Flualprazolam Explained

Flualprazolam is a tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It was first synthesised in 1976,[1] but was never marketed. It can be seen as the triazolo version of fludiazepam. It has subsequently been sold as a designer drug,[2] [3] [4] [5] first being definitively identified as such in Sweden in 2018.[6] [7] It can be described as the 2'-fluoro derivative of alprazolam or the fluoro instead of chloro analogue of triazolam, and has similar sedative and anxiolytic effects.[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

Legal status

Flualprazolam is banned in Sweden, but in most countries is not a controlled substance ever and when doesn't be sold for human consumption, the drug could be sold for medical uses or for research and industrial uses as a research chemical.[13] In December 2019, the World Health Organization recommended flualprazolam for international scheduling as a Schedule IV medication under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971.[14] however this prohibition don't have effect in every country national law, is just a prohibition under the international law.

In the United States, Oregon and Virginia have placed Flualprazolam into Schedule I.[15] On December 23, 2022, the DEA announced it had begun consideration on the matter of placing Flualprazolam under temporary Schedule I status.[16] Later on July 25, 2023, the DEA published a pre-print notice that Flualprazolam would become temporarily scheduled as a Schedule I controlled substance from 26 July 2023 to 26 July 2025.[17]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Hester Jr JB . Pharmacia and Upjohn Co. . 19 October 1976 . 6-Phenyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines. ]. US . 3987052 .
  2. Wagmann L, Manier SK, Bambauer TP, Felske C, Eckstein N, Flockerzi V, Meyer MR . Toxicokinetics and Analytical Toxicology of Flualprazolam: Metabolic Fate, Isozyme Mapping, Human Plasma Concentration and Main Urinary Excretion Products . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 44 . 6 . 549–558 . July 2020 . 32104896 . 10.1093/jat/bkaa019 . free .
  3. Papsun DM, Krotulski AJ, Homan J, Temporal KD, Logan BK . Flualprazolam Blood Concentrations in 197 Forensic Investigation Cases . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 45 . 3 . 226–232 . March 2021 . 32542312 . 10.1093/jat/bkaa070 . free .
  4. Rice K, Hikin L, Lawson A, Smith PR, Morley S . Quantification of Flualprazolam in Blood by LC-MS-MS: A Case Series of Nine Deaths . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 45 . 4 . 410–416 . April 2021 . 32780842 . 10.1093/jat/bkaa098 .
  5. Ling J, Zhang W, Yan X, Liu W, Wang Y, Ding Y . Sensitive detection and primary metabolism analysis of flualprazolam in blood . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine . 90 . 102388 . August 2022 . 35691207 . 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102388 .
  6. Web site: 21 nya droger förbjudna hittills I år . https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112159/https://snpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/snpf_3_18.pdf . 5 August 2018 . 21 new drugs banned so far this year . Svenska Narkotika Polisföreningens Tidskrift . The Journal of the Swedish Narcotics Police Association . June 2018 . 23 April 2023.
  7. Kriikku P, Rasanen I, Ojanperä I, Thelander G, Kronstrand R, Vikingsson S . Femoral blood concentrations of flualprazolam in 33 postmortem cases . Forensic Science International . 307 . 110101 . February 2020 . 31865266 . 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110101 . free . 209448865 . 10138/323513 .
  8. Waters L, Manchester KR, Maskell PD, Haegeman C, Haider S . The use of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to predict GABA-A receptor binding of newly emerging benzodiazepines . Science & Justice . 58 . 3 . 219–225 . May 2018 . 29685303 . 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.12.004 .
  9. Zawilska JB, Wojcieszak J . An expanding world of new psychoactive substances-designer benzodiazepines . Neurotoxicology . 73 . 8–16 . July 2019 . 30802466 . 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.015 . 73461430 .
  10. Book: Moosmann B, Auwärter V . New Psychoactive Substances . Designer Benzodiazepines: Another Class of New Psychoactive Substances . Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . 252 . 383–410 . October 2018 . 30367253 . 10.1007/164_2018_154 . Springer International Publishing . 978-3-030-10561-7 .
  11. Chetraru E, Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P . Les "designer benzodiazepines" : qu'en sait-on aujourd'hui ?. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique. February 2018. 2352-0078. 5–18. 30. 1. 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.12.001 .
  12. Mei V, Concheiro M, Pardi J, Cooper G . Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 13 Designer Benzodiazepines in Blood . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 43 . 9 . 688–695 . October 2019 . 31436813 . 10.1093/jat/bkz063 .
  13. Web site: Riksdagsförvaltningen. Förordning (1992:1554) om kontroll av narkotika. riksdagen.se. sv.
  14. Web site: News: December 2019 – WHO: World Health Organization recommends 12 NPS for scheduling. www.unodc.org.
  15. Web site: Permanently Adopted Tracked Changes. 23 April 2023.
  16. Web site: December 23, 2022 . (Proposed Rule) Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I . . DEA.
  17. Web site: July 25, 2023 . Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I . 2023-07-25 . . DEA.

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