Forcipule Explained

Forcipules are the modified, pincer-like, front legs of centipedes that are used to inject venom into prey.[1] [2] They are the only known examples of front legs acting as venom injectors.[3]

Nomenclature

Forcipules go by a variety of names in both scientific and colloquial usages. They are sometimes known as poison claws or jaw legs,[4] referencing their evolution from maxillipeds, a term which they are also sometimes known by in the context of centipedes (maxillipeds, maxillipedes). Other names include toxicognaths (from toxic + the Greek gnathos, jaw),[5] prehensors, telopodites, and forcipulae (singular forcipula).[6] [7] The term forcipule references their similarity with forceps.

Anatomy, systematics, and variation

Forcipules evolved from the maxillipeds, meaning the front legs of an arthropod, of centipedes' last common ancestor, believed to be somewhat Scutigeromorph-like. They were initially leg-like, then progressed into a more pincer or claw-like shape, as seen today, and restricted to horizontal movement. The forcipules of modern Scutigeromorphs are the most significantly different in shape: they are more leg-like, and cannot hold prey like they are used among other orders- they are used for envenomation only, making their use more comparable to a knife than a pincer.

Notes and References

  1. Dugon . Michel M. . Black . Alexander . Arthur . Wallace . 2012-05-01 . Variation and specialisation of the forcipular apparatus of centipedes (Arthropoda: Chilopoda): A comparative morphometric and microscopic investigation of an evolutionary novelty . Arthropod Structure & Development . 41 . 3 . 231–243 . 10.1016/j.asd.2012.02.001 . 22370199 . 1467-8039.
  2. Web site: Are Centipedes Poisonous? Do Centipedes Bite or Sting? Orkin . 2022-08-23 . www.orkin.com.
  3. Shelley . Rowland M. . March 1999 . Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna . Kansas School Naturalist . 45 . 3 . 3–16 . 10.1.1.365.8963 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161112025334/http://www.emporia.edu/ksn/v45n3-march1999/ . 2016-11-12.
  4. Web site: Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics & You - Olympus MIC-D: Oblique Gallery - Centipede Poison Claws . 2022-09-05 . micro.magnet.fsu.edu.
  5. Web site: Definition of TOXICOGNATH . 2022-08-23 . www.merriam-webster.com . en.
  6. Shelley . Rowland M . March 1999 . Centipedes and Millipedes with an emphasis on North American fauna . The Kansas School Naturalist . 45 . 3 . 3–15 . 0022-877X . CiteSeerX.
  7. Bonato . Lucio . Edgecombe . Gregory . Lewis . John . Minelli . Alessandro . Pereira . Luis . Shelley . Rowland . Zapparoli . Marzio . 2010-11-18 . A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda) . ZooKeys . 69 . 17–51 . 10.3897/zookeys.69.737 . 21594038 . 3088443 . 1313-2970. free .

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