Floating solar explained

Floating solar or floating photovoltaics (FPV), sometimes called floatovoltaics, are solar panels mounted on a structure that floats on a body of water, typically a reservoir or a lake such as drinking water reservoirs, quarry lakes, irrigation canals or remediation and tailing ponds.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

The systems can have advantages over photovoltaics (PV) on land. Water surfaces may be less expensive than the cost of land, and there are fewer rules and regulations for structures built on bodies of water not used for recreation. Life cycle analysis indicates that foam-based FPV^[6] have some of the shortest energy payback times (1.3 years) and the lowest greenhouse gas emissions to energy ratio (11 kg CO₂ eq/MWh) in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic technologies reported.^[7]

Floating arrays can achieve higher efficiencies than PV panels on land because water cools the panels. The panels can have a special coating to prevent rust or corrosion.^[8]

The market for this renewable energy technology has grown rapidly since 2016. The first 20 plants with capacities of a few dozen kWp were built between 2007 and 2013.^[9] Installed power grew from 3 GW in 2020, to 13 GW in 2022,^[10] surpassing a prediction of 10 GW by 2025.^[11] The World Bank estimated there are 6,600 large bodies of water suitable for floating solar, with a technical capacity of over 4,000 GW if 10% of their surfaces were covered with solar panels.

The costs for a floating system are about 10-20% higher than for ground-mounted systems.^{[12] [13] [14]} According to a researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), this increase is primarily due to the need for anchoring systems to secure the panels on water, which contributes to making floating solar installations about 25% more expensive than those on land.^[15]

History

American, Danish, French, Italian and Japanese nationals were the first to register patents for floating solar. In Italy the first registered patent regarding PV modules on water goes back to February 2008.^[16]

The first floating solar installation was in Aichi, Japan, in 2007, built by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.^[17]

In May 2008, the Far Niente Winery in Oakville, California, installed 994 solar PV modules with a total capacity of 175 kW onto 130 pontoons and floating them on the winery's irrigation pond.^[18] Several small-scale floating PV farms were built over the next seven years. The first megawatt-scale plant was commissioned in July 2013 at Okegawa, Japan.

In 2016, Kyocera developed what was then the world's largest, a 13.4 MW farm on the reservoir above Yamakura Dam in Chiba Prefecture^[19] using 50,000 solar panels.^{[20] [21]} The Huainan plant, inaugurated in May 2017 in China, occupies more than on a former quarry lake, capable of producing up to .^[22]

Salt-water resistant floating farms are also being constructed for ocean use.^[23]

Floating solar panels are rising in popularity, in particular in countries where the land occupation and environmental impact legislations are hindering the rise of renewable power generation capabilities.

Global installed capacity passed 1 GW in 2018 and reached 13 GW in 2022, mostly in Asia. One project developer, Baywa r.e., reported another 28 GW of planned projects.

Installation

The construction process for a floating solar project includes installing anchors and mooring lines that attach to the waterbed or shore, assembling floats and panels into rows and sections onshore, and then pulling the sections by boat to the mooring lines and secured into place.

Advantages

There are several reasons for this development:

• No land occupancy: The main advantage of floating PV plants is that they do not take up any land, except the limited surfaces necessary for electric cabinet and grid connections. Their price is comparable with land based plants, but floatovoltaics provide a good way to avoid land consumption.^[24]
• Installation, decommissioning and maintenance: Floating PV plants are more compact than land-based plants, their management is simpler and their construction and decommissioning straightforward. The main point is that no fixed structures exist like the foundations used for a land-based plant so their installation can be totally reversible. Furthermore panels installed on water basins require less maintenance in particular when compared with installation on ground with dusty soil. As arrays are assembled at a single shore point before being moved into place, installations can be faster than ground-mounted arrays.
• Water conservation and water quality: Partial coverage of water basins can reduce water evaporation.^[25] This result depends on climate conditions and on the percentage of the covered surface. In arid climates such as parts of India this is an important advantage since about 30% of the evaporation of the covered surface is saved.^[26] This may be greater in Australia, and is a very useful feature if the basin is used for irrigation purposes.^{[27] [28]} Water conservation from FPV is substantial and can be used to protect disappearing terminal natural lakes^[29] and other bodies of fresh water.^[30]
• Increased panel efficiency due to cooling: the cooling effect of the water close to the PV panels leads to an energy gain that ranges from 5% to 15%.^{[31] [32] [33]} Natural cooling can be increased by a water layer on the PV modules or by submerging them, the so-called SP2 (Submerged Photovoltaic Solar Panel).^[34]
• Tracking: Large floating platforms can easily be rotated horizontally and vertically to enable Sun-tracking (similar to sunflowers). Moving solar arrays uses little energy and doesn't need a complex mechanical apparatus like land-based PV plants. Equipping a floating PV plant with a tracking system costs little extra while the energy gain can range from 15% to 25%.^[35]
• Environment control: Algal blooms, a serious problem in industrialized countries, may be reduced when greater than 40% of the surface is covered.^[36] Coverage of water basins reduces light just below the surface, reducing algal photosynthesis and growth. Active pollution control remains important for water management.^[37]
• Utilization of areas already exploited by human activity: Floating solar plants can be installed over water basins artificially created such as flooded mine pits^[38] or hydroelectric power plants. In this way it is possible to exploit areas already influenced by the human activity to increase the impact and yield of a given area instead of using other land.
• Hybridization with hydroelectric power plants: Floating solar is often installed on existing hydropower.^[39] This allows for additional benefits and cost reductions such as using the existing transmission lines and distribution infrastructure.^[40] FPV provides a potentially profitable means of reducing water evaporation in the world's at-risk bodies of fresh water. Furthermore it is possible to install floating photovoltaic panels on the water basins of pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant. The hybridization of solar photovoltaic with pumped storage is beneficial in rising the capability of the two plant combined because the pumped hydroelectric plant can be used to store the high but unstable amount of electricity coming from the solar PV, making the water basin acting as a battery for the solar photovoltaic plant.^[41] For example, a case study of Lake Mead found that if 10% of the lake was covered with FPV, there would be enough water conserved and electricity generated to service Las Vegas and Reno combined. At 50% coverage, FPV would provide over 127 TWh of clean solar electricity and 633.22 million m³ of water savings, which would provide enough electricity to retire 11% of the polluting coal-fired plants in the U.S. and provide water for over five million Americans, annually.

Disadvantages

Floating solar presents several challenges to designers:^{[42] [43] [44] [45]}

• Electrical safety and long-term reliability of system components: Operating on water over its entire service life, the system is required to have significantly increased corrosion resistance and long-term floatation capabilities (redundant, resilient, distributed floats), particularly when installed over salt water.
• Waves: The floating PV system (wires, physical connections, floats, panels) needs to be able to withstand relatively higher winds (than on land) and heavy waves, particularly in off-shore or near-shore installations.
• Maintenance complexity: Operation and maintenance activities are, as a general rule, more difficult to perform on water than on land.
• Floating technology complexity: Floating PV panels have to be installed over floating platforms such as pontoons or floating pears. This technology was not initially developed for accommodating solar modules thus needs to be designed specifically for that purpose.
• Anchoring technology complexity: Anchoring the floating panels is fundamental in order to avoid abrupt variation of panels position that would hinder the production. Anchoring technology is well known and established when applied to boats or other floating objects but it needs to be adapted to the usage with floating PV. Recent severe storms have caused floating systems to fail and anchoring systems must be developed with these risks in mind.^[46]

Largest floating solar facilities

Floating photovoltaic power stations (5 MW and larger)^[47] !PV power station!Location!Country!Nominal Power^[48] (MW_p)!Year!Notes

Anhui Fuyang Southern Wind-solar-storage	Fuyang, Anhui	China	650	2023
Wenzhou Taihan	Wenzhou, Zhejiang	China	550	2021	^[49]
Changbing	Changhua	Taiwan	440		^[50] ^[51]
Dezhou Dingzhuang	Dezhou, Shandong	China	320		+100 MW windpower^[52]
Cirata	Purwakarta, West Java	Indonesia	192	2023	+1000 MW hydroelectricity ^[53]
Three Gorges	Huainan City, Anhui	China	150	2019	^[54] ^[55]
NTPC Ramagundam (BHEL)	Peddapalli, Telangana	India	145
Xinji Huainan	Xinji Huainan	China	102	2017
Yuanjiang Yiyang	Yiyang, Hunan	China	100	2019
NTPC Kayamkulam	Kayamkulam, Kerala	India	92
CECEP	Suzhou, Anhui	China	70	2019	^[56]
Tengeh		Singapore	60	2021	^[57] ^[58]
304 Industrial Park	Prachinburi	Thailand	60	2023	^[59]
Huancheng Jining	Huancheng Jining	China	50	2018
Da Mi Reservoir	Binh Thuan province	Vietnam	47.5	2019	^[60]
Sirindhorn Dam	Ubon Ratchathani	Thailand	45	2021	^[61] ^[62]
Hapcheon Dam	South Gyeongsang	South Korea	40		^[63]
Anhui GCL		China	32		^[64]
HaBonim Reservoir	Ma'ayan Tzvi	Israel	31	2023	^[65]
NTPC Simhadri (BHEL)	Vizag, Andhra Pradesh	India	25
Ubol Ratana Dam	Khon Kaen	Thailand	24	2024	^[66]
NTPC Kayamkulam (BHEL)	Kayamkulam, Kerala	India	22		^[67]
Former sand pit site	Grafenwörth	Austria	24.5	2023	^[68]
Qintang Guigang	Guping Guangxi	China	20	2016
Lazer	Hautes-Alpes	France	20	2023	^[69]
Burgata		Israel	13.5	2022	^[70]
NJAW Canoe Brook	Millburn, New Jersey	USA	8.9	2022	^[71] ^[72]

See also

• • Solar canal Photovoltaics
• Solar energy
• Agrivoltaics
  • Solar panel Renewable Energy
• Vertical bifacial solar cells

Further reading

• Almeida . Rafael M. . Schmitt . Rafael . Grodsky . Steven M. . Flecker . Alexander S. . Gomes . Carla P. . Zhao . Lu . Liu . Haohui . Barros . Nathan . Kelman . Rafael . McIntyre . Peter B. . 2022-06-07 . Floating solar power could help fight climate change — let's get it right . Nature . en . 606 . 7913 . 246–249 . 10.1038/d41586-022-01525-1. 35672509 . 249465577 . free . 2022Natur.606..246A .
• Howard, E. and Schmidt, E. 2008. Evaporation control using Rio Tinto's Floating Modules on Northparks Mine, Landloch and NCEA. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001858/1, USQ, Toowoomba.
• Floating Photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 81. 1730–1741. 2017. R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269.
• 10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094 . Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling . Renewable Energy . 105 . 601–615 . 2017 . Taboada . M.E. . Cáceres . L. . Graber . T.A. . Galleguillos . H.R. . Cabeza . L.F. . Rojas . R. . 10459.1/59048 . free .
• 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.015 . Solar powered artificial floating island for landscape ecology and water quality improvement . Ecological Engineering . 69 . 8–16 . 2014 . Chang . Yuan-Hsiou . Ku . Chen-Ruei . Yeh . Naichia . 2014EcEng..69....8C .
• 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.097 . Thermal and electrical performances of a water-surface floating PV integrated with double water-saturated MEPCM layers . Applied Thermal Engineering . 94 . 122–132 . 2016 . Ho . C.J. . Chou . Wei-Len . Lai . Chi-Ming . 2016AppTE..94..122H .
• Book: M. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina . Submerged and Floating Photovoltaic Systems Modelling, Design and Case Studies . Academic Press . 2017 .
• 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.051 . Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 66 . 815–824 . 2016 . Sahu . Alok . Yadav . Neha . Sudhakar . K. .
• 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.022 . Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the energy mix of the Maltese islands . Energy Conversion and Management . 67 . 18–26 . 2013 . Trapani . Kim . Millar . Dean L. . 2013ECM....67...18T .
• 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.053 . A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 79 . 192–203 . 2017 . Siecker . J. . Kusakana . K. . Numbi . B.P. .
• Spencer. Robert S.. Macknick. Jordan. Aznar. Alexandra. Warren. Adam. Reese. Matthew O.. 2019-02-05. Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States. Environmental Science & Technology. 53. 3. 1680–1689. 10.1021/acs.est.8b04735. 30532953. 2019EnST...53.1680S. 1489330. 54471924 . 0013-936X.
• Web site: Ludt . Billy . 2023-01-20 . Buoyant racking turns water into an ideal solar site . 2023-02-13 . Solar Power World . en-US.

External links

• Floating Solar Photovoltaics Market Research Study United States Department of Energy

Notes and References

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2. Web site: 7 November 2013 . Running Out of Precious Land? Floating Solar PV Systems May Be a Solution . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141226015351/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/11/running-out-of-precious-land-floating-solar-pv-systems-may-be-a-solution . 26 December 2014 . 11 June 2016 . EnergyWorld.com.
3. Web site: 13 January 2015 . Vikram Solar commissions India's first floating PV plant . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150302015428/http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2015/kw03/vikram-solar-commissions-indias-first-floating-pv-plant.html . 2 March 2015 . SolarServer.com.
4. Web site: 21 December 2014 . Sunflower Floating Solar Power Plant In Korea . live . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515091859/http://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/21/sunflower%2Dfloating%2Dsolar%2Dpower%2Dplant%2Dkorea/ . 15 May 2016 . 11 June 2016 . CleanTechnica.
5. Web site: 5 May 2014 . Short Of Land, Singapore Opts For Floating Solar Power Systems . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160314151034/http://cleantechnica.com/2014/05/05/short-land-singapore-opts-floating-solar-power-systems/ . 14 March 2016 . 11 June 2016 . CleanTechnica.
6. Mayville . Pierce . Patil . Neha Vijay . Pearce . Joshua M. . 2020-12-01 . Distributed manufacturing of after market flexible floating photovoltaic modules . Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments . en . 42 . 100830 . 10.1016/j.seta.2020.100830 . 225132653 . 2213-1388.
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8. News: Goode . Erica . 2016-05-20 . New Solar Plants Generate Floating Green Power . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-01-25 . 0362-4331.
9. 10.1002/pip.2466 . A review of floating photovoltaic installations: 2007-2013 . 2015 . Trapani . Kim . Redón Santafé . Miguel . Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications . 23 . 4 . 524–532 . 10251/80704 . 98460653 . free .
10. News: 2023-08-03 . Floating Solar Panels Turn Old Industrial Sites Into Green Energy Goldmines . en . Bloomberg.com . 2023-08-03.
11. Web site: Hopson (58da34776a4bb). Christopher. 2020-10-15. Floating solar going global with 10GW more by 2025: Fitch Recharge. 2021-10-18. Recharge Latest renewable energy news. en.
12. Web site: Martín . José Rojo . BayWa r.e. adds to European floating solar momentum with double project completion . PV Tech . en . 2019-10-27 . 2019-11-11 . 2019-11-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191111154854/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/baywa-r.e.-adds-to-european-floating-solar-momentum-with-dual-finish . dead .
13. Web site: 2023-05-10 . Long popular in Asia, floating solar catches on in US . 2023-05-11 . AP NEWS . en.
14. Web site: Ludt . Billy . 2023-01-20 . Buoyant racking turns water into an ideal solar site . 2024-07-15 . Solar Power World . en-US.
15. News: 2023-03-07 . How Floating Solar Panels Are Being Used to Power Electric Grids . 2024-04-21 . Bloomberg.com . en.
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19. Web site: Yamakura Dam in Chiba Prefecture . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002049/http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranA/enAll.cgi?db4=0663 . 2 February 2015 . 1 February 2015 . The Japan Dam Foundation.
20. http://global.kyocera.com/news/2014/1205_dfsp.html Kyocera and Century Tokyo Leasing to Develop 13.4MW Floating Solar Power Plant on Reservoir in Chiba Prefecture, Japan
21. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/science/solar-power-floating-on-water.html New Solar Plants Generate Floating Green Power
22. News: May 26, 2017 . The world's largest floating solar power plant has come into operation in China . mashable.france24.com . June 10, 2017.
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25. Web site: Floating PV; an assessment of water quality and evaporation reduction in semi-arid regions .
26. Web site: Do floating solar panels work better?.
27. Taboada. M.E. . Cáceres. L. . Graber. T.A. . Galleguillos. H.R. . Cabeza. L.F. . Rojas. R. . 2017. Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling. Renewable Energy. 105. 601–615 . 10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094. 0960-1481. 10459.1/59048 . free.
28. Hassan, M.M. and Peyrson W.L.. 2016. Evaporation mitigation by floating modular devices. Earth and Environmental Science. 35.
29. Hayibo . Koami Soulemane . Pearce . Joshua M. . 2022-04-01 . Foam-based floatovoltaics: A potential solution to disappearing terminal natural lakes . Renewable Energy . en . 188 . 859–872 . 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.085 . 247115738 . 0960-1481.
30. Hayibo . Koami Soulemane . Mayville . Pierce . Kailey . Ravneet Kaur . Pearce . Joshua M. . January 2020 . Water Conservation Potential of Self-Funded Foam-Based Flexible Surface-Mounted Floatovoltaics . Energies . en . 13 . 23 . 6285 . 10.3390/en13236285 . 1996-1073 . free .
31. Choi, Y.-K. and N.-H. Lee . 2013 . Empirical Research on the efficiency of Floating PV systems compared with Overland PV Systems . Conference Proceedings of CES-CUBE.
32. Web site: 27 December 2019 . Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 1: Evaporation Management Is A Bonus . CleanTechnica.
33. Web site: 27 December 2019 . Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 2: Better Efficiency, But More Challenging Engineering . CleanTechnica.
34. Choi, Y.K.. 2014. A study on power generation analysis on floating PV system considering environmental impact. Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl.. 8. 75–84.
35. R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura. 2018 . Floating photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Reviews. 81. 1730–1741 . 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269.
36. Pouran . Hamid M. . Padilha Campos Lopes . Mariana . Nogueira . Tainan . Alves Castelo Branco . David . Sheng . Yong . 2022-11-18 . Environmental and technical impacts of floating photovoltaic plants as an emerging clean energy technology . iScience . en . 25 . 11 . 105253 . 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105253 . 36281449 . 9587316 . 2589-0042. free . 2022iSci...25j5253P .
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40. Rauf. Huzaifa. Gull. Muhammad Shuzub. Arshad. Naveed. 2019-02-01. Integrating Floating Solar PV with Hydroelectric Power Plant: Analysis of Ghazi Barotha Reservoir in Pakistan. Energy Procedia. Innovative Solutions for Energy Transitions. en. 158. 816–821. 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.214. 115606663. 1876-6102. free. 2019EnPro.158..816R .
41. Raniero. Cazzaniga. Marco. Rosa-Clot. Paolo. Rosa-Clot. 2019-06-15. Integration of PV floating with hydroelectric power plants. Heliyon. 5. 6. e01918. en. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01918. free . 31294100 . 6595280 . 2019Heliy...501918C .
42. https://sinovoltaics.com/technology/floating-solar-pv-systems-why-they-are-taking-off/ Floating Solar (PV) Systems: why they are taking off
43. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31880/Floating-Solar-Market-Report.pdf Where Sun Meets Water, FLOATING SOLAR MARKET REPORT
44. https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/floating-solar-is-more-than-panels-on-a-platform-its-hydroelectrics-symbiont
45. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/worlds-largest-floating-solar-plant-220000440.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANHzwpIh9YDwm8P_KiYkauyfbu9nrkxke0RwpRYxHw-aLYs8vrosMVYwLFw8XK1_u2mKUk_x6O3gGbUYy7oIfccKI1Okzsw_-Y8pi0zxrQSNZA6KFts6n0PzQy3lZfztjyNBwJAVxXcurTCKDT2TnWSfQRSaG_Fz5H9JjQdTGECS
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47. Web site: Top 50 Operational Floating Solar Projects . 2023-06-07 . SolarPlaza . en.
48. Note that nominal power may be AC or DC, depending on the plant. See AC-DC conundrum: Latest PV power-plant ratings follies put focus on reporting inconsistency (update)
49. Web site: Garanovic . Amir . 2021-12-20 . China connects 550MW combined floating solar and aquaculture project to power grid . 2023-08-16 . Offshore Energy . en-US.
50. Web site: Changbing, TAIWAN . 2023-05-11 . Ciel et Terre . en-US.
51. News: 20 February 2024 . Hexa, Ciel & Terre complete Taiwan extension .
52. Web site: Lee . Andrew . 5 January 2022 . 'Smooth operator': world's largest floating solar plant links with wind and storage . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220311181115/https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/smooth-operator-worlds-largest-floating-solar-plant-links-with-wind-and-storage/2-1-1139896 . 11 March 2022 . Recharge Latest renewable energy news . en.
53. Web site: Jokowi inaugurates Southeast Asia's largest floating solar farm . 2023-11-09 . The Jakarta Post . en.
54. Web site: 5 Largest Floating Solar Farms in the World in 2022 . YSG Solar . en . 20 January 2022.
55. Web site: Floating PV System - Commercial solar photovoltaic installers . 2023-03-14 . en.sungrowpower.com.
56. Web site: Anhui CECEP, CHINA . 2023-02-16 . Ciel et Terre . en-US.
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58. Web site: Singapore launches large-scale floating solar farm in Tengeh Reservoir . www.datacenterdynamics.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20210806170817/https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/singapore-launches-large-scale-floating-solar-farm-in-tengeh-reservoir/ . 6 August 2021 . en . 27 July 2021 . live.
59. Web site: Garanovic . Amir . 2023-05-08 . Multi-megawatt floating solar farm comes online in Thailand . 2023-05-11 . Offshore Energy . en-US.
60. Web site: Da Mi Floating Solar Power Plant successfully connected to grid . 2023-06-07 . en.evn.com.vn.
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62. Web site: Thailand's massive floating solar farm lays the foundation for its emission-free future . ZME Science . 10 March 2022.
63. News: 2022-02-28 . Giant Floating Solar Flowers Offer Hope for Coal-Addicted Korea . en . Bloomberg.com . 2023-03-14.
64. Web site: Anhui GCL, CHINA . 2023-02-16 . Ciel et Terre . en-US.
65. Web site: Largue . Pamela . 2023-09-13 . Israel's Teralight inaugurates 31MW floating solar project . 2023-09-18 . Power Engineering International . en-US.
66. Web site: 2024-03-06 . Hydro-floating Solar Hybrid at Ubol Ratana Dam starts commercial operation, driving Thailand toward Carbon Neutrality . https://web.archive.org/web/20240323101446/https://www.egat.co.th/home/en/20240306e/ . 2024-03-23 . 2024-03-23 . EGAT - Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand.
67. Web site: NTPC Kayamkulam, India . 2023-02-16 . Ciel et Terre . en-US.
68. Web site: Garanovic . Amir . 2023-02-21 . BayWa r.e. builds largest floating solar plant in Central Europe . 2023-02-22 . Offshore Energy . en-US.
69. Web site: Dasgupta . Tina . 2023-07-06 . EDF Group Unveils 1st Floating Solar Power Plant in Lazer, Hautes-Alpes. . 2023-07-07 . SolarQuarter . en-GB.
70. Web site: Profloating . 2023-08-22 . www.profloating.nl.
71. News: 16,510 – Number of the Day . NJ Spotlight News .
72. Web site: Canoe Brook, USA . 2023-02-16 . Ciel et Terre . en-US.