Oldest railroads in North America explained

This is a list of the earliest railroads in North America, including various railroad-like precursors to the general modern form of a company or government agency operating locomotive-drawn trains on metal tracks.

Railroad-like entities (1700s–1810s)

• 1720: A railroad was reportedly used in the construction of the French fortress in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, Canada.^[1]
• 1764: Between 1762 and 1764, at the close of the French and Indian War, a gravity railroad (mechanized tramway) (Montresor's Tramway) was built by British military engineers up the steep riverside terrain near the Niagara River waterfall's escarpment at the Niagara Portage, which the local Senecas called Crawl on All Fours, in Lewiston, New York.^[2] Before the British conquest, under French control the portage had employed nearly 200 Seneca porters. However, once the British took control of the area, they installed a cable railway using sledges (heavy sleds without wheels) to hold the track between the rails. The sleds were capable of carrying 12 to 14 barrels at a time (a serious weight capacity even if only small shoulder-hoistable/mule-compatible keg-sized barrels, taken along with its longevity) indicating that it was a funicular design with two tracks. With barrels as the primary Up load's configuration and they also provided a ready-made counterweight with addition of sufficient Niagara River water as the likely mass used to adjust the lifting force. Designed by Captain John Montresor, the new railway replaced manual labor performed by the Seneca and touched off what might be the first labor rebellion in North America when the Seneca became unemployed; in September 1763, the Senecas revolted and killed many British soldiers and workers in what is called the Devil's Hole Massacre. The tramway was in use until the early 1800s^[3]
• 1799–1805: Boston developers began to reduce the height of Mount Vernon before building streets and homes. Silas Whitney constructed a gravity railroad to move excavated material down the hill to fill marshy areas to create new land from the Back Bay.^[4] Frederick C. Gamst, a professor of anthropology at the University of Massachusetts, believed this to be the same railroad equipment as used by Bulfinch on his Beacon Hill railway, given the relations of both men to the land speculation syndicate.^[5]
• 1809: A three-quarter-mile wooden tracked railway is built in Nether Providence Township, Pennsylvania by Thomas Leiper to deliver stone from his quarries to market.^[6] The track, with a 4feet gauge,^[5] had a grade of 1½ inches to the yard (1:24 or about 4%) over its total length of 60yd and proves satisfactory when tested with a loaded car.^{[7] [8]}

• 1810: The animal-powered Leiper Railroad followed after the preceding successful experiment – designed and built by merchant Thomas Leiper, the railway connects Crum Creek to Ridley Creek, in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was used until 1829, when it was temporarily replaced by the Leiper Canal, then is reopened to replace the canal in 1852. This became the Crum Creek Branch of the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad (part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) in 1887. This is the first railroad meant to be permanent, and the first to evolve into trackage of a common carrier after an intervening closure.See the 1826 Granite Railway (pictured) for comparison.
• 1811: George Magers designed and built a 1miles wooden gravity railroad between a gunpowder mill and its powder storage bunker at Falling's Creek, Virginia.^[9]
• 1815: New Jersey granted a charter on February 6, 1815, for a company to "erect a rail-road from the river Delaware near Trenton, to the river Raritan, at or near New Brunswick"—that is, to connect the water ports so boats could ferry riders the last distance connecting Philadelphia & Trenton to (19th-century) New York City and Brooklyn & Queens on Long Island via New York Harbor, as proposed by inventor and railway builder John Stevens (1749–1838). This New Jersey Railroad Company was the first passenger carrier railroad chartered in the United States, but failed to attract investors and was never built. Its rights would be passed to the Camden and Amboy Railroad (below), chartered in 1830 and also having Stevens as president.
• 1816: A railroad was reportedly used at Kiskiminetas Creek, Pennsylvania.^[10]
• 1818: An iron-smelting furnace at Bear Creek, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, reportedly had a wooden railroad in operation.^[10]

Early railroad companies (1820s–1830s)

Granite, coal and cotton railroads

• 1826: The Granite Railway in Massachusetts was incorporated by Thomas Handasyd Perkins and Gridley Bryant. Construction began on April 1, and operations began on October 7.^[11] It later became a branch of the Old Colony and Newport Railway, which was later absorbed into the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. This is often called the first commercial railroad in the U.S., as it was the first to evolve into a common carrier without an intervening closure. See the 1810 Leiper Railroad for comparison.
• 1826: On April 9, the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad was incorporated as the first railroad chartered in New York State^[12] (marker pictured), and the first railroad in the United States designed to be powered by a locomotive engine as opposed to horse-drawn or gravity railroads. It opened on August 9, 1831, using steam locomotive DeWitt Clinton.
• 1827: The Summit Hill and Mauch Chunk Railroad, often just called The Switchback or the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railroad, Pennsylvania's first railroad and first anthracite carrier^[13] initially a 9miles gravity railroad with animal powered return of cars, is built between Summit Hill^[14] and Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe), Pennsylvania when rails are laid on top of the existing mule-haul road graded to be nearly uniform in grade from its establishment in 1819–20.^[15] Designed by founder Josiah White to drop evenly over its length^{[16] [17]} and superintended in both evolutions by founder Erskine Hazard of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, the railway—as the world's first roller coaster, also became a famous tourist attraction—as were leisure cruises on the company's Lehigh Canal. The road carried cargo as a common carrier back up to Summit Hill almost from the start, but by 1829 the new railed road was carrying passengers flocking out from Philadelphia to enjoy its attractions. It was built to haul anthracite coal from the mines to the Lehigh Canal on the Lehigh River and was the first railroad of this type.
• 1829: On August 8, the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's gravity railroad in northeast Pennsylvania opened using Stourbridge Lion, the first locomotive to run on rails in the United States.^[18] It was also a coal railroad. The canal company, chartered in 1823, called itself "America's oldest continually operated transportation company".
• 1829: The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was chartered December 19, 1827 and was also known as the Charleston & Hamburg Road. An experimental track was installed in February, 1829 to haul bales of cotton in downtown Charleston, South Carolina. On April 1, 1830, a double-tracked 3800feet-long railroad was in full operation. By 1833, this railroad had been completed to Hamburg, South Carolina for a total length of 137miles. At that time, it was the longest railroad in the world. This was the first railroad to use steam locomotives regularly. It later became part of the Southern Railway, now part of Norfolk Southern.^[19]
• 1829: The Mill Creek & Mine Hill Navigation & Railroad Company was chartered on February 7, 1828. The 4.09miles main line from Palo Alto, Pennsylvania to Wolf Creek was completed in 1829 with branches added in 1829 and 1830 for a total of .^[20] It was another coal hauling railroad.
• 1830: The Schuylkill Valley Railroad & Navigation Company was chartered on April 14, 1828. It ran from Port Carbon, Pennsylvania to Tuscarora and was completed in 1830.^[21] It was built to carry coal from mines to Port Carbon.
• 1830: The Union Canal Company Railroad was a 3.5miles railroad constructed by the Union Canal (Pennsylvania) Company and was chartered on March 3, 1826. The company was in the canal business, but due to the topography, it could not extend its canal to the coal fields north of Pine Grove, Pennsylvania. Its solution was to build this short coal-hauling railroad, which was completed in 1830.^[18]
• 1830: The Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company was chartered on February 28, 1826. The LSRR operated between Tamaqua, Pennsylvania and Port Clinton beginning in 1831 using horse-drawn cars. Two steam locomotives were acquired by the railroad in 1833, but the wooden tracks did not support the engines. Iron "T" rails replaced the wooden ones in 1845, and the locomotives were then returned to regular service. It completed a junction with the Catawissa Railroad at Tamanend, also called Little Schuylkill Junction, in 1854. In 1857, the LSRR built a roundhouse in Tamaqua, housing 21 locomotives and a turntable. In 1863 the company was leased by the Reading Railroad for 93 years. It formally merged with the Reading in 1952. *1830: The Tuscumbia Railway was chartered on January 16, 1830, and proceeded to build a 2.1miles railroad from downtown Tuscumbia, Alabama to the docks on the Tennessee River west of Sheffield. This was the first railroad chartered/constructed west of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1832, this railroad was renamed the Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad, and was extended to connect the two Alabama cities of Tuscumbia and Decatur.^[22]
• 1831: The Mount Carbon Railroad was completed in 1831 running from Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania through Pottsville where it split into two branches, one going to what is now Seltzer and the other to the current Wadesville. This was a coal-hauling railroad, 6.26miles in length.^[23]
• 1831: The Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Railroad completed the first part of its railroad from Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania to Minersville with a branch line up the West Branch of the Schuylkill River, a distance of 13.5miles.^[24]
• 1831: The Room Run Railroad was completed along the path of an unsuccessful gravity road, running a distance 5.26miles from Nesquehoning to the Lehigh Canal loading docks at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.^[25]
• 1831: The Chesterfield Railroad (sometimes called the Manchester Railroad) began operations by September 1831 in Chesterfield County, Virginia.^[25]
• 1836 - Lake Wimico and St. Joseph Canal and Railroad Company - was the first railroad to enter into actual operation in Florida.
• 1837 - Tallahassee - St. Marks Rail Road - was the first railroad "Chartered" in Florida (in 1831), but was the second to be completed and begin cargo-hauling operations.
• 1839: Albion Railway serving coal mines around Stellarton, Nova Scotia, first railway in Canada to use iron rails and run year-round; home of Samson, the oldest surviving locomotive in Canada.

Early common carriers (1820s–1830s)

While private railroads are legally free to choose their jobs and customers, common carriers must charge fair rates to all comers.

Any effort to arrange early common-carrier railroads in chronological order must choose among various possible criterion dates, including applying for a state charter, receiving a charter, forming a company to build a railroad, beginning construction, opening operations, and so forth.

Name	Chartered	State	Opened	Notes
Union Canal Company of Pennsylvania		Pennsylvania		Chartered on May 30, 1811, to build a canal; authorized to build a railroad on March 3, 1826
Granite Railway		Massachusetts		Only authorized to carry freight until April 16, 1846
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company		Pennsylvania		Chartered on March 13, 1823, to build a canal; authorized to build a railroad on April 5, 1826
Danville and Pottsville Railroad		Pennsylvania
Mohawk and Hudson Railroad		New York		Carried only passengers for first few years of operation due to competition from the adjacent Erie Canal.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad		Maryland		First common carrier in the United States, chartered from its inception to haul freight and passengers on timetabled trains over vast distances with steam power, first to open for public service
South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company		South Carolina		Operated first steam hauled passenger train in the United States on a schedule. Known to the public as the Charleston & Hamburg Railroad.
Ithaca and Owego Railroad		New York
Mill Creek and Mine Hill Navigation and Railroad Company		Pennsylvania
Tioga Navigation Company		Pennsylvania		Chartered on February 20, 1826, to build a canal or slack-water navigation; authorized to build a railroad on February 7, 1828
Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad		Maryland
Chesterfield Railroad		Virginia
New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike and Railroad Company		Maryland		Chartered on January 6, 1810, as the New Castle and Frenchtown Turnpike Company to build a turnpike; renamed and authorized to build a railroad on March 14, 1828
Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad		Pennsylvania		Part of the state-owned Main Line of Public Works
Schuylkill Valley Navigation Company		Pennsylvania		Chartered on March 20, 1827, to build a canal; authorized to build a railroad on April 14, 1828; renamed Schuylkill Valley Navigation and Railroad Company on January 15, 1829
Schuylkill East Branch Navigation Company		Pennsylvania		Chartered on February 20, 1826, to build a lock navigation; authorized to build a railroad on April 14, 1828; renamed Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Company on April 23, 1829
Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Railroad		Pennsylvania
Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad		Pennsylvania
Mount Carbon Railroad		Pennsylvania
Tuscumbia Railway		Alabama
Pontchartrain Railroad		Louisiana
Lexington and Ohio Railroad		Kentucky
Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company		New Jersey
Petersburg Railroad		Virginia
Lykens Valley Railroad and Coal Company		Pennsylvania
Beaver Meadow Railroad and Coal Company		Pennsylvania
Canajoharie and Catskill Railroad		New York
Boston and Lowell Railroad		Massachusetts
Petersburg Railroad		North Carolina
Paterson and Hudson River Railroad		New Jersey
Elizabethtown and Somerville Railroad		New Jersey
Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad		New York
West Chester Railroad		Pennsylvania
West Feliciana Railroad		Louisiana
Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad		Pennsylvania		Part of the state-owned Main Line of Public Works
Southwark Railroad		Pennsylvania
Cumberland Valley Railroad		Pennsylvania
Philadelphia and Delaware County Railroad		Pennsylvania		Renamed Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad on March 14, 1836
Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad		Pennsylvania		First common carrier in Pennsylvania. Earlier railroads were operated to haul minerals like coal and iron, but later in the decade would become modern common carrier systems hauling passengers and public goods.
Winchester and Potomac Railroad		Virginia (now partially West Virginia)
New York and Harlem Railroad		New York
Boston and Providence Railroad		Massachusetts
Boston and Worcester Railroad		Massachusetts
Clinton and Vicksburg Railroad		Mississippi		Reorganized by the Commercial and Railroad Bank of Vicksburg on 25 December 1833. Reorganized on 9 March 1850 as the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad. Reorganized in January 1857 as the Southern Railroad of Mississippi. Reorganized on 28 January 1867 as the Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad. On 22 October 1885, the five foot gauge of the entire line from Meridian to Vicksburg, 152 miles including sidings, was changed to standard gauge of 4 feet 6 inches in about 16 hours. From 1889 the Meridian-Vicksburg Railway line was known as the Alabama & Vicksburg Railway line of the Queen and Crescent Route.^[26]
Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad		Ohio
Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad		Alabama
Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad		Delaware
Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis Railroad		Indiana
Ohio and Indianapolis Railroad		Indiana		Renamed Jeffersonville Railroad on February 3, 1849
Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad		Pennsylvania
Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad		Maryland
New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company		New Jersey
Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad		Virginia
New Jersey, Hudson and Delaware Railroad		New Jersey		Merged into the New Jersey Midland Railway on April 26, 1870
Franklin Railroad		Pennsylvania
Delaware and Maryland Railroad		Maryland		Merged into the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad on April 18, 1836
York and Maryland Line Railroad		Pennsylvania
Liggett's Gap Railroad		Pennsylvania		Renamed Lackawanna and Western Railroad on April 14, 1851
Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad		New York
Saratoga and Fort Edward Railroad		New York		Reorganized as the Saratoga and Washington Railroad on May 2, 1834
New York and Albany Railroad		New York		Sold to the New York and Harlem Railroad on March 9, 1846
Watertown and Rome Railroad		New York
Tonawanda Railroad		New York
New York and Erie Railroad		New York
Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad		New York		Leased by the Long Island Rail Road from opening
Hudson and Berkshire Railroad		New York
Boston, Norwich and New London Railroad		Connecticut		Merged into the Norwich and Worcester Railroad on June 22, 1836
New York and Stonington Railroad		Connecticut		Merged into the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad on July 1, 1833
Portsmouth and Lancaster Railroad		Pennsylvania		Renamed Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mountjoy and Lancaster Railroad on March 11, 1835
Williamsport and Elmira Railroad		Pennsylvania
Strasburg Rail Road		Pennsylvania		Still in operation as a shortline freight hauler and tourist railroad. Recognized as the oldest, continuously operating railroad in the United States as it still operates under its original 1832 charter.
New York, Providence and Boston Railroad		Rhode Island
Detroit and St. Joseph Railroad		Michigan		Sold to the Central Railroad of Michigan on April 22, 1837

Selected railroads chartered since 1832:

• 1835: The New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad began operation after four years of work; rail route still in operation as the St. Charles Streetcar Line in New Orleans.
• 1836: The Lake Wimico and St. Joseph Canal and Railroad Company was the first steam railroad in Florida, opening on September 5.
• 1836: The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opened in Quebec, Canada.
• 1838: The Northern Cross Railroad opens in Central Illinois; to this day, part of the NCR still operates under the Norfolk Southern Railway.

Tunnels and bridges

• 1829: Carrollton Viaduct built of stone for Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 312feet over Gwynns Falls River in Baltimore, Maryland
• 1831 Farnsworth Avenue Stone Arch Carriage Bridge over the Camden & Amboy RR. Bordentown NJ: First bridge completed over Stevens' newly designed rolled iron inverted T-rails made in Wales. Today trains still pass under the arch on new rails of similar design. Roadway is still used above the stone arch. Designed by Wilson. Keystone date 1831. Made of Stockton Sandstone
• 1833 (June): The Staple Bend Tunnel, the first railroad tunnel in the U.S., completed in June 1833 as part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad which opened in March 1834. Trains stopped running through the Staple Bend Tunnel in 1857, and it is now part of the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site.^[27]
• 1833 (December): Wadesville Tunnel, built by Danville and Pottsville Railroad at Wadesville, Pennsylvania.^[28]
• 1835: Thomas Viaduct built of stone for Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 614feet over Patapsco River in Relay, Maryland
• 1835: Canton Viaduct built of stone for Boston & Providence Railroad, 615feet, over Canton River in Canton, Massachusetts
• 1837: The Yorkville Tunnel opened on October 26, for the New York and Harlem Railroad. It was absorbed in the 1870s by the longer and wider Park Avenue Tunnel, and is used by all Metro-North Railroad commuter trains. The old tunnel carries the two center tracks, and two new tunnels carry outer tracks.
• 1837: The Taft Tunnel opened in 1837 for Norwich and Worcester Railroad in Lisbon, Connecticut, north of Norwich, Connecticut. This is the oldest tunnel still in use in its original form in the U.S.
• 1837: The Howard Tunnel in York County, Pennsylvania. Considered the second-oldest tunnel still in use in its original form in the U.S.
• 1842: The Potomac Creek Bridge, 400feet long, was built across the Potomac Creek in Stafford County, Virginia.
• 1848: Starrucca Viaduct built of stone for the Erie Railroad 1040feet over Starrucca Creek in Lanesboro, Pennsylvania
• 1850: The Henryton Tunnel on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
• 1850: The Chetoogeta Mountain Tunnel on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, Tunnel Hill, Georgia. 1,477 feet long and the first major railroad tunnel in the south.
• 1856: The Blue Ridge Tunnel, 4263feet, considered a world marvel of engineering when opened.
• 1872: The Hauto Tunnel 3800feet enabled a saving of over, most with steep grades, of the former Nesquehoning & Mahanoy Railroad for the several millions of tons/annum of anthracite shipped by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company from its Lansford and Coaldale breakers in the Panther Creek Valley.^[29] The tunnel allowed retirement and conversion of the famous Switchback Railroad (the Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad) into a tourism-only railroad owned by the Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill Switch-Back Railway Company^[30]

West of the Mississippi River

• 1841: The Red River Railroad between Alexandria and Cheneyville in Louisiana was operational by 1841.^[31]
• 1852: The first section of the Pacific Railroad, later part of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, opened near St. Louis, Missouri.

See also

• History of rail transport in Canada
• History of rail transport in the United States
• Rail transport in Mexico#History

External links

• First Railway (Tramway) Built in America, Lewiston, NY, 1764
• American Railroads; Their Growth and Development by Association of American Railroads (Washington DC, 1956)
• Library of Congress - History of Railroads and Maps
• Railroad History Database
• https://web.archive.org/web/20100413175850/http://www.nrhs.com/almanac/index.html National Railway Historical Society (NRHS): Historical Almanac of American Railroads - US, Canada, Mexico
• The Case of the Vanishing Locomotive, Robert Thayer, American Heritage, October 1998, Volume 49, Issue 6

Specific railroads

• First Permanent Railroad In The U. S. And Its Connection To The University Of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. (Leiper Railroad)
• The First Railroad in America 1826-1926: A History of the Origin and Development of the Granite Railway at Quincy, Massachusetts. (Granite Railroad)

Notes and References

1. Book: Brown, Robert R.. Canada's Earliest Railway Lines . October 1949. Railway & Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin #78.
2. http://historiclewiston.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06//the_cradles_tramway_placemat.pdf Text online of placement commemorating historic railroad.
3. Web site: Archived copy . 2010-03-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151554/http://historiclewiston.org/downloads/the_cradles_tramway_placemat.pdf . 2011-07-26 . dead .
4. Book: Whitehill, Walter Muir. Boston - A Topographical History . 1959 . Harvard University Press. 62.
5. Gamst, Frederick C.;, Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum; "First, in 1795 on Boston's Beacon Hill, a wooden railway of about a two-foot gauge in the form of a double-track inclined plane took earth removed from the top of the hill to its base. This excavation prepared a level area for the new State House of 1798, designed by the architect and construction engineer Charles Bulfinch."
6. Web site: Leiper Railway Historical Marker . www.explorepahistory.com . WITF, Inc. . 3 November 2022.
7. Gamst observes Bullfinch probably employed a similar technically-savvy individual familiar with British technologies to oversee construction and the relatively frenetic funicular operations of the Boston Back Bay railroads.
8. Book: Dunbar, Seymour. A History of Travel in America. 876–7.
9. Book: Dunbar. quoting Thomas McKibben of Baltimore in the American Engineer, 1886. 878–9.
10. Book: Dunbar. 880.
11. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 85 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
12. http://www.donrittner.com/his310.html American Railroading Began Here
13. Railroads of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company: GROUP IX . Heydinger . Earl J. . Railway and Locomotive Historical Society . 1964 . . 110 . 110 . 59–62 . 43518101 . THE MAUCH CHUNK RAILROAD: Pennsylvania's first railroad and first anthracite carrier opened on Saturday, May 5th, 1827, when seven cars of coal passed from the Summit Hill mines of the L. C. & N. Company to their canal at Mauch Chunk, descending 936 feet in the nine-mile trip. Sixteen-year-old Solomon White Roberts, later a noted railroad engineer, who had helped his uncle, Josiah White, build the railroad, rode the first delivery of coal by rail. Loaded cars made the trip in a half-hour; mules returned three or four empties over the same route in three to four hours. Evidently the line had only seven (or twenty-one) coal cars at the opening, as that number brought coal to the canal on the following Monday and Tuesday also. These three days' deliveries, twenty-one cars, deposited nearly a thousand tons of anthracite into a chute over the canal boat landing. Loaded cars descending drew empties from the bottom of this chute on a self-acting plane. Built in a period of four months, on a turnpike previously used for coal wagons, the line, 12-1/2, miles with sidings, cost $38,726. Ties were on four-foot centers; strap rail was ⅜" x 1½"..
14. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), pages 415,537 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
15. Book: . History of Carbon County Pennsylvania . 1884. Fred Brenckman, Official Commonwealth Historian. Harrisburg, Pa., J.J. Nungesser . 2nd .
16. Book: . Bartholomew. Ann M. . Metz. Lance E. . Kneis. Michael . 1989 . DELAWARE and LEHIGH CANALS, 158 pages . en . First . Oak Printing Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . . 1989 . 0930973097 . 89-25150 . 4–5 .
17. Bartholomew makes the point this "monotonically even descent grade" over such a length was an engineering first, not only in North America, but also in European road construction of any kind.
18. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 415 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
19. in The Transfer of Pioneering British Railroad Technology to North America by Frederick C. Gamst, University of Massachusetts, Boston http://cprr.org/Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html
20. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 459 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
21. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 501 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
22. http://www.cityoftuscumbia.org/Our_History/index.html Welcome to Tuscumbia, Alabama - You Should See Us Now!!
23. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 462 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
24. Railroads and Canals of the United States of America by Henry V. Poor (New York: John H. Schultz & Co, 1860), page 460 https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=M0YKAAAAIAAJ
25. Development of Early Transportation Systems in the United States by J.L. Ringwalt (Philadelphia: Railway World Office, 1888), (RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION FROM 1830 TO 1840)http://catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abrw05.Html
26. https://www.meridianspeedway.net/history-of-the-av.html Meridian Speedway History
27. ExplorePAHistory.com Historical Marker Allegheny Portage Railroad
28. ExplorePAHistory.com Historical Marker Service began on wooden rails.
29. http://www.tnonline.com/2012/jul/13/3800-ft-lansford-hauto-tunnel-engineering-marvel Lansford-Hauto tunnel called an engineering marvel
30. https://archive.today/20130909070133/https://sphotos-a-lga.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-frc1/297306_137372699687990_4401759_n.jpg Facebook image of legal notice of sale
31. http://www.csa-railroads.com/Red_River.htm Red River Railroad