Ferritic stainless steel[1] [2] forms one of the five stainless steel families, the other four being austenitic, martensitic, duplex stainless steels, and precipitation hardened.[3] For example, many of AISI 400-series of stainless steels are ferritic steels. By comparison with austenitic types, these are less hardenable by cold working, less weldable, and should not be used at cryogenic temperatures. Some types, like the 430, have excellent corrosion resistance and are very heat tolerant.[4]
Canadian-born engineer Frederick Mark Becket (1875-1942) at Union Carbide industrialised ferritic stainless steel around 1912, on the basis of "using silicon instead of carbon as a reducing agent in metal production, thus making low-carbon ferroalloys and certain steels practical".[5] He discovered a ferrous alloy with 25-27% Chromium that "was the first of the high-chromium alloys that became known as heat-resisting stainless steel."[6]
Ferritic stainless steels were discovered early but it was only in the 1980s that the conditions were met for their growth:
To qualify as stainless steel, Fe-base alloys must contain at least 10.5%Cr.
The iron-chromium phase diagram shows that up to about 13%Cr, the steel undergoes successive transformations upon cooling from the liquid phase from ferritic α phase to austenitic γ phase and back to α. When some carbon is present, and if cooling occurs quickly, some of the austenite will transform into martensite. Tempering/annealing will transform the martensitic structure into ferrite and carbides.
Above about 17%Cr the steel will have a ferritic structure at all temperatures.
Above 25%Cr the sigma phase may appear for relatively long times at temperature and induce room temperature embrittlement.
| EN | Weight % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr | Other elements | Melts at | |||
| 405 | 1.4000 | 12.0 – 14.0 | — | ||
| 409L | 1.4512 | 10.5 – 12.5 | 6(C+N) | ||
| 410L | 1.4003 | 10.5 – 12.5 | 0.3 | ||
| 430 | 1.4016 | 16.0 – 18.0 | — | 1510[9] | |
| 439 | 1.4510 | 16.0 – 18.0 | 0.15+4(C+N) | ||
| 430Ti | 1.4511 | 16.0 – 18.0 | Ti: 0.6 | ||
| 441 | 1.4509 | 17.5 – 18.5 | 0.1 | ||
| 434 | 1.4113 | 16.0 – 18.0 | 0.9 | ||
| 436 | 1.4513 | 16.0 – 18.0 | 0.9 | ||
| 444 | 1.4521 | 17.0 – 20.0 | 1.8 | ||
| 447 | 1.4592 | 28 – 30.0 | 3.5 | ||
The pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels is estimated by the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN).
PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N
Where the Cr, Mo, and N, terms correspond to the contents by weight % of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen respectively in the steel.
Nickel (Ni) has no role in the pitting corrosion resistance, so ferritic stainless steels can be as resistant to this form of corrosion as austenitic grades.
In addition, ferritic grades are very resistant to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
Ferritic stainless steels are magnetic. Some of their important physical, electrical, thermal and mechanical properties are given in the table here below.
| 409 / 410 | 7.7 | 0.58 | 25 | 460 | 12 | 220 | |
| 430 | 7.7 | 0.60 | 25 | 460 | 11.5 | 220 | |
| 430Ti / 439 / 441 | 7.7 | 0.60 | 25 | 460 | 11.5 | 220 | |
| 434 / 436 / 444 | 7.7 | 0.60 | 23 | 460 | 11.5 | 220 | |
| 447 | 7.7 | 0.62 | 17 | 460 | 11 | 220 |
| EN 10088-2 | ||||||||
| — | UTS(MPa, min) | 0.2% yield stress (MPa, min) | Elongation(%, min) | — | UTS(MPa) | 0.2% yield stress (MPa, min) | Elongation(%, min) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 409 | 390 | 170 | 20 | 1.4512 | 380 – 560 | 220 | 25 | |
| 410 | 415 | 205 | 20 | 1.4003 | 450 – 650 | 320 | 20 | |
| 430 | 450 | 205 | 22 | 1.4016 | 450 – 600 | 280 | 18 | |
| 439 | 415 | 205 | 22 | 1.4510 | 420 – 600 | 240 | 23 | |
| 441 | 415 | 205 | 22 | 1.4509 | 430 – 630 | 250 | 18 | |
| 434 | 450 | 240 | 22 | 1.4113 | 450 – 630 | 280 | 18 | |
| 436 | 450 | 240 | 22 | 1.4526 | 480 – 560 | 300 | 25 | |
| 444 | 415 | 275 | 20 | 1.4521 | 420 – 640 | 320 | 20 |