Fufu Explained

Fufu
Alternate Name:Fufuo; foufou; foofoo; foutou; sakora; sakoro; couscous de Cameroun
Country:Ghana
Type:sticky dough
Main Ingredient:Usually cassava
Serving Size:240 g
Calories:398
Protein:3.6
Fat:7.2
Carbohydrate:81
Similar Dish:Chikwangue
nsima; pap; sadza; ugali

Fufu (or fufuo, foofoo, foufou) is a pounded meal found in West African cuisine.[1] [2] It is a Twi word that originates from the Akans in Ghana. The word has been expanded to include several variations of the pounded meal found in other African countries including Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Cote D'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Angola and Gabon. It also includes variations in the Greater Antilles and Central America, where African culinary influence is high.[3]

Although the original ingredients for fufu are boiled cassava, plantains, and cocoyam, yams (Ghana), it is also made in different ways in other West African countries. In Ghana, Ivory Coast and Liberia, they use the method of separately mixing and pounding equal portions of boiled cassava with green plantain or cocoyam, or by mixing cassava/plantains or cocoyam flour with water and stirring it on a stove. Its thickness is then adjusted to personal preference, and it is eaten with broth-like soups. In Nigeria, fufu (akpu) is made solely from fermented cassava giving it its unique thickness compared to that found in other west African countries. It is eaten with a variety of soups with vegetables and lots of beef and fish.[4] In recent years other flours, such as semolina, maize flour, or mashed plantains, may take the place of cassava flour. This is common for those in the diaspora or families that live in urban cities. Families in rural areas with access to farmland still maintain the original recipe of using cassava. Fufu is traditionally eaten with the fingers, and a small ball of it can be dipped into an accompanying soup or sauce.[5]

Names

In Africa

Before the Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century, fufu was mainly made from cocoyam, plantain and yams.[6] The traditional method of eating fufu is to pinch some of the fufu off in one's right hand fingers and form it into an easily ingested round ball. The ball is then dipped in the soup before being eaten.

In Cote d'Ivoire

In Côte d'Ivoire, the word foutou is also used. Ivorian foufou is specifically mashed sweet plantains, whereas foutou is a stronger, heavier paste made of various staple foods such as yam, cassava, plantains, taro or a mix of any of those.

In the French-speaking regions of Cameroon, it is called "couscous" (not to be confused with the North African dish couscous).[7]

Although people from Eastern Africa and Southern Africa seem to confuse fufu (or fufuo) with their type of corn or maize dough dish called ugali or nshima, it is not the same. Rather, ugali or nshima can be found in Ghana, where it is called akple, nsihoo (white etsew without the corn bran), or tuo zaafi, which are made from unfermented corn flour, unlike the other fermented corn dough foods such as etsew, dokuno (kenkey), banku, fonfom, among others in Ghanaian cuisine.

In Ghana

In Nigeria

In Nigeria, fufu or akpu is a popular food made from fresh or fermented cassava. The Nigerian version of Fufu is different from Ghana's: it is however a staple food in both countries.[13] [14] [15] Akpu, properly punctuated as akpụ in Igbo, is the Igbo word for cassava. Requiring several days to make, akpu is a wet paste often eaten with egusi soup. Akpu is traditionally made by peeling and washing raw cassava until it is white. The cassava is soaked in water for 3–4 days to ferment and become soft.[16] [17] It is then filtered with a porous calabash or sieve. Excess water is quickly drained by pouring the wet paste into a sack, upon which is placed a heavy and flat item (e.g., a plank and brick). The paste is then pounded and molded into large balls and simmered for 30–60 seconds, after which it is thoroughly pounded to remove lumps, molded again into smaller balls, boiled for 15–20 minutes, and then pounded until smooth.[18] It is popular throughout Nigeria, particularly in the SouthEast and South-South.[19]

In the Caribbean

In Caribbean nations with substantial populations of West African origin (such as Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Puerto Rico), plantains, cassava or yams are mashed with other ingredients. In Cuba, the dish retains its original African stem name, termed simply as fufú or with added descriptive extensions like fufú de plátano or fufú de plátano pintón.[20] In the Dominican Republic, a beloved dish, mangú, is very similar to fufú. On other major islands, fufú goes by the names of funche in Puerto Rico. What distinguishes the Caribbean "fufú" from its West African relative is a firmer texture with stronger flavors. As it moves away from Cuba, the fufús core is less a gelatinous dough and more of a consistent mass.[21]

In Haiti it is called tonm tonm and foofoo. It is mostly made of breadfruit but can be made of plantain or yams and is usually served with an okra based stew or soup. It is primarily consumed in the southernmost regions of Haiti namely the Grand'Anse and Sud departments. The city of Jérémie is regarded as the tonmtonm capital of Haiti.

Puerto Rican mofongo, in keeping with the creolized cuisine traditions of the Caribbean, tends toward a fufú of much higher density and robust seasoning. While keeping a conspicuous African character, mofongo has borrowed from the island's Iberian culinary tradition, to create a dish made of fried green and yellow plantains, cassava or breadfruit. Unlike the mushier Caribbean and West African fufús, mofongo is generally firmer and crustier. To prepare mofongo, green plantains are deep-fried once unlike twice fried tostones. Next, they are mashed in a 'pilon' (mortar) with chopped garlic, salt, black pepper and olive oil. The resulting mash is then pressed and rounded into a hollowed crusty orb. Meat, traditionally chicharrón, is then stuffed into the chunky ball of fried green plantains. Some recipes call for a meat or vegetable salsa criolla" (related to American Creole sauce) poured atop the hot sphere. In the trendier "mofongo relleno", typical of western Puerto Rico, seafood is all over, inside and outside. Traditional mofongo, as previously cited, comes seasoned and stuffed with meat and bathed in a chicken broth soup.[22] Because of its elaborate process of preparation and its sundry ingredients, poet and blogger Arose N Daghetto called the mofongo a type of "fufú paella" and branded it as "the big daddy of fufús".[23] Although mofongo is associated with being fried, boiled and roasting plantain mofongo predate fried mofongo and is still excited but a rare find in Puerto Rico. A dish called funche made with taro, green and yellow plantains boiled and mashed with butter, garlic, and pork fat was once popular in Puerto Rico. Once mashed it was formed into balls and eaten with broth made from sesame seeds. Funche is written in early Puerto Rican cookbooks around the 1800s, but can probably be traced back to African slaves on the island. Funche today in Puerto Rico is cornmeal cooked in coconut milk and milk.

The vegetable or fufú sauce in the Anglo-Caribbean is not fried first. Plantain is not used as much, as it is used in so many dishes. Fufu is usually part of, or added to, a soupy sauce or on the side with a soupy dish. In Antigua, fufu is served as part of the national dish but is called fungi/fungee and is made using cornmeal and okra. Similarly, in Barbados it serves as part of the national dish and is called cou-cou and uses cornmeal or, less commonly, split peas, green bananas, or breadfruit instead, like several other English Caribbean islands.

Nutrition

100 g dry fufu flour (made from cocoyam) contains 2 g of protein, 0.1 g of fat and 84 g of carbohydrates, and 267 calories.[24] One serving (240g) of cooked fufu contains 3.6 g of protein, 7.2 g of fat and 81 g of carbohydrates, and 398 calories.[25]

It is low in cholesterol and rich in potassium, and it is commonly prescribed by doctors for people who have a low level of potassium in their blood.[26]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Ukegbu, Kavachi Michelle . The art of fufu : a guide to the culture and flavors of a West African tradition . 2021 . Grubido . 978-1-62634-596-6 . Austin, Texas . 1241244901.
  2. Web site: 5 Popular Swallows Eaten By Ghanaians . 2022-05-03 . Modern Ghana . en.
  3. Web site: Victoria . Akinola . 2022-04-24 . 5 Nigerian meals that have similar versions across African countries . 2022-05-03 . Pulse Nigeria . en.
  4. Web site: Nweke. Felix I.. THE CASSAVA TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA. United Nations. 10 June 2014.
  5. Web site: What is Fufu, the West African Delicacy? . 2022-09-17 . www.finedininglovers.com . en.
  6. Web site: A review of cassava in Africa with country case studies on Nigeria, Ghana,the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Benin. www.fao.org. 2018-04-22.
  7. DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon, 3rd ed. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, p. 134.
  8. Siciliano-Rosen, L. "Fufu." Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/topic/fufu
  9. Web site: Britannica . The Editors of Encyclopædia . April 22, 2024 . Akan People . Britannica.
  10. Web site: 2015-11-26. Top 5 healthy meals to enjoy when in Ghana - MyJoyOnline.com. 2022-01-22. www.myjoyonline.com. en-US.
  11. Book: Metodos para agregar valor a raices y tuberculos alimenticios: manual para el desarrollo de productos . CIAT . Wheatley, Christopher . 1997 . 17 . 9589439896.
  12. Book: Achebe, Chinua . Things fall apart . 1994 . New York : Anchor Books . Internet Archive . 978-0-385-47454-2.
  13. Web site: cassava.
  14. Web site: 2017-07-14 . HOW TO MAKE WATER FUFU FROM SCRATCH - CASSAVA FUFU . 2022-05-12 . Precious Core . en-US.
  15. Web site: 2021-02-17 . How To Make Fufu From Scratch (Nigerian Fufu) . 2022-05-12 . My Active Kitchen . en-GB.
  16. Web site: Accelerate Tv - Under Maintenance . 2022-05-12 . acceleratetv.com .
  17. Web site: Processing of akpu/fufu Recipe by Emryson's Kitchen . 2022-05-12 . Cookpad . 9 January 2019 . en.
  18. Web site: Akpu Cassava Fufu Recipe:: Nigerian Dishes :: Galleria Health and Lifestyle, Nigeria. www.nigeriagalleria.com. en-NG. 2018-05-05.
  19. Web site: cassava.
  20. Book: The Cuban Kitchen . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . Rabade Roque, Raquel . 2011 . NY . 151 . 978-0307595430.
  21. Book: Daisy Cooks!: Latin Flavors That Will Rock Your World . Hachette Books . Martinez, Daisy . 2013. 9781401306120 .
  22. Food and Identity in the Caribbean, Hanna Garth, Ed. 2013 Bloomsbury Press.
  23. Web site: Say Whaaat??– Fufu and Mofongo! . Literature Voodoo-- Quite Storm Enterprises . Article . 2011 . December 17, 2015 . Daghetto, Arose N..
  24. Web site: Golden tropics, cocoyam fufu flour by Golden Tropics, Ltd. nutrition facts and analysis. . 2024-07-06 . www.nutritionvalue.org.
  25. Web site: Fufu nutrition facts and analysis. . 2024-07-06 . www.nutritionvalue.org.
  26. Web site: Health . Public . 2020-09-10 . Health Benefits and Side Effects of Eating Fufu - Public Health . 2022-09-17 . en-US.

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