the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and "that cannot be accepted - it's a very dangerous precedent for the entire world."[179]

Asia

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Afghanistan1954[180]
  • Diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1954.
  • Afghan foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in 2011.
Armenia1993[181] See Armenia–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Armenia and Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) were established in 1993.
  • Armenia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).
  • Serbia has an embassy in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan1997[182] See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Azerbaijan and Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) were established in 1997.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
Bangladesh1971[183] See Bangladesh–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1971.
  • Bangladesh is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Serbia is represented in Bangladesh through its embassy in New Delhi (India).
2011[184]
  • Diplomatic relations between Brunei and Serbia were established in 1994.
  • Brunei foreign minister Prince Mohamed Bolkiah visited Belgrade in 2011.
Cambodia 1956[185] See Cambodia–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Cambodia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1956.
  • Cambodia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Cambodia through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
China1955[186] See China–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between China and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1955.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from 2006.
  • China and Serbia raised their relations on the level of strategic partnership since 2009.[187]
2012[188]
  • Diplomatic relations between East Timor and Serbia were established in 2012.
  • Serbia is represented in East Timor through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).[189]
Georgia1995[190]
  • Diplomatic relations between Georgia and Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) were established in 1995.[191]
  • Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Georgia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece).
  • Georgia strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo[192] and Serbia supports Georgia's stance on South Ossetia.[193]
India1948[194] See India–Serbia relations
Indonesia1954[197] See Indonesia–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1955.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[198]
1937[199] See Iran–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Iran and Serbia (then as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) were established in 1937.
  • Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.
Iraq1958[200] See Iraq–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Iraq and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1958.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[201]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[202]
Israel 1948[203] See Israel–Serbia relations
Japan1882[206] See Japan–Serbia relations
Kazakhstan 1996[209] See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) were established in 1996.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Belgrade.[210]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Astana.
Kuwait 1963[211]
  • Diplomatic relations between Kuwait and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1963.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were built by Serbian company Energoprojekt.
Kyrgyzstan1998[212]
  • Diplomatic relations between Kyrgyzstan and Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) were established in 1998.
  • Serbia is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Astana (Kazakhstan).
Malaysia 1967[213]
  • Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1967.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia is represented in Malaysia through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia).
Myanmar1950[214] See Myanmar–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Myanmar and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1950 with a number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[215]
  • Myanmar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Yangon.
Nepal1959[216] See Nepal–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Nepal and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1959 with a number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[217]
1948[218] See North Korea–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between North Korea and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1948.
  • North Korea is represented in North Korea through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria).
  • Serbia is represented in North Korea through its embassy in Beijing (China).
Oman 1974[219]
  • Diplomatic relations between Oman and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1974.
Pakistan1948[220] See Pakistan–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1948.
  • Pakistan has voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[221]
1989[222] See Palestine–Serbia relations
Philippines1972[225]
  • Diplomatic relations between Philippines and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1972 with a number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[226]
  • Philippines is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary) and has a honorary consulate in Belgrade.[227]
Qatar 1989[228]
  • Diplomatic relations between Qatar and Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) were established in 1989.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
Saudi Arabia2013[229]
  • Diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Serbia were established in 2013.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
Singapore1967[230]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Singapore were established in 1967.
1989[231] See Serbia–South Korea relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and South Korea were established in 1989.
  • Serbian has an embassy in Seoul.[232]
  • South Korean has an embassy in Belgrade.[233]
Sri Lanka1957[234]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of Yugoslavia) and Sri Lanka were established in 1957 with a number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[235]
1946[236] See Serbia–Syria relations
Tajikistan1995[238]
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia (then constituent part of FR Yugoslavia) and Tajikistan were established in 1996.
Thailand1954[239]
Turkey1879[241] See Serbia–Turkey relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Turkey were established in 1879.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate-general in Novi Pazar.
United Arab Emirates2007[242] See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations
1957[244]

Europe

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Albania1914[245] See Albania–Serbia relations
Austria1874[248] See Austria–Serbia relations
Belarus1994[253] See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
Belgium1886[254]
Bosnia and Herzegovina2000[256] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.

Bulgaria1879[257] See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
Croatia1996[258] See Croatia–Serbia relations

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia.

Cyprus1960[259] See Cyprus–Serbia relations
Czech Republic1918[261] See Czech Republic – Serbia relations
Denmark1917[263]
Estonia2001[264]
Finland1929[265] See Finland–Serbia relations
France1839[268] See France–Serbia relations
Germany1951[271] See Germany–Serbia relations
Greece1879[274] See Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens.

Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[275] in World War I.Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue.Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[276] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[277] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[278]

1920[279] See Holy See–Serbia relations
Hungary1921[280] See Hungary–Serbia relations
Iceland2000[284]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[285]
Ireland1977[286]
  • Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Yugoslavia were established in 1977.
  • Relations continued with Serbia since 2006.
Italy1879[287] See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
KosovoNo diplomatic relations or recognition.see alsoSee Kosovo–Serbia relations and International recognition of Kosovo

On 17 February 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo independence. Serbia, Russia, China, India, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Spain, Brazil, South Africa, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia considers the declaration of Kosovo's independence illegal and has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have membership status in the United Nations. United Nations member states and some non UN members like the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognize Kosovo as an independent state, while the rest do not.

Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations.

Latvia1917[289]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1917.
  • Both countries have agreements on International Transport by Road and on Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital.[290]
Lithuania2000[291]
Malta1969[293] See Malta–Serbia relations
1995[295]
Montenegro2006[296] See Montenegro–Serbia relations

Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.

Netherlands1891[297] See Netherlands–Serbia relations
1996[300] See North Macedonia–Serbia relations

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[301] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[302] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[303] North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.

Norway1917[304] See Norway–Serbia relations
Poland1919[308] See Poland–Serbia relations
Portugal1882[309] See Portugal–Serbia relations
Romania1879[310] See Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara.
1838[311] See Russia–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[312]

San Marino2002[313] See San Marino–Serbia relations
Slovakia1918[314] See Serbia–Slovakia relations
Slovenia2000[317] See Serbia–Slovenia relations
Spain1916[320] See Serbia–Spain relations
Sweden1917[323] See Serbia–Sweden relations
Switzerland1916[325] See Serbia–Switzerland relations
Ukraine1994[330] See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kyiv.
United Kingdom1837See Serbia–United Kingdom relationsSerbia established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 30 January 1837.
  • Serbia maintains an embassy in London.[331]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Serbia through its embassy in Belgrade.[332]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, and OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,[333] a Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement,[334] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[335]

Oceania

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Australia1966[336] See Australia–Serbia relations
New Zealand1951[339]
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960.[340]
  • According to the 2018 Census there were 1,284 people of Serbian descent living in New Zealand.[341]
Palau2018[342] See Palau–Serbia relations

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

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  185. Web site: Cambodia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  186. Web site: China. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  194. Web site: India. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  195. https://www.eoibelgrade.gov.in/?id=37 Indian embassy in Belgrade
  196. http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi
  197. Web site: Indonesia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  198. Web site: People's Daily Online – Indonesia voices support for Serbia in Kosovo spat. 19 February 2015.
  199. Web site: Iran. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  200. Web site: Iraq. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  201. Web site: Embassy of Iraq in Belgrade, Serbia. 19 February 2015.
  202. Web site: Embassy of Serbia in Baghdad, Iraq. 19 February 2015.
  203. Web site: Israel. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  209. Web site: Kazakhstan. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  211. Web site: Kuwait. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  213. Web site: Malaysia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  214. Web site: Myanmar. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  224. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=08&nav_id=60354 PM meets with Palestinian leader
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  228. Web site: Qatar. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  229. Web site: Saudi Arabia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  230. Web site: Singapore. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  231. Web site: South Korea. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  239. Web site: Thailand. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  241. Web site: Turkey. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  242. Web site: United Arab Emirates. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  245. Web site: Albania. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  250. Web site: Serbian embassy in Vienna (in German and Serbian only).
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  252. [20 Minuten|20 Minuten Online]
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  257. Web site: Bulgaria. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  259. Web site: Cyprus. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  260. http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Cyprus/index_e.html Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Cyprus
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  264. Web site: Estonia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  265. Web site: Finland. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  267. Web site: Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Republic of Finland. 19 February 2015.
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  273. Web site: Serbian general consulates in Germany (in German and Serbian only) . Konzulati-rs.de . 2010-12-31.
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  293. Web site: Malta. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  296. Web site: Montenegro. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  297. Web site: Netherlands. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  309. Web site: Portugal. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  310. Web site: Romania. www.mfa.gov.rs.
  311. Web site: Russia. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  320. Web site: Spain. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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  326. Web site: Embassy of Switzerland in Serbia. 19 February 2015.
  327. Web site: Serbian embassy in Bern. 19 February 2015.
  328. Web site: Generalni konzulat Republike Srbije u Cirihu. 19 February 2015.
  329. News: Erstmals über eine Million EU- und EFTA Angehörige in der Schweiz . Neue Zürcher Zeitung . 14 October 2008.
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  337. Web site: Home. 2 May 2016.
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  342. Web site: Palau. www.mfa.gov.rs.
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