Ferromagnetic superconductor explained

Ferromagnetic superconductors are materials that display intrinsic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. They include UGe₂,^[1] URhGe,^[2] and UCoGe.^[3] Evidence of ferromagnetic superconductivity was also reported for ZrZn₂ in 2001, but later reports^[4] question these findings. These materials exhibit superconductivity in proximity to a magnetic quantum critical point.

The nature of the superconducting state in ferromagnetic superconductors is currently under debate. Early investigations^[5] studied the coexistence of conventional s-wave superconductivity with itinerant ferromagnetism. However, the scenario of spin-triplet pairing soon gained the upper hand.^{[6] [7]} A mean-field model for coexistence of spin-triplet pairing and ferromagnetism was developed in 2005.^{[8] [9]}

These models consider uniform coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity, i.e. the same electrons which are both ferromagnetic and superconducting at the same time. Another scenario where there is an interplay between magnetic and superconducting order in the same material is superconductors with spiral or helical magnetic order. Examples of such include ErRh₄B₄ and HoMo₆S₈. In these cases, the superconducting and magnetic order parameters entwine each other in a spatially modulated pattern, which allows for their mutual coexistence, although it is no longer uniform. Even spin-singlet pairing may coexist with ferromagnetism in this manner.

Theory

In conventional superconductors, the electrons constituting the Cooper pair have opposite spin, forming so-called spin-singlet pairs. However, other types of pairings are also permitted by the governing Pauli principle. In the presence of a magnetic field, spins tend to align themselves with the field, which means that a magnetic field is detrimental for the existence of spin-singlet Cooper pairs. A viable mean-field Hamiltonian for modelling itinerant ferromagnetism coexisting with a non-unitary spin-triplet state may after diagonalization be written as^{[8] [9]}

H = H _{0} + \sum _{k\sigma} E _{k\sigma} \gamma ^{\dagger} _{k \sigma} \gamma _{k\sigma} , H _{0} = (1)/(2) \sum _{k\sigma} (\xi _{k\sigma} - E _{k\sigma} - \Delta ^{\dagger} _{k \sigma} b _{k\sigma} ) + INM ^{2/2,} E _{k\sigma} = \sqrt{\xi ^{2} _{k \sigma} + |\Delta _{k\sigma} | ^{2}.}

See also

• Bean's critical state model
• Ferromagnetic superconducting 2D materials
• Reentrant superconductivity

Further reading

• Book: Interaction of Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism in YBCO-LCMO . 1 . Soltan Soltan . 2005 . 3-86537-349-6 . Cuvillier Verlag.
• Book: Recent trends in theory of physical phenomena in high magnetic fields . Israel D Vagner . Peter Wyder . Peter Wyder . Tsofar Maniv . 1-4020-1373-6 . Springer . 2003 . https://books.google.com/books?id=yNXrbB2UlvoC&pg=PA18 . 18 . The interplay of superconductivity and nuclear magnetism . T Herrmannsdörfer . F Pobell . amp .
• Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation and superconductivity . Rep Prog Phys . 66 . 8 . 1299–1341 . T Moriya & K Ueda . 2003 . 10.1088/0034-4885/66/8/202. 2003RPPh...66.1299M . Ueda . 250884100 .
• Ferromagnetic superconductors – List of Authority Articles on arxiv.org

Notes and References

1. 10.1038/35020500. 587–92. 6796. 406. Saxena. Nature. S. S.. Agarwal. P. Agarwal. P.. Ahilan. K.. Grosche. F. M.. Haselwimmer. R. K. W.. Steiner. M. J.. Pugh. E.. Walker. I. R.. Julian. S. R.. Monthoux. P.. Huxley. A.. Sheikin. I.. Braithwaite. D.. Flouquet. J.. Lonzarich. 10949292. 2000. G. G.. Superconductivity on the border of itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in UGe₂. 2000Natur.406..587S . 983431. 8.
2. 10.1038/35098048. Aoki. 11595943. 2001. Dai. 613–6. 6856. 413. Huxley. Nature. Andrew. Ressouche. Eric. Braithwaite. Daniel. Flouquet. Jacques. Brison. Jean-Pascal. Lhotel. Elsa. Paulsen. Carley. Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in URhGe. 2001Natur.413..613A . 4415338.
3. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.067006. Huy. 2007. 99. 6. 67006. Physical Review Letters. 0708.1388. N.. Gasparini. A.. De Nijs. D.. Huang. Y.. Klaasse. J.. Gortenmulder. T.. De Visser. A.. Hamann. A.. Görlach. T.. Löhneysen. H.. Superconductivity on the border of weak itinerant ferromagnetism in UCoGe. 2007PhRvL..99f7006H. 17930860. 10155231.
4. cond-mat/0502341. Yelland. Physical Review B. E.. 72. 21. 214523. Hayden. S.. Yates. S.. Pfleiderer. C.. Uhlarz. M.. Vollmer. R.. Löhneysen. H.. Bernhoeft. N.. Smith. R.. Saxena. S.S.. Kimura. N.. 2005. Superconductivity induced by spark erosion in ZrZn2. 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.214523. 2005PhRvB..72u4523Y . 119485503.
5. Karchev. N. I.. Blagoev. K. B.. Bedell. K. S.. Littlewood. P. B.. 1999-11-30. Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ferromagnetic metals. cond-mat/9911489.
6. MacHida. cond-mat/0008245. Physical Review Letters. Kazushige. 86. Ohmi. 5. Tetsuo. 850–3 . Theory of Ferromagnetic Superconductivity. 2001. 11177956. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.850. 2001PhRvL..86..850M. 22804232.
7. cond-mat/0206487. Samokhin. Physical Review B. K.. 66. 17. 174501. Walker. M. . Order parameter symmetry in ferromagnetic superconductors. 2002. 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.174501. 2002PhRvB..66q4501S . 119355166.
8. Nevidomskyy. cond-mat/0412247. Physical Review Letters. Andriy. 94. 9. 97003. 2005 . Coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity near quantum phase transition: The Heisenberg- to Ising-type crossover. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.097003. 2005PhRvL..94i7003N. 15783990. 31327399.
9. 0707.2875. Linder. Physical Review B. J.. 76. 5. 54511. Sudbø. A. . Quantum transport in noncentrosymmetric superconductors and thermodynamics of ferromagnetic superconductors. 2007. 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.054511. 2007PhRvB..76e4511L . 119313463.