List of female monarchs explained

This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see list of regents.

The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant. Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists constituent monarchs: monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no constitutional standing or regal powers while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as queens regents, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Pretenders to thrones are also not included in this page.

Monarchs

Africa

North Africa

Algeria

Monarch	Portrait	State	Reign dates	Length
Tin Hinan		Hoggar	4th century AD	Unknown
Dihya		Kingdom of the Aurès	668–703 AD	35 years

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are Spanish territories of North Africa.

Peraza family

Kingdom of the Canary Islands
The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown.

Monarch	Portrait	Reign dates	Length
Isabella I of Castile		4 September 1479–26 November 1504	25 years, 2 months, 22 days
Joanna of Castile		26 November 1504–12 April 1555	51 years, 7 months, 14 days
Isabella II of Spain		29 September 1833–30 September 1868	35 years, 1 day

Egypt

The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous.^[2]

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Sobekneferu		Pharaoh	Middle Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1777 BC	c. 1773 BC	3 years, 10 months and 24 days	^[3]
Hatshepsut		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1479 BC	c. 1458 BC	21 years
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1334 BC	c. 1332 BC	3 years
Twosret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191 BC	c. 1189 BC	2 years
Arsinoe II		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	273 or 272 BC	270 or 268 BC	2 to 5 years	^[4]
Berenice II		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	246 BC	221 BC	25 years	^[5]
Arsinoe III		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	220 BC	204 BC	16 years	^[6]
Cleopatra I		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	193 BC	176 BC	17 years	^[7]
Cleopatra II		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	c. 175 BC	164 BC	c. 56 years (Total)	^[8]
				163 BC	127 BC
				124 BC	115 BC
Cleopatra III		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	c. 139 BC	130 BC	c. 35 years (Total)	^[9]
				127 BC	101 BC
Cleopatra IV	–	Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	116 BC	115 BC	1 year	^[10]
Berenice III		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	101 BC	88 BC	14 years (Total)	^[11]
				81 BC	80 BC
Cleopatra V		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	79 BC	69 BC	11 years (Total)	^[12]
Cleopatra VI				58 BC	57 BC		^[13]
Berenice IV	–	Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	58 BC	55 BC	3 years	^[14]
Cleopatra VII		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	31 May 52 BC	August 30 BC	21 years	^[15]
Arsinoe IV		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	December 48 BC	January 47 BC	1 or 2 months	^[16]
Zenobia		Queen	Aegyptus	October 270	June 272	1 year and 9 months	^[17]
Shajar al-Durr		Sultan	Mamluk Sultanate	2 May 1250	30 July 1250	3 months

Libya

Monarch	Portrait	State	Reign dates	Length
Berenice II		Cyrenaica	258–246 BC	12 years
Cleopatra Selene II		Cyrenaica	34–30 BC	4 years

Sudan

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Reign dates	Length
Hatshepsut		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	1479–1458 BC	21 years
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	1334–1332 BC	2 years
Twosret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191–1189 BC	2 years
Nahirqo		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-2nd century BC	–	^[18]
Unknown Queen	–	Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	End of 2nd–first half of 1st century BC	–	^[19]
Amanirenas		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century AD	–
Amanishakheto		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Early 1st century AD	–
Shanakdakhete	–	Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	First half of the 1st century AD	–
Nawidemak		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush		–
Amanitore		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-1st century AD	–
Amanikhatashan		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-2nd century AD	–	^[20]
Amanikhalika		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Second half of the 2nd century AD	–	^[21]
	–	Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	First half of the 4th century AD	–
Amanipilade		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-4th century AD	–
Gaua	–	Queen	Dotawo			^[22]

West Africa

The Gambia

• Elizabeth II, Queen of the Gambia (reigned 1965–1970)

Ghana

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Ghana (reigned 1957–1960)

Akan state of Denkyira

• Amoako Atta Yiadom (reigned 1770–1793), Denkyirahene

Akan state of Dwaben

• Ama Serwah (reigned 1838–1846), Dwabenhene
• Unknown Dwabenhene (reigned 1846-18??)
• Nana Juaben Serwah II (reigned 1959–19??), Dwabenhene

Akan state of Akyem Abuakwa

• Nana Afia Dokuaa (reigned 1817–1835)

Gã

• Dode Akaabi (reigned 1610–1635)

Guinea-Bissau

Orango

• Aurelia Correia (reigned 1830–1874/1879)^[23]
• Okinka Pampa Kanyimpa (reigned –1930) – Succeeded her father Bankajapa.

Roxa

• Juliana of Canhabaque^[24] (reigned in the early 1900s)
• Idiana Ibop^[25] (reigned until the 1920s)

Côte d'Ivoire

Baoule

• Pokou (reigned)^[26] – Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe.
• Akwa Boni (reigned) – Pokou's niece who succeeded her to the throne.

Liberia

• Famata Bendu, queen of the Vai people (reigned ?–1892)^[27]

Mali

Mali Empire

• Kassi (reigned ?–1352/1353), co-ruler with Mansa Sulayman

Nigeria

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria (reigned 1960–1963)

DauraThe title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century.^[28] These queens reigned from to .^[29]

• Kufuru
• Ginu
• Yakumo
• Yakunya
• Wanzamu
• Yanbamu
• Gizir-gizir
• Inna-Gari
• Daurama
• Ga-Wata
• Shata
• Fatatuma
• Sai-Da-Mata
• Ja-Mata
• Ha-Mata
• Zama
• Sha-Wata
• Daurama II

Igodomigodo

• Emose (reigned 584–600)
• Orrorro (reigned 600–618)

Ondo Kingdom

• Pupupu, founder and ruler of the Ondo Kingdom .

Zazzau

• Amina – There is controversy among scholars as to the date of her reign, one school placing her in the mid-15th century, and a second placing her reign in the mid to late 16th century.

Ifẹ

• Ooni Luwoo (reigned in the 10th century)

Oyo Empire

• Orompoto (reigned –1575) – Succeeded her brother Eguguojo to the throne.

Igala Kingdom

• Ebulejonu, also known as Ebule (reigned in the 16th century)^[30]

Akure Kingdom

• Èyé Àró (reigned 1393–1419)
• Èyémọ̀ị́n (reigned 1705–1735)
• Amọ́robíòjò (reigned 1850–1851)

Senegal

Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.

• Lingeer Fatim Beye (reigned)
• Lingeer Ndoye Demba (reigned) – she was the founder of the Serer Joos Maternal Dynasty
• Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
• Njembot Mbodj
• Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
• Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof

Sierra Leone

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Sierra Leone (reigned 1961–1971)

Koya Temne

• Fatima (reigned 1826–1840)^[31]

Kpa Mende

• Madam Yoko (reigned 1878–1906)

Central Africa

Angola

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Mussasa	–	Queen	Imbangala	17th century	Unknown	–
Tembandumba		Queen	Imbangala	17th century	Unknown	–
	–	Queen	Matamba	Unknown	1631	–
Nzinga Mbandi (Ana I)		Ngola	Ndongo	1624	1626	2 years
				1657	1663	6 years
		Queen	Matamba	1631	1663	32 years
Mukambu Mbandi (Barbara)	–	Ngola	Ndongo	1663	1666	3 years
		Queen	Matamba
Kangala Kingwanda (Verónica I)	–	Queen	Matamba	1681	1721	40 years
Ngola Kanini (Ana II)	–	Queen	Matamba	1742	1756	14 years
Verónica II	–	Queen	Matamba	1756	1758	2 years
Ana III	–	Queen	Matamba	1758	1767	9 years
Kamana	–	Queen	Jinga	1767	1810	43 years

Mbunda Kingdom

• Vamwene Naama
• Vamwene Yamvu
• Vamwene Mbaao ya Chinguli (reigned in the 1500s–early 1600s)
• Vamwene Kaamba ka Mbaao
• Vamwene Mukenge wa Lweembe, Livindamo

Kingdom of kongo
There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.

• Ana Afonso de Leão, queen of Kinlaza
• , queen of Kimpanzu

Cameroon

• Soukda, founder of Mandara Kingdom (reigned)
• Ngoungoure, queen of Bamum (reigned 1865) – her rule lasted 30 minutes

Chad

Kanem–Bornu Empire

• Aissa Koli (reigned 1497–1504 or 1563–1570)

East Africa

Comoros

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Alimah I	–	Sultan	Ndzuwani (Anjouan)	Unknown	c. 1590	–
Alimah II	–	Sultan	Ndzuwani (Anjouan)	c. 1632	c. 1676	44 years
Alimah III	–	Sultan	Ndzuwani (Anjouan)	c. 1676	c. 1711	35 years
Alimah IV	–	Sultan	Ndzuwani (Anjouan)	1788	1792	4 years
Djoumbé Fatima		Sultan	Mwali (Mohéli)	1842	1865	23 years
				1874	1878	4 years
Salima Machamba		Sultan	Mwali (Mohéli)	1888	1909	21 years

Bambao

• Nyau wa Faume

Itsandra

• Fey Beja waWabeja, Mfalme

Bajini

• Ja Mhaba, Mfalme
• Hadija bint Ahmed, Mfalme

Kenya

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Kenya (reigned 1963–1964)
• Mwana Mkisi, founder of Mombasa
• Mwana Inali, ruler of Kitao on Manda Island^[32]
• Mwana Mimi, ruler of Pate Sultanate (reigned 1763–1773)^[33]

Madagascar

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Rangita	–	Queen	Vazimba	1520	1530	10 years
Rafohy	–	Queen	Vazimba	1530	1540	10 years
Bety	–	Queen	Betsimisaraka	1750	1762	12 years
Andrianaginarivo	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1777	1778	1 year	^[34]
Tombola	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1778	1778	>1 year
Ravahiny	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1778	1808	30 years
Ranavalona I		Queen	Merina Kingdom	11 August 1828	16 August 1861
Oantitsy	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1832	1836	4 years
Tsiomeko	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1836	1840	4 years
Rasoherina		Queen	Merina Kingdom	12 May 1863	1 April 1868
Ranavalona II		Queen	Merina Kingdom	2 April 1868	13 July 1883
Ranavalona III		Queen	Merina Kingdom	30 July 1883	28 February 1897

Ambohidratrimo

• Ravorombato^[35]

Menabe

• Bibiasa^[36]

Bemihisatra

• Safy Mozongo – Mother of Binao
• Binao – Daughter of Safy Mozongo

Bemazava

• Irana^[37]
• Tsiresy I^[37]
• Tsiresy II^[37]

Antankarana

• Ambary^[38]
• Soanaomby^[38]

Mauritius

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (reigned 1968–1992)

Somalia

• Asha Ngumi, ruler of Ngumi Island in the Bajuni Islands^[39]

Somaliland

Sultanate of Ifat

• Māti Layla Abūd (reigned in the 14th century)

South Sudan

Shilluk Kingdom

• , the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk.^[40]

Tanzania

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Tanganyika (reigned 1961–1962)
• Therese Ntare VI of Heru^[41]

Unguja

• Mwana Mwema, queen of Unguja^[42] (reigned ?–1653)^[43]
• Fatuma binti Yusuf al-Alawi, queen of Unguja (reigned ?–1698 and 1709–1715)

Pemba Island

• Mwana Mize binti Muaba (reigned in the 17th century)^[44]
• Mwana Fatuma binti Dathash (reigned in the 17th century)^[44]
• Mwana Hadiya (reigned in the 17th century)^[44]
• Mwana Aisha (reigned in the 17th century)^[44]

Tumbatu Island

• Mwana wa Mwana^[45]
• Fatima^[45]
• Mwana Kazija bint Ngwale bin Kombo bin Ali^[45]

Kua

• Mother of Mwanzuani^[46]
• Mwanzuani – she succeeded her mother^[46]

Mikindani

• Sabani binti Ngumi – she was succeeded by her daughter^[46]
• Daughter of Sabani binti Ngumi^[46]

Uganda

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Nyabagabe	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	775	780	5 years
Kudidi	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	950	990	40 years
Nyakahongerwa	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1000	1025	25 years
Kogyere I Rusija-Miryango	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1075	1085	40 years
			1090	1120		^[47]
Kogyere II	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1120	1130	10 years
Njunaki Kamaranga	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1250	1280	30 years
Nyakahuma	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1330	1375	45 years
Kitami kya Nyawera	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1685	1725	40 years
Kantunguru	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1740	1750	10 years
Akech	Queen	Paroketu	1760	1787	27 years	^[48]
Kogyere III Ikamiro	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1886	1889	3 years
Elizabeth	Queen	Uganda	9 October 1962	9 October 1963	1 year

Southern Africa

Malawi

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Malawi (reigned 1964–1966)

Namibia

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Kapango	Queen	Mbunza	c. 1750	–	–	^[49]
Mate I	Hompa	Uukwangali	c. 1750	–	–	^[50]
Nankali	Hompa	Uukwangali	c. 1770	–	–
Simbara	Hompa	Uukwangali	1785	1800	15 years
Mate II	Hompa	Uukwangali	1800	1818	18 years
Nakashwa	Queen	Ongandjera	1862	–	–
Mpande	Hompa	Uukwangali	1880	1886	6 years
	Hompa	Uukwangali	1926	1941	28 years (Total)
			1958	1971
Maria Mwengere	Queen	Shambyu	1947	1987	40 years
Angelina Matumbo Ribebe	Queen	Shambyu	1989	2015	26 years	^[51]
Martha Nelumbu	Ohmaba	Oukwanyama	November 2005	Incumbent	19 years to date
Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu	Queen	Shambyu	2023	Incumbent	1 year to date	^[52]

South Africa

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1961)

AmaMpondomise

• Mamani kaPhahlo (reigned 1732–1758)

Lobedu peopleThe Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.

• Maselekwane Modjadji (reigned 1800–1854)
• Masalanabo I Modjadji (reigned 1854–1894)
• Khetoane Modjadji (reigned 1895–1959)
• Makoma Modjadji (reigned 1959–1980)
• Mokope Modjadji (reigned 1981–2001)
• Makobo Modjadji (reigned 2003–2005)
• Masalanabo II Modjadji

Zambia

• Mamochisane, queen of the Makololo (reigned)

Zimbabwe

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Rhodesia (reigned 1965–1970)

The Americas

North America

Canada

• Victoria (reigned 1837–1901)
• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Mexico

Cobá

• (reigned)
• (reigned)
• Lady K’awiil Ajaw (reigned 640–682)

Ecatepec

• Tlapalizquixochtzin (reigned in the late 15th–early 16th century)

Palenque

• Ix Yohl Ik'nal (reigned 583–604)
• Sak K'uk', also known as Muwaan Mat (reigned 612–615)

Tepetlaoztoc

• Azcasuch (reigned in the late 15th–early 16th century)

Toltec Empire

• Xiuhtlaltzin (reigned 979–983)

Toniná

• Lady K'awiil Yopaat (reigned 762–774)

Tzacoalco

• Malinxalchitl (reigned ?–1524)

Mixtec

• Lady 9 Wind Stone Quexquemitl
• Lady 6 Monkey War Quexquemitl
• Lady 1 Death
• Lady 13 Flower Precious Bird
• Lady 2 Flower Rising Jewel
• Lady 11 Monkey Jade Spiderweb
• Lady 11 Alligator Quetzal Jewel
• Lady 2 Jaguar Jade Spiderweb
• Lady 5 Rabbit Jewel
• Lady 3 Jaguar Precious Butterfly Sun
• Lady 6 Water Quetzal Jewel of Flower War
• Lady 3 Rabbit Divine Flame
• Lady 12 Flower Broken Mountain Butterfly
• Lady 11 Rabbit Jewel of the Rising Sun
• Lady 8 Deer Quetzal Spiderweb
• Lady 1 Flower Jaguar Quexquemitl

Central America

Belize

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Pusilha

• Lady Ich’aak K’inich^[53] (reigned c.710–731)

Guatemala

El Perú

• Lady K'abel (reigned 672–692)

La Florida

• Lady Chaak (reigned)^[54]

Naranjo

• Wac Chanil Ahau, also known as Lady Six Sky

Tikal

• Unen Bahlam (reigned)
• Lady of Tikal (reigned 511–527?)

The Caribbean

Antigua and Barbuda

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Bahamas

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1973–2022)

Barbados

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (reigned 1966–2021)

Grenada

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1974–2022)

Jamaica

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1962–2022)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1983–2022)

Saint Lucia

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1979–2022)

South America

Brazil

• Maria I (reigned as Queen of Brazil 1815–1816) – she was also Queen of Portugal in 1777–1816

Ecuador

• Quilago, queen of Cochasquí

Guyana

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Guyana (reigned 1966–1970)

Peru

• Lady of Cao, Moche ruler^[55]

Suriname

• Juliana (reigned 1954–1975)

Trinidad and Tobago

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Trinidad and Tobago (reigned 1962–1976)

Asia

East Asia

China

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Daughter of Xiaoming	–	Empress (disputed)	Northern Wei	1 April 528	1 April 528	Less than 1 day
Wu Zetian		Empress	Wu Zhou	16 October 690	21 February 705

In Tibet, there was Nüguo (lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa.^[56] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.

• Supi Mojie ^[57]
• Dajiawa ^[58]
• Qibangsun
• Tangpangshi ^[59]
• Lianbi
• Eyaner
• Zhaoyefu

Wuman

• – her son submitted to of Nanzhao, and instead she declared herself Wáng of the Wuman tribe (烏蠻部落王)^[60]

Japan

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Himiko	–	Queen	Yamatai	c. 180	c. 247 or 248	67 or 68 years	^[61]
Toyo	–	Queen	Yamatai	c. 248	Unknown	–	^[62]
Suiko		Empress	Yamato	15 January 593	15 April 628		^[63]
Kōgyoku		Empress	Yamato	19 February 642	12 July 645		^[64]
Saimei				14 February 655	24 August 661
Jitō		Empress	Japan	686	697	11 years	^[65]
Genmei		Empress	Japan	17 August 707	3 October 715		^[66]
Genshō		Empress	Japan	3 October 715	3 March 724		^[67]
Kōken		Empress	Japan	19 August 749	7 September 758
Shōtoku		Empress	Japan	6 November 764	28 August 770
Meishō		Empress	Japan	22 December 1629	14 November 1643		^[68]
Go-Sakuramachi		Empress	Japan	15 September 1762	9 January 1771		^[69]

Korea

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Seondeok		Queen	Silla	632	647	15 years
Jindeok	–	Queen	Silla	647	654	7 years
Jinseong	–	Queen	Silla	887	897	10 years

South Asia

India

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Tribhuvana Mahadevi I	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	845	850	5 years
Tribhuvana Mahadevi II	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	890	896	6 years	^[70]
Tribhuvana Mahadevi III	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	896	905	9 years	^[71]
Sugandha	–	Queen	Utpala dynasty	904	906	2 years
Gauri Mahadevi	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 910	c. 916	c. 6 years
Dandi Mahadevi	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 916	c. 936	c. 20 years
Vakula Mahadevi	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 936	c. 940	c. 4 years
Dharma Mahadevi	–	Queen	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 940	c. 950	c. 10 years
Didda	–	Queen	Utpala dynasty	980	1003	23 years
Razia Sultana		Sultana	Delhi Sultanate	19 November 1236	20 April 1240
Rudrama Devi		Queen	Kakatiya dynasty	c. 1262	November 1289	c. 27 years
Ballamahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Alupa dynasty	1275	1292	17 years
Kota Rani	–	Maharani	Lohara dynasty	1338	1339	1 year
Viswavasa Devi	–	Queen	Oiniwar dynasty	1431	1443	12 years	^[72]
Abbakka Chowta		Queen	Ullal	1525	1570	45 years
Chennabhairadevi		Rani	Nagire province	1552	1606	54 years	^[73]
Keladi Chennamma	–	Rani	Keladi Nayaka Kingdom	1672	1697	25 years
Ali Raja Bibi Harrabichi Kadavube	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1728	1732	4 years
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe I	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1732	1745	13 years
Sujana Bai		Rani	Thanjavur Maratha kingdom	1737	1738	1 year
Virammaji	–	Rani	Keladi Nayaka Kingdom	1757	1763	6 years
Ahilyabai Holkar		Rani	Indore State	1 December 1767	13 August 1795
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1777	1819	42 years
Velu Nachiyar		Rani	Sivaganga estate	c. 1780	c. 1790	c. 10 years
Vellacci	–	Rani	Sivaganga estate	c. 1790	c. 1793	c. 3 years
Devammaji	–	Rani	Kingdom of Coorg	1809	1811	3 years	^[74]
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi		Maharani	Travancore kingdom	7 November 1810	1813	3 years
Qudsia Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	1819	1837	18 years	^[75]
Mohan Kumari	–	Rani	Sambalpur State	1827	1833	6 years	^[76]
Shah Jahan Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	1844	30 September 1860	14 years
				30 October 1868	16 June 1901
Sikandar Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	30 September 1860	30 October 1868
Victoria		Empress of India	British Raj	1 May 1876	22 January 1901
Sultan Jahan		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	16 June 1901	20 April 1926
Prafulla Kumari Devi	–	Rani	Bastar State	23 November 1922	28 February 1936

Maldives

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Srimati Damahara	Queen	Dheeva Maari	10th century	10th century	–
Khadijah	Sultana	Sultanate of Maldive Islands	1347	1362	28 years (total)
			1363	1373
			1376	1379
Raadhafathi	Sultana		1379	1380	1 year
Dhaain	Sultana		1385	1388	5 years
Kuda Kala Kamanafaanu	Sultana		1607	1609	2 years
Amina Kabafaanu	Sultana		1753	1754	1 year
Amina Rani Kilegefaanu	Sultana		1757	1759	2 years

Pakistan

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1956)

Assacani

• Cleophis (reigned 326 BC–?)

Gilgit

• Dadi Jawari (reigned 1642—1667 and 1689—1705) — also known as Malika Jawahir Khatun
• Malika Sahibnuma, also spelled as Sahebnuma^[77] (reigned 1825–1828)^[78]

Soomra dynasty

• Hamoon (reigned 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles^[79]

Sri Lanka

Monarch	Picture	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Anula	–	Queen	Anuradhapura Kingdom	47 BCE	42 BCE	5 years
Sivali	–	Queen	Anuradhapura Kingdom	35 CE	35 CE	4 months
Sugala Devi	–	Queen	Principality of Ruhuna	Unknown	1158	–
Lilavati	–	Queen	Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	1197	1200	5 years (Total)
				1209	1210
				1211	1212
Kalyanavati	–	Queen	Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	1202	1208	6 years
Kusumasana Devi		Queen	Kingdom of Kandy	1581	1581	>1 year
Elizabeth II		Queen	Dominion of Ceylon	6 February 1952	22 May 1972

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

Monarch	Picture	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Soma		Queen	Funan	68 CE	Unknown	–
Kulaprabhavati	–	Queen	Funan	514	517	3 years
Kambuja-raja-lakshmi	–	Queen	Chenla	575	580	5 years
Jayadevi	–	Queen	Chenla	681	713	32 years
Indrani	–	Queen	Upper Chenla	8th century	–	–
Nṛpatendradevī	–	Queen	Upper Chenla	8th century	–	–
Jayendrabhā	–	Queen	Upper Chenla	8th century	–	–
Jyeṣṭhāryā	–	Queen	Upper Chenla	c. 803	Unknown	–
Tey (Neak Mneang Tei)	–	Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	1687	1687	Few months
Ang Mey		Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	May 1835	1840	5 years
				March 1844	October 1846	2 years, 7 months
Sisowath Kossamak		Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	20 June 1960	9 October 1970

Indonesia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Shima	–	Queen	Kalingga Kingdom	c. 674	c. 695	21 years
Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya	–	Maharani	Mataram Kingdom	947	c. 958	11 years
Śri Wijaya Mahadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	983	989	6 years
Mahendradatta	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	989	1007	17 years
Śri Ajñadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	c. 1016	Unknown	–
Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	1088	1101	13 years
Arjayadengjayaketana	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	1181	1200	19 years
Unknown Queen	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	Unknown	1284	–	^[80]
Wan Sri Benian	–	Queen	Bintan	c. 1290	Unknown	–	^[81]
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi		Maharani	Majapahit Empire	1328	1350	22 years
Wa kaa kaa	–	Queen	Buton	1332	Unknown	–	^[82]
Bulawambona	–	Queen	Buton	14th century	14th century	–	^[83]
Tumanurung Baine	–	Queen	Gowa	c. 14th century	c. 14th century	–
		Sultana	Samudera Pasai Sultanate	1406	1428	22 years
Suhita		Maharani	Majapahit Empire	1429	1447	18 years
Benrigau'	–	Arumpone	Bone State	1470	1490	20 years	^[84]
Ratu Kalinyamat		Sultana	Kalinyamat Sultanate	c. 1549	c. 1579	30 years
Bainea	–	Queen	Kingdom of Tallo	1576	1590	14 years
Tenrituppu	–	Arumpone	Bone State	1602	1611	9 years
Ratu Sukadana	–	Queen	Kingdom of Matan	1608	1622	14 years
Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah		Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	18 February 1641	23 October 1675
Bi Sonbai	–	Keizerin	Sonbai Kecil	1672	1717	45 years	^[85]
Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	23 October 1675	23 January 1678
Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	23 January 1678	3 February 1688
Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	3 October 1688	October 1699	11 years
Zulkiyahtuddin	–	Sultana	Bone State	1714	1715	1 year
				1724	1738	14 years
				1741	1749	8 years
Kamalat Syah	–	Sultana	Bima Sultanate	1748	1751	3 years
	–	Sultana		1759	1761	2 years	^[86]
Sitti Saleh I	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1767	1777	10 years
	–	Sultana		1791	1795	4 years
Sitti Saleh II	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1814	1824	10 years
	–	Dewa Agung		1814	1850	36 years
Unknown Queen	–	Liurai	Wehali	c. 1814	Unknown	–	^[87] ^[88]
Rajiatuddin	–	Sultana	Bone State	1823	1835	12 years
Aisyah	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1845	1850	5 years
Siti Aisyah We Tenriolle		Datu	Tanette	1855	1910	55 years
Tenriawaru	–	Sultana	Bone State	1857	1860	3 years
Fatimah	–	Sultana	Bone State	1871	1895	24 years

Myanmar

Hanthawaddy

• Shin Sawbu (reigned 1454–1471)

Sandoway

• Saw Yin Mi (reigned the 1420s–1437)

Waithali

• Kuverami (reigned 334–341)

Laihka State

• Wife of Sao Ne Ya (reigned 1680–1683)^[89]
• Youngest Sister of Hkun Hkawt (reigned 1866–1868)^[90]

Philippines

Kingdom of Tondo

• Dayang Kalangitan (reigned –)

Kingdom of Maynila

• Queen of Maynila, name unknown (reigned) – she succeeded her husband Salalila and was succeeded by her son Matanda; according to oral traditions, her name is "Ysmeria"

Sultanate of Sulu

• Nur ul-Azam (reigned)^[91]

Thailand

Hariphunchai

• Jamadevi (reigned in the 6th–7th century) — first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai

Pattani

• Ratu Hijau, 'the Green Queen' (reigned 1584–1616)
• Ratu Biru, 'the Blue Queen' (reigned 1616–1624)
• Ratu Ungu, 'the Purple Queen' (reigned 1624–1635)
• Ratu Kuning, 'the Yellow Queen' (reigned 1635–1651)^[92]
• Raja Mas Kelantan (reigned 1670–1698)^[92]
• Raja Mas Chayam (reigned 1698–1702 and 1716–1718)^[92]
• Raja Dewi (reigned 1702–1711)^[92]

Lanna

• Chiraprapha (reigned 1545–1546)
• Wisutthi Thewi (reigned 1564–1578)

Timor-Leste

There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.^[93]

Liquiçá

• Dona Ursula da Costa (reigned)^[94]
• Dona Gracia da Costa Rodrigues Pereira (reigned)^[94]
• Dona Engracia da Costa Delgado (reigned)^[94]

Vietnam

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
		Queen	Jiaozhi	40	43	3 years
Triệu Ẩu		Lady	Jiaozhou	248	248	Less than 1 year
Daughter of Kandarpadharma	–	Queen	Champa	Unknown	653	–
Lý Chiêu Hoàng	–	Empress	Đại Việt	1224	1225	1 year

West Asia

Iran

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Anzaze		Basilissa	Elymais	c. 82 or 81 BCE	c. 75 BCE	c. 6 or 7 years
Musa		Basilissa	Parthian Empire	2 BCE	4 CE	6 years
Ulfan	–	Basilissa	Elymais	2nd century CE	2nd century CE	–
Boran		Banbishn	Sasanian Empire	630	630	>1 year
				June 631	June 632	1 year
Azarmidokht	–	Banbishn	Sasanian Empire	630	631	1 year
Sulafa Khatun	–	Atabeg	Ahmadilis	1209	1225	16 years
Kutlugh Turkan	–	Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	1257	1282	25 years
Abish Khatun	–	Atabeg	Salghurids	1264	1284	20 years
Padishah Khatun		Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	1292	1295	3 years
Kurdujin Khatun	–	Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	June or July 1295	November 1295	4 or 5 months
Dawlat Khatun	–	Atabeg	Khorshidi dynasty	1316	1316	–
Sati Beg	–	Il khan	Ilkhanate	July or August 1338	May 1339	9 or 10 months

Iraq

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Puabi		Queen	Ur	c. 2600 BC	–	–
Tandu Khatun	–	Sultan	Jalayirid Sultanate	1411	1419	8 years
Mir Xanzad	–	Mir	Soran Emirate	c. 1590 or c. 1620	–	7 years

Israel and Palestine

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Hatshepsut		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1479 BC	c. 1458 BC	21 years
Lady of the Lions	–	Lady	Beit Shemesh	c. 1350 BC	–	–	^[95]
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1334 BC	c. 1332 BC	2 years
Tausret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191 BC	c. 1189 BC	2 years
Athaliah		Queen	Kingdom of Judah	c. 841 BC	c. 835 BC	6 years
Salome Alexandra		Queen	Hasmonean	c. 76 BC	c. 67 BC	9 years
Salome I	–	Toparch	Herodian tetrarchy	4 BC	10 AD	14 years
Zenobia		Empress	Palmyrene Empire	272	272	Less than 1 year
Melisende		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1131	1153	22 years
Sibylla		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1186	1190	4 years
Isabella I		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1190	1205	15 years
Maria		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1205	1212	7 years
Isabella II		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1212	1228	16 years

Jordan

Gileadite

• Laodice of the Sameans (reigned) – in the Codex Leidensis, the people of Laodice is Gileadites.

Nabatea

• Chuldu (reigned 9 BC–16 AD) – she ruled with her husband Aretas IV Philopatris
• Shaqilath (reigned 16–40 AD) – she ruled with her husband Aretas IV Philopatris
• Shaqilath II – she ruled with her husband Malichus II; after his death she was regent for her son Rabbel II Soter
• Gamilath – she ruled with Rabbel II Soter
• Hagaru – she ruled with Rabbel II Soter

Lebanon

Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state.^[96]

• Lucia of Tripoli (reigned 1287–1289)

Saudi Arabia

Bāzu

• Iapa, queen of the city Dihrani – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu^[97]
• Baslu, queen of the city Ihilum – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu^[97]

Qedarite

• Zabibe (reigned –735 BC)
• Samsi (reigned –710 BC)
• Yatie (reigned –695 BC)
• Te'el-hunu (reigned –690 BC)
• Tabua (reigned –675 BC)

Syria

Tanukhids

• Mavia (reigned 375–425) – "The Queen of the Arabs"

Seleucid Empire

• Cleopatra Thea (reigned 126–121 BC) – she ruled with her sons Seleucus V and Antiochus VIII
• Cleopatra Selene I (reigned 82–69 BC) – she ruled with her son Antiochus XIII

Palmyrene Empire

• Zenobia (reigned 272) – she ruled mostly as regent for her son but reigned briefly under the regnal name Septimia Zenobia Augusta in 272.

Turkey

Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state.^[96]

• Constance (reigned 1130–1163)

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

• Isabella (reigned 1219–1252) – she co-ruled with her husband Hethum I from 1226

Caria

• Artemisia I (reigned)
• Artemisia II (reigned 353–351 BC)
• Ada (reigned 344–340 and 334–326 BC)

Dardania

• Mania (reigned after 399 BC) – queen of ancient Dardania according to Polyaenus and Xenophon

Heraclea Pontica

• Amastris (reigned –284 BC)

Pontus

• Laodice, co-ruler of Mithridates IV
• Pythodorida (reigned 8 BC–38 AD)

Olba Kingdom

• Queen Aba (reigned in the 1st century BC)

Prusias ad Mare

• Orodaltis (reigned after 30 BC)

Saltukid dynasty

• Melike Mama Hatun (reigned 1191–1200)

Trebizond

• Theodora Megale Komnene (reigned 1284–1285)
• Eirene Palaiologina (reigned 1340–1341)
• Anna Megale Komnene (reigned 1341–1342)

Yemen

Sulayhid dynasty

• Asma bint Shihab (reigned 1047–1087) – she was the co-ruler of Yemen in co-regency with her cousin and spouse, Ali al-Sulayhi, and later her son, Ahmad al-Mukkaram, and daughter-in-law, Arwa al-Sulayhi. Though there were many female monarchs in the Muslim world, Asma bint Shihab and Arwa al-Sulayhi were the only female monarchs in the Arab world to have had the khutba proclaimed in their name in the mosques as sovereigns.
• Arwa al-Sulayhi (reigned 1067–1138) – she ruled Yemen firstly with her first two husbands and her mother-in-law and then as sole ruler. She was the greatest of the rulers of the Sulayhid Dynasty and was also the first woman to be accorded the prestigious title of hujja in Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, signifying her as the closest living image of God's will in her lifetime.

Central Asia

Afghanistan

• Queen of Greater Yuezhi, name unknown (reigned in the 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi^{[98] [99]}

Uzbekistan

• Tomyris (reigned –520 BC) — queen of Massagetae

North Asia

Siberia

• Botohui-Tarhun (reigned in the 13th century) — queen of Tumed

Europe

Central Europe

Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Czechia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Mary		Queen	Hungary	10 September 1382	December 1385	3 years and 4 months
			Croatia
			Hungary	24 February 1386	17 May 1395
			Croatia
Maria Theresa		Archduchess	Austria	20 October 1740	29 November 1780
		Queen	Hungary
			Croatia
			Bohemia		19 December 1741
				12 May 1743	29 November 1780

Marcomanni

• Fritigil (reigned mid-4th century)

Poland and Lithuania

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Jadwiga		King	Poland	16 October 1384	17 July 1399
Anna		Queen	Poland	15 December 1575	19 August 1587
		Grand Duchess	Lithuania

Eastern Europe

Armenia

• Erato (reigned 8 BC–1 AD and 6–12 AD) – she ruled with Tigranes IV and Tigranes V

Azerbaijan

Kingdom of Hereti

• Dinar of Hereti (reigned in the c. 1010s)

Georgia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Tamar I		Mepe (King)	Kingdom of Georgia	27 March 1184	18 January 1213
Rusudan		Mepe (King)	Kingdom of Georgia	18 January 1223	1245	22 years
Tamar II	–	Queen	Kingdom of Kartli	1744	12 April 1746	2 years

Russia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Irina Godunova		Tsaritsa (Disputed)	26 January 1598	3 March 1598
Catherine I		Empress	8 February 1725	17 May 1727
Anna		Empress	26 February 1730	28 October 1740
Elizabeth		Empress	6 December 1741	5 January 1762
Catherine II		Empress	9 July 1762	17 November 1796

Sabir people

• Queen Boa,^[100] also known as Boareks (reigned in the 520s)

Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus

• Kamasarye Philoteknos (reigned 180–150 BC) – she co-ruled with her husband Paerisades III
• Dynamis (reigned in 47 BC, 44–17 BC, and 16–14 BC) – she co-ruled with her first husband Asander in 47 BC and from 44 BC until 17 BC; then she co-ruled with her second husband Polemon I from 16 BC until her death
• Gepaepyris (reigned 37/38–39 AD)

Blue Horde

• Tulun Beg Khanum (reigned 1370–1371)

Khanate of Qasim

• Fatima Soltan (reigned 1679–1681)

Northern Europe

Denmark, Norway and Sweden

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign
Margaret I		Queen	Denmark	10 August 1387	28 October 1412
			Norway	2 February 1388
			Sweden	24 February 1389
Christina		Queen	Sweden	16 November 1632	16 June 1654
Ulrika Eleonora		Queen	Sweden	5 December 1718	29 February 1720
Margrethe II		Queen	Denmark	14 January 1972	14 January 2024

Agder

• Åsa (reigned in the 9th century)^[101]

Western Europe

Luxembourg and Belgium

Burgundian Netherlands

• Mary of Burgundy (reigned 1477–1482) – according to 's book, Mary of Burgundy and Isabella Clara Eugenia are included in the list of thirty women sovereigns over European states between 1300 and 1800^[102]

Spanish Netherlands

• Isabella Clara Eugenia (reigned as independent sovereign 1598–1621) – during her and Albert's co-reign period, the Spanish Netherlands temporarily had formal independence from Spain

Austrian Netherlands

• Maria Theresa (reigned 1740–1780) – she was also the sovereign of many other states as ruler of the Habsburg monarchy

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

• Marie-Adélaïde (reigned 1912–1919)
• Charlotte (reigned 1919–1964)

Netherlands

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign
Wilhelmina		Queen	Netherlands	23 November 1890	4 September 1948
Juliana		Queen	Netherlands	4 September 1948	30 April 1980
Beatrix		Queen	Netherlands	30 April 1980	30 April 2013

Monaco

• Claudine (reigned 1457–1458)
• Louise Hippolyte (reigned 1731)

United Kingdom and Ireland

• Cartimandua (reigned) — queen of the Brigantes, a Celtic people in what is now Northern England; she came to power around the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, and formed a large tribal agglomeration that became loyal to Rome; she is known exclusively from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus, though she appears to have been widely influential in early Roman Britain
• Boudica (reigned) — queen of the Brythonic Celtic Iceni, people of Norfolk, in Eastern Britain; in 61 AD, she led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire
• Seaxburh of Wessex (reigned –674) – she reigned jointly with her husband Cenwalh and, according to tradition, ruled Wessex as Queen for a year following Cenwalh's death in

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Æthelflæd		Lady	Mercia	911	918	7 years
Ælfwynn	–	Lady	Mercia	12 June 918	4 December 918
Matilda		Lady (Disputed)	England	8 April 1141	1148	7 years	^[103]
Margaret		Queen (Disputed)	Scotland	19 March 1286	September 1290	4 years, 6 months
Mary I of Scotland		Queen	Scotland	14 December 1542	24 July 1567
Jane		Queen (Disputed)	England	10 July 1553	19 July 1553		^[104]
			Ireland
Mary I of England		Queen	England	24 July 1553	17 November 1558
			Ireland
Elizabeth I		Queen	England	17 November 1558	24 March 1603
			Ireland
Mary II		Queen	England	13 February 1689	28 December 1694
			Ireland
			Scotland	11 April 1689
Anne		Queen	England	8 March 1702	1 May 1707
			Scotland
			Ireland		1 August 1714
			Great Britain	1 May 1707
Victoria		Queen	United Kingdom	20 June 1837	22 January 1901
Elizabeth II		Queen	United Kingdom	6 February 1952	8 September 2022

Southern Europe

Albania

• Caeria, Queen of Illyria (reigned ?–344/343 BC)

Bosnia

• Jelena Gruba (reigned 1395–1398)

Bulgaria

Odrysian kingdom

• Antonia Tryphaena (reigned 18–38) – she ruled with her son Rhoemetalces II
• Pythodoris II (reigned 38–46) – she ruled with Rhoemetalces III

Cyprus

Kingdom of Cyprus

• Charlotte (reigned 1458–1464)
• Catherine Cornaro (reigned 1474–1489)

British Cyprus

• Victoria (reigned 1878–1901)
• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1960)

Greece

Aeacid dynasty

• Deidamia II (reigned)

Byzantine Empire

• Irene of Athens (reigned 797–802) – she normally referred to herself as basilissa (empress), although there are three instances of the title basileus (emperor) being used by her. From 792 she was a co-ruler.
• Theodora the Armenian (reigned 842–856, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became the co-ruler of her son but in fact she ruled the empire alone; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent
• Thekla (reigned 842–856, disputed), co-ruler of Theodora the Armenian
• Zoë Porphyrogenita (reigned 1028–1041 and 1042–1050) – she ruled with her consorts Romanos III and Michael IV between 1028 and 1041; she ruled with her sister Theodora and her third husband Constantine IX from 1042 to 1050
• Theodora Porphyrogenita (reigned 1042–1056) – she ruled from 1042 jointly with her sister Zoe and Zoe's third husband Constantine IX; she ruled from 1055 until her own death as sole monarch.
• Eudokia Makrembolitissa (reigned 1067, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became a ruler; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent

Epirus

• Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina (reigned 1384–1385)

Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

• Catherine I (reigned 1283–1307)
• Catherine II (reigned 1307–1346)

Polis

• Cratesipolis (reigned) — ruler of Sicyon and Corinth
• Nicaea, ruler of Corinth

Italy

Ostrogothic Kingdom

• Amalasuintha (reigned 534–535) – she ruled first as regent for her son and thereafter as queen regnant in her own right

Sardinian medieval kingdoms

• Elena of Gallura (reigned 1203–1218)
• Benedetta of Cagliari (reigned 1214–1233)
• Adelasia of Torres (reigned 1236–1259)
• Joanna of Gallura (reigned 1298–1308)
• Eleanor of Arborea (reigned 1383–1404)

Kingdom of Sicily

• Constance I (reigned 1194–1198) – she co-ruled with her husband Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor until 1197
• Constance II (reigned 1282–1285) – she co-ruled with her husband Peter III of Aragon
• Maria (reigned 1377–1401) – she co-ruled with her husband Martin I the Younger from 1392
• Joan the Mad (reigned 1516–1555) – she was also Queen of Castile and Aragon

Kingdom of Naples

• Joan I (reigned 1343–1382)
• Joan II (reigned 1414–1435)
• Joan III the Mad (reigned 1516–1555) – she was also Queen of Castile and Aragon

The Italian duchies restored by the Congress of Vienna became fully sovereign because the Kingdom of Italy was not restored.

• Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma (reigned 1814–1847)
• Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca (reigned 1815–1824)
• Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa (reigned 1815–1829)

Portugal

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Theresa		Queen	Portugal (disputed)	1116	24 June 1128
Beatrice		Queen	Portugal (disputed)	1383	1385
Maria I		Queen	Portugal	24 February 1777	20 March 1816
Maria II		Queen	Portugal	2 May 1826	23 June 1828
				26 May 1834	15 November 1853

Spain and Andorra

• Toda (reigned) — queen of Deio and Lizarrara^[105]
• Andregoto Galíndez (reigned) — queen of Lumbier
• Jimena Díaz (reigned 1099–1102) — independent princess of the

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Urraca the Reckless		Empress	Spain	30 June 1109	8 March 1126
		Queen	León
		Queen	Castile
		Queen	Galicia		1111
Petronilla		Queen	Aragon	13 November 1137	18 July 1164
Urraca the Asturian	–	Queen		1144	1153
Berengaria		Queen	Castile	6 June 1217	31 August 1217
		Queen	Toledo
Sancha	–	Queen	León	24 September 1230	11 December 1230
Dulce	–	Queen	León	24 September 1230	11 December 1230
Joan I		Queen	Navarre	22 July 1284	2 April 1305
Joan II		Queen	Navarre	1 April 1328	6 October 1349
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon	–	Co-Princess	Andorra	1398	1412
Blanche I		Queen	Navarre	8 September 1425	1 April 1441
Blanche II	–	Queen	Navarre	23 September 1461	2 December 1464
Isabella I		Queen	Castile	11 December 1474	26 November 1504
		Queen	León
Eleanor	–	Queen	Navarre	28 January 1479	12 February 1479
Catherine		Queen	Navarre	7 January 1483	12 February 1517
		Co-Princess	Andorra
Joanna		Queen	Castile	26 November 1504	12 April 1555
		Queen	Aragon	23 January 1516
		Queen	Upper Navarre
Jeanne		Queen	Lower Navarre	25 May 1555	9 June 1572
		Co-Princess	Andorra
Isabella II		Queen	Spain	29 September 1833	30 September 1868
		Queen	Upper Navarre		30 November 1833

Montenegro

Duklja

• Neda (reigned 1043–1046)

Oceania

Australasia

Australia

• Victoria (reigned 1901)
• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

New Zealand

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Rarotonga

• Makea Takau Ariki, Queen/Supreme High Chiefess of the Cook Islands (reigned 1871–1911) – was the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Rarotonga established in 1858, she ceased to be sovereign after 1888

Melanesia

Fiji

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1970–1987)

Papua New Guinea

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1975–2022)

Solomon Islands

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)

Polynesia

American Samoa

• Tuimanufili (reigned as 20th Tui Manu'a)
• Siliave (reigned as 23rd Tui Manu'a)
• Seuea (reigned as 27th Tui Manu'a)
• Matelita (reigned 1891–1895, as 39th Tui Manu'a)

French Polynesia

Bora Bora

• Teriimaevarua II (reigned 1860–1873)
• Teriimaevarua III (reigned 1873–1895)

Huahine

• Teha'apapa I (reigned 1760–1790)
• Teri'itaria II (reigned 1815–1852)
• Teha'apapa II (reigned 1868–1893)
• Teuhe (reigned 1888–1890) – she reigned under a rebellion government against her mother Queen Tehaapapa II
• Teha'apapa III (reigned 1893–1895)

Raiatea

• Tehauroarii (reigned 1881–1884)
• Tuarii (reigned till 1897) – she reigned under a rebellion government against the French with the support of Teraupo'o after Tamatoa VI abdicated.

Rapa Iti

• Daughter of Parima (reigned 1886–1887)

Rimatara

• Tamaeva IV (reigned 1876–1892)
• Tamaeva V (reigned 1892–1901)

Tahiti

• Purea (reigned in the 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unification
• Pōmare IV (reigned 1827–1877)

Nuku Hiva

• Vaekehu – her husband died in 1863, but Vaekehu continued to reign on her own as Queen

Hawaii

Ancient Hawaii

• Kalanikauleleiaiwi (reigned 1695–1725) — co-ruler of Hawaiʻi Island along with her brother Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku
• Ululani, Chiefess of Hilo
• Kapau-a-Nuʻakea, 3rd Chiefess of Molokai
• Kamauliwahine, 4th Chiefess of Molokai
• Hualani, 5th Chiefess of Molokai
• Kanealai, Chiefess of Molokai
• Kūkaniloko, 11th Moʻi of Oʻahu
• Kalaimanuia, 12th Moʻi of Oʻahu (reigned 1600–1665)
• Kaikilani, 17th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1575–1605)
• Keakamahana, 19th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1635–1665)
• Keakealaniwahine, 20th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1665–1695)
• Kamakahelei, 22nd Moʻi of Kauaʻi (reigned 1770–1794)

Kingdom of Hawaii

• Liliʻuokalani (reigned 1891–1893 and claimed status as queen until her death in 1917) – the only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii established by Kamehameha I

Tonga

• Tupoumahe'ofo (reigned 1777–1781, as Tu'i Kanokupolu)
• Salote Tupou III (reigned 1918–1965)

Tuvalu

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)

Wallis and Futuna

Uvea

• Toifale (reigned 1825)
• Falakika Seilala (reigned 1858–1869)
• Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki (reigned 1869–1895)
• Aloisia Brial (reigned 1953–1958)

Legendary and mythological monarchs

Chile

• Gaboimilla

China

• Nüwa, the only female among Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
• Queen Mother of the West
• Queen of the Aini people (爱尼人), a branch of the Hani people^[106]

Congo

Kuba Kingdom

Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers:^[107]

• Lobamba
• Gokare
• Sanga Motunu
• Pelama Pena
• Boeke
• Sanga Lenga
• Bosh Akama
• Kele Kama
• Bolueme

Czechia

• Libuše, female ruler of Bohemia
• Valasca

Easter Island

• Vakai, queen of Kingdom of Rapa Nui

Ecuador

• Paccha Duchicela, queen of the Kingdom of Quito

Egypt

• Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus' book Histories as being the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
• Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th-century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif.^[108]
• Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis. Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor.
• Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era.^[109] Sometimes described as a "priestess".

Ethiopia

The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word "Aethiopia" in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar.^[110]

• Borsa (reigned 4321 - 4254 BC)  - Originated from Coptic tradition.
• Eylouka (reigned 3776 - 3731 BC)  - Originated from Coptic tradition.
• Nehasset Nais (reigned 2434 - 2404 BC)
• Kasiyope (reigned 1890 - 1871 BC)  - Originated from Greek mythology.
• Mumazes reigned (1675 - 1671 BC)  - Daughter of king Bonu I.^[111]
• Aruas (reigned 1671 BC)  - Daughter of Mumazes.
• Helena (reigned 1358 - 1347 BC)
• Makeda (reigned 1013 - 982 BC)  - The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya.^[112]
• Nicauta Kandake I (reigned 740 - 730 BC)
• Hadina (reigned 372 - 362 BC)  - Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years.^[113]
• Nikawla Kandake II (reigned 342 - 332 BC)  - An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba^[114]
• Akawsis Kandake III (reigned 325 - 315 BC)
• Nikosis Kandake IV (reigned 242 - 232 BC)
• Awsena (reigned 99 - 88 BC)  - Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year.
• Nicotnis Kandake V (reigned 35 - 25 BC)
• Garsemot Kandake VI (reigned 40 - 50 AD)  - Supposedly the Kandake from the Biblical story of the Ethiopian Eunuch.
• Wakana (reigned 230 AD)  - Reigned for 2 days.
• Ahywa Sofya (reigned 299 - 332 AD)  - Likely based on Sofya of Axum, mother of Ezana.
• Adhana I (reigned 369 - 374 AD)  - Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years.^[115]
• Adhana II (reigned 412 - 418 AD)  - Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III.

Kingdom of Simien

• Gudit (reigned)

Sidama people

• Furra

French Polynesia

• Queen Mamea

Greece

• Omphale of Lydia, wife of Heracles
• Gerana, queen of Pygmy

Amazons

• Otrera, the daughter of Eurus (the east wind)
• Hippolyta, the Amazonian queen who possessed a magical girdle
• Penthesilea, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
• Antianara, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
• Eurypyle
• Lampedo
• Marpesia
• Aegea
• Myrina
• Orithyia
• Antiope
• Thalestris

India

• , ruler of Kashmir – she was described in Rajatarangini
• Pandaie

Indonesia

• Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi, queen of Salakanagara (reigned 276–289 AD)^[116]
• Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi, queen of Salakanagara (reigned 340–348 AD)^[116]

Iran

• Humay Chehrzad

Iraq

• Kubaba of Kish, the only queen on the Sumerian King List (reigned in the 25th century BC)
• Semiramis, the legendary queen of king Ninus, succeeding him to the throne of Assyria
• Nitocris of Babylon, the ruling queen of Babylon described by Herodotus in his Histories

Ireland

• Macha, (reigned 661–654 BC)
• Medb, Queen of Connacht

Japan

• Empress Jingū (reigned 201–269)
• Princess Iitoyo (reigned 484; disputed)
• , ruler of Yamato-gun
• , ruler of Yonaguni

Korea

• Lady Saso, honorary queen regnant of Silla
• Queen of Jeoknyeo-guk – Talhae's mother was the princess of Jeoknyeo-guk, an island country where only women lived^[117]

Libya

• Cyrene, queen of the city Cyrene
• Lamia, queen of Libya

Malaysia

• Che Siti Wan Kembang of Kelantan

Mexico

Aztec Empire

• Atotoztli II (possibly reigned 1466–1472, disputed)

Myanmar

• Panhtwar

Norway

• Lagertha

Pakistan

• Nur Bakht Khatun of Trakhan Dynasty
• the Dareli queen of Trakhan Dynasty

Poland

• Wanda

Russia

• Narchat

Somaliland

• Arawelo, queen of Habr Je'lo
• Kola, queen of Abasa^[118]

South Africa

• Majaji (reigned)

Sri Lanka

• Kuveni, queen of Yakkha people of Sri Lanka before the founding of Kingdom of Tambapanni

Sudan

• Pelekh Candace of Meroë (reigned)

Tunisia

• Dido (reigned 814–) – also known as Alyssa. Founder of Carthage, according to tradition

Turkey

• Onomaris, Queen of the Galatians
• Queen of Kanesh^[119]

Turkmenistan

• Zarinaea, legendary Sacae woman ruler of the Dahae

United Kingdom

• Queen Gwendolen (reigned in the 11th century BC)
• Queen Cordelia (reigned in the 8th century BC)
• Queen Marcia (reigned in the 4th century BC)

Vatican City

• Pope Joan, legendary monarch of the Papal States

Vietnam

• Lady Po Nagar of Champa, According to Cham legend, was the founder of the Cham nation

Yemen

• Bilkis in Yemen, claimed to be Queen of Sheba

Constituent and self-proclaimed monarchs

Botswana

• Mosadi Muriel Seboko (reigned 2002–present), the kgosikgolo of the Balete people

China

• Chen Shuozhen (reigned 653) – She led a peasant uprising in 653. During the rebellion, she declared herself huangdi. Jian Bozan recognized her as a female huangdi.^[120]
• Mǐlǔ, also known as "Invincible Tian Wang (無敵天王)" – female rebel leader to assume the title of Tian Wang (天王)^[121]

Easter Island

• Koreto, reigning queen of Easter Island (reigned ?–1876)^[122] – Dutrou-Bornier married Koreto and appointed her as Queen
• Caroline, reigning queen of Easter Island (reigned 1877)^[122] – after the death of Dutrou-Bornier, his widow Koreto briefly installed their daughter Caroline as Queen

Haiti

• Ti Memenne of La Gonâve (reigned) – she was the tribal ruler of La Gonâve

India

• Rani Gaidinliu, leader of the Naga people

Italy

• Nina Menegatto

Jamaica

• Queen Nanny, leader of the Jamaican Maroons

New Zealand

• Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (reigned 1966–2006)

Nigeria

• Ahebi Ugbabe

Panama

• Rufina Santana, queen of Naso people (reigned 1982–1988)

United States Virgin Islands

The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:

• "Queen Mary" Thomas
• "Queen Agnes" Salomon
• "Queen Mathilda" McBean

Chieftainesses

Botswana

• Kgosi Rebecca Banika

Burundi

• Nandabunga

Chile

• María la Grande

Cameroon

• Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda

Colombia

• Gaitana

Dominican Republic

• Higuanamá, also spelled Hiquanama, Cacica of Higüey, one of the Chiefdoms of Hispaniola (reigned ?–1502) – she was described by Las Casas in his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies;^[123] Juan de Esquivel hanged Higuanamá in 1502^[124]
• doña María de Higüey, Cacica of Higüey (reigned c. 1514)^[125]
• Isabel de Iguanama, Cacica of Higüey (reigned c. 1514)^[125]

Ecuador

• Juana Guare

Fiji

• Lala Mara, the Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa (reigned 1957–2004)
• Teimumu Kepa, the Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa (reigned 2004–present)

Ghana

• Nana Kofi Abuna V
• Peggielene Bartels

Guinea

• Niara Bely

Haiti

• Anacaona, Cacica of Jaragua, one of the Chiefdoms of Hispaniola

Ireland

• Grace O'Malley, also known as "the Pirate Queen", chieftainess of the Ó Máille clan in Umaill

Israel

• Deborah, the only female judge of Israelite tribes in Biblical judges

Kenya

• Wangu wa Makeri

Kyrgyzstan

• Kurmanjan Datka, also known as "The Tsaritsa of Alai", tribal leader of Alay (reigned 1862–1876)

Liberia

• Suah Koko

Malawi

• Theresa Kachindamoto

New Zealand

Māori people

• Hine-i-paketia
• Hinematioro

Rarotonga

• Makea Te Vaerua Ariki, High Chiefess of Te Au O Tonga (reigned 1845–1857)
• Pa Upoko Takau Ariki, High Chiefess of Takitumu (reigned 1855–1890)
• Tinomana Mereana Ariki, High Chiefess of Puaikura (reigned 1881–1908)

Niger

• Sarraounia

Nigeria

• Agbani Darego, honorary chieftaincy of Lagos
• Alaba Lawson
• Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed of Kumbwada
• Efunsetan Aniwura
• Efunroye Tinubu, Iyalode of the Egbas
• Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti

Palau

• Gloria Salii

Pakistan

• Sada Kaur

Peru

• Capillana,
• Tomasa Tito Condemayta

Puerto Rico

• Luisa, also known as Yuisa, Cacica of Loíza (reigned ?–1513)^[126]

Sierra Leone

• Nyarroh

South Africa

Xhosa

• Nosizwe Tyali, Chief of Imingcangathelo
• Nosiseko Gaika, Chief of Amambombo (Ngqika)
• Nomasilakhe Komani, Chief of Imingqalasi

South Sudan

• Mathiang Yak Anek

United States of America

Appomattoc

• Opossunoquonuske

Crow tribe

• Pine Leaf (reigned 1830s)

Giluts'aaw

• Victoria Young

Hoocąk

• Glory of the Morning

Pamunkey

• Cockacoeske (reigned 1656–1686)
• Queen Betty (reigned 1686–1708?)
• Queen Ann (reigned 1708?–1723?)

Pocasset Wampanoag

• Weetamoo

Sakonnet

• Awashonks

Seneca tribe

• Queen Alliquippa (reigned 1754)

Vanuatu

• Motarilavoa Hilda Lin̄i

Venezuela

• Apacuana

Yemen

• Sharifa Fatima

Semi-independent feudal rulers

Albania

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Joanna	Duchess	Duchy of Durazzo	1348	1368	20 years
			1376	1383	7 years
Helena Thopia	Lady	Principality of Albania	1388	1392	4 years
			1394	1403	9 years
Komnina Balšić	Lady	Principality of Valona	1385	1396	11 years
Rugjina Balsha	Lady	Principality of Valona	1414	1417	3 years

Bangladesh

• Rani Bhabani, zamindar of Rajshahi Raj family
• Saratsundari Devi, zamindar of Puthia Raj family
• , zamindar of Puthia Raj family

India

• Rani Bhawani, zamindar of Midnapore Raj
• Rani Shiromani, zamindar of Midnapore Raj
• Rani Rashmoni, zamindar of Janbazar
• , zamindar of Ramnad estate
• , zamindar of Ramnad estate
• Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar, zamindar of Ramnad estate
• Kathama Nachiar, zamindar of Sivaganga estate

Indonesia

• Gusti Raden Ayu Tirtonegoro R. Rasmana, ruler of the (reigned 1750–1762)

Romania

• Catherine of Brandenburg, ruler of the Principality of Transylvania (reigned 1629–1630)

Crown landholders

Estonia

Swedish Estonia

• Christina (reigned 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654)
• Ulrika Eleonora (reigned 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720)

Russian Estonia

• Catherine I (reigned 8 February 1725 – 17 May 1727)
• Anna (reigned 13 February 1730 – 28 October 1740)
• Elizabeth (reigned 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762)
• Catherine II (reigned 9 July 1762 – 6 November 1796)

Finland

Swedish Finland

• Margaret I of Denmark (reigned 1389–1412)
• Christina (reigned 1632–1654)
• Ulrika Eleonora (reigned 1719–1720)

Iceland

Norwegian Iceland

• Margaret I (reigned 1388 – 28 October 1412)

Bibliography

• L. Pierotti Cei, Madonna Costanza, Regina di Sicilia e d'Aragona, Mondadori, Milan 1995.
• S. Runciman, I Vespri siciliani, Rizzoli, Milan 1975.

External links

• Contemporary reigning queens (Zárate's Political Collections)

Notes and References

1. Web site: El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia. mdc.ulpgc.es. https://web.archive.org/web/20220927015923/https://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/revhistoria/id/48. 2022-09-27.
2. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. 26–29, 33–34, 52–53.
3. Book: Shaw . Ian . Oxford . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . 2003 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-815034-3 . 483.
4. Web site: Bennett . Chris . Arsinoe II . Egyptian Royal Genealogy.
5. Book: Stanwick . Paul Edmund . Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs . 22 July 2010 . University of Texas Press . 9780292787476.
6. Book: Chrystal, Paul . Women at War in the Classical World . 2017-02-28 . Grub Street Publishers . 978-1-4738-5661-5 . en . Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE,.
7. Web site: Chris Bennett . Cleopatra I . December 21, 2023 . Tyndale House.
8. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_ii_fr.htm Cleopatra II
9. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iii_fr.htm Cleopatra III
10. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_iv_fr.htm Cleopatra IV
11. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/berenice_iii_fr.htm Berenice III
12. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_v_fr.htm Cleopatra V
13. .
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16. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/arsinoe_iv_fr.htm Arsinoe IV
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48. Book: Falola . Toyin . Women's Roles in Sub-Saharan Africa . Amponsah . Nana Akua . 2012-01-06 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-0-313-38545-2 . xii . en.
49. Web site: Dierks . Klaus . Klaus Dierks . THE PERIOD OF THE EXPLORERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS . klausdierks.com.
50. Web site: Dierks . Klaus . Klaus Dierks . Traditional Leaders in the History of Namibia . klausdierks.com.
51. Web site: 2015-06-15 . Shambyu leader Queen Ribebe has died . 2023-12-22 . The Namibian . en-GB.
52. Web site: Hompa Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu Coronated . 2023-12-22 . nbc.
53. 2016 . The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G . Contributions in New World Archaeology. 269.
54. Baron. Joanne. 2017. The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan. Expedition Magazine. 59. 2.
55. Web site: 권. 혜진 . 2017-07-05 . 계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원 . 2024-01-13 . . ko.
56. Jay . Jennifer W. . 1996 . Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 116 . 2 . 220–229 . 10.2307/605697 . 605697 . 0003-0279.
57. [s:zh:隋書/卷83|Book of Sui, vol. 83]
58. Book: Fan, Wenlan . Zhongguo tong shi . 1994 . 978-7-01-002029-7 . 4.
59. [s:zh:舊唐書/卷197|Old Book of Tang, vol. 197]
60. [Fan Chuo (Tang dynasty)|Fan Chuo]
61. Book: Association of the Buddha Jayanti . Japan and Buddhism . 1959 . Tokyo News Service . 23 . en.
62. Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
63. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 263–264; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
64. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
65. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
66. [Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]
67. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).
68. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 411–412.
69. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 419–420.
70. Book: Arihant Experts . Know Your State Odisha . 4 June 2019 . 978-9313193272 . 16 . Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD)..
71. Book: Arihant Experts . Know Your State Odisha . 4 June 2019 . 978-9313193272 . 16 . Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD)..
72. Book: Jha, Makhan . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective . 1997 . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. . 978-81-7533-034-4 . 157 . en.
73. Web site: Jyotsna Kamat . 2010-05-07 . Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552–1606 C.E) . 2010-05-25 . Kamatpotporri.
74. Book: . Clarendon Press . 1908 . New . 11 . Oxford . 15 . en.
75. The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India, by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000.
76. Book: De, Sushil Chandra . Story of Freedom Struggle in Orissa . 1990 . Orissa Sahitya Akademi . 36 . en.
77. Book: Dani . Ahmad Hasan . History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century . Masson . Vadim Mikhaĭlovich . Unesco . 2003-01-01 . UNESCO . 978-92-3-103876-1 . 238 . en.
78. Book: Khan, Shah Ra'is . Shah Ra'is Khan ki Tarikh-i Gilgit . 1987 . ur.
79. Siddiqui . Dr. Habibullah . The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule. . Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
80. Book: John Norman Miksic . Ancient Southeast Asia . Goh Geok Yian . 2016-10-14 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-27904-4 . 464 . en.
81. Book: Chou, Cynthia . The Orang Suku Laut of Riau, Indonesia: The Inalienable Gift of Territory . 2009-10-16 . Routledge . 978-1-134-43033-8 . 44 . en.
82. Book: Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations . 2020-09-07 . ANU Press . 978-1-76046-389-2 . O'Connor . Sue . 191 . en . McWilliam . Andrew . Brockwell . Sally.
83. Book: Syarifuddin . Ferry . Praktik Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah oleh Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia – Rajawali Pers . Sakti . Ali . 2021-02-08 . PT. RajaGrafindo Persada . 83 . id.
84. Omar . Rahilah . 2003-11-01 . The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin . 319. en.
85. Book: Hägerdal, Hans . Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800 . 2012-01-01 . BRILL . 978-90-04-25350-6 . 205–206 . en.
86. Web site: Sultan-Sultan Sumbawa . https://web.archive.org/web/20190518080922/http://kebudayaan.sumbawakab.go.id/objek/id/5 . 2019-05-18 . 2024-06-14 . Ensiklopedia Sumbawa.
87. Book: Hägerdal, Hans . Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800 . 2012-01-01 . BRILL . 978-90-04-25350-6 . 420 . en.
88. Book: Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth . 2016-08-05 . Routledge . 978-1-317-32788-2 . Niner . Sara . en . The ritual centre Wehali had an unnamed queen in 1814,.
89. Book: James George Scott. John Percy Hardiman . Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. 1901 . 5 . en. He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died..
90. Book: James George Scott. John Percy Hardiman . Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. 1901 . 6 . en. Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa, but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa, Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State..
91. Majul . Cesar Adib . An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu" . 15 . Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives.
92. Amirell. Stefan . The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718 . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 42 . 2 . 2011. 303–323 . 10.1017/S0022463411000063 . 143695148 .
93. Hägerdal . Hans . 2007 . Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769 . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde . 163 . 1 . 8 . 27868341 . 0006-2294.
94. Book: Niner . Sara . Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth . 39. 2016-08-05 . Routledge . 978-1-317-32789-9 . en.
95. Web site: Siegel-Itzkovic . Judy . 2009-04-16 . Have archeologists found the only female ruler of ancient Canaan? . 2023-06-04 . . en-US.
96. Book: Hamilton, Bernard . The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . 44. 2005-07-07 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-01747-3 . en.
97. Book: Leichty, Erle . The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC) . 2011-06-23 . Penn State Press . 20–21. 978-1-57506-646-2 . en.
98. [:s:zh:漢書/卷061|Book of Han, vol. 61]
99. Book: Mair . Victor H. . Victor H. Mair. The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia . 1998 . The Institute for the Study of Man in collaboration with The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications . 2. 777. 978-0-941694-63-6. Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen..
100. Book: The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity . 1316 . 978-0-19-256246-3 . Nicholson . Oliver . 19 April 2018. Oxford University Press .
101. Web site: Åsa Haraldsdatter, Dronning . Norsk biografisk leksikon . Claus Krag.
102. Book: Monter, William . The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800 . ix–xiii. 2012-01-24 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-17327-7 . en.
103. Book: Debrett's kings and queens of Britain . 51 . David Williamson . Webb & Bower . 1986. 9780863501012 .
104. Book: Williamson, David. 2010. Kings & Queens. National Portrait Gallery Publications. 95. 978-1-85514-432-3.
105. Book: Roger . Collins. John Carmi . Parsons. https://books.google.com/books?id=IG4YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 . Medieval Queenship . 978-1-137-08859-8 . en. 89. Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth-Century León and Navarre. 30 April 2016 . Springer .
106. Book: 陈永邺. 洪宜婷 . 法律起源与国家法的形成：以西南少数民族的神话等文本为例 . 241. 2017-01-01 . 社会科学文献出版社 . 978-7-5201-0691-7 . zh.
107. Book: Torday . Emil . Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées. Les Bushongo. . Joyce . Thomas Athol . 1910 . fr. 17–19.
108. Web site: Colavito . Jason . Murtada ibn al-'Afif . Jason Colavito.
109. Book: Morié, Louis J. . Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Tome Ier – La Nubie . 1904 . Paris . 155–161 . French.
110. Book: Rey, C. F.. In the Country of the Blue Nile. 1927. Camelot Press. London. 263–270.
111. Web site: Araia . Ghelawdewos . December 7, 2009 . Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History . 4 September 2022.
112. Book: Budge, E. A. Wallis . A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I) . Methuen & Co. . 1928 . London . 193.
113. Book: Budge, E. A. Wallis . A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I) . Methuen & Co. . 1928 . London . 205–207.
114. Web site: Nicaula. Brooklyn Museum. 13 November 2022.
115. Book: Budge, E. A. Wallis . A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I) . Methuen & Co. . 1928 . London . 259–261.
116. Web site: 2019-03-28 . Salakanagara, Kerajaan (Sunda) Tertua di Nusantara . 2023-07-14 . Nusantara Institute . id.
117. Web site: 적녀국(積女國) . 2024-02-10 . . ko.
118. Book: Burton, Richard Francis . Richard Francis Burton. First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar . 1856 . 209–210. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans . en.
119. Book: Leick, Gwendolyn . A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology . 1991 . Psychology Press . 978-0-415-00762-7 . 142 . en.
120. Book: 馮敏飛 . 危世圖存 : 中國歷史上的15次中興 . 2016-01-01 . 新華出版社 . 978-7-5166-2761-7 . 355 . zh.
121. [s:zh:明史/卷316|History of Ming, vol. 316]
122. Book: Fischer, Steven R. . Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island . 2005. Reaktion Books . 119–121. 978-1-86189-245-4 . en.
123. [s:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies/Chapter 3|A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Chapter III: Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola]
124. Web site: Cotubanamá . 2024-04-26 . Real Academia de la Historia. Diccionario biográfico español.
125. Book: Ochoa . Margarita R. . Cacicas: The Indigenous Women Leaders of Spanish America, 1492–1825 . 4 . Guengerich . Sara V. . 2021-03-11 . University of Oklahoma Press . 978-0-8061-6999-6 . en.
126. Book: Méndez-Méndez . Serafín . Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia . 380. Fernández . Ronald . 2015-07-14 . 2. Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-1-4408-2832-4 . en.