Felinae Explained

Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae and comprises the small cats having a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.^[1] Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothed Machairodontinae.^{[2] [3]}

Characteristics

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.^[4] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6mm.^{[5] [6]} The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.^[7]

Taxonomy

The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.^[8] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.^[4]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.^{[9] [10]}

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:^[1]

Genus	Species	Image of type species	Range
Acinonyx ^[11]	Cheetah (A. jubatus) ^[12]		Africa and Southwestern Asia
Caracal ^[13]	Caracal (C. caracal) ^[14] African golden cat (C. aurata) ^[15]		Africa and Southwestern Asia
Catopuma ^[16]	Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) ^[17] Bay cat (C. badia) ^[18]		Southeastern Asia
Felis ^[19]	Domestic cat (F. catus) European wildcat (F. silvestris) ^[20] Jungle cat (F. chaus) ^[21] African wildcat (F. lybica) ^[22] Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) ^[23] Sand cat (F. margarita) ^[24] Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) ^[25]		Afro-Eurasia Worldwide (Domestic Cat)
Herpailurus	Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) ^[26]		Central and Southern America
Leopardus ^[27]	Ocelot (L. pardalis) ^[28] Oncilla (L. tigrinus) ^[29] Pampas cat (L. colocolo) ^[30] Kodkod (L. guigna) Margay (L. wiedii) ^[31] Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) ^[32] Andean mountain cat (L. jacobitus) ^[33] Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) ^[34]		Central and Southern America
Leptailurus	Serval (L. serval) ^[35]		Africa
Lynx ^[36]	Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) ^[37] Bobcat (L. rufus) ^[38] Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) ^[39]		Northern Hemisphere
Otocolobus ^[40]	Pallas's cat (O. manul) ^[41]		Central Asia
Pardofelis	Marbled cat (P. marmorata) ^[42]		Southeastern Asia
Prionailurus	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) ^[43] Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) ^[44] Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) ^[45] Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) ^[46]		Southeastern and Eastern Asia
Puma ^[47]	Cougar (P. concolor) ^[48]		Americas

Extinct taxa

Genus	Species	Image
Felis	Felis lunensis
Acinonyx	A. aicha A. intermedius A. pardinensis
Lynx	L. issiodorensis L. rexroadensis^[49] ^[50] L. thomasi
Puma	P. lacustris P. pardoides P. pumoides
Leopardus	L. vorohuensis
Leptofelis	L. vallesiensis
Miracinonyx ^[51]	M. inexpectatus M. trumani
Pratifelis	P. martini
Pristifelis	P. attica
Sivapanthera ^[52]	S. arvernensis S. brachygnathus S. linxiaensis S. padhriensis S. pleistocaenicus S. potens

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:^{[53] [1]}

See also

• • List of felids

Notes and References

1. Kitchener . A. C. . Breitenmoser-Würsten . C. . Eizirik . E. . Gentry . A. . Werdelin . L. . Wilting . A. . Yamaguchi . N. . Abramov . A. V. . Christiansen . P. . Driscoll . C. . Duckworth . J. W. . Johnson . W. . Luo . S.-J. . Meijaard . E. . O’Donoghue . P. . Sanderson . J. . Seymour . K. . Bruford . M. . Groves . C. . Hoffmann . M. . Nowell . K. . Timmons . Z. . Tobe . S. . 2017 . A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group . Cat News . Special Issue 11 . 11−63 .
2. Book: Werdelin . L. . Yamaguchi . N. . Johnson . W. E. . O'Brien . S. J. . Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) . 2010 . Macdonald . D. W. . Loveridge . A. J. . 59–82 . Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids . Oxford University Press . Oxford, UK . 978-0-19-923445-5 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142.
3. Book: Werdelin . L. . Subfamily Felinae − Cats . Kingdon . J. . Happold . D. . Butynski . T. . Hoffmann . M. . Happold . M. . Kalina . J. . Mammals of Africa . 2013 . 5 . Bloomsbury Publishing . London, UK . 978-1-4081-2251-8 . 144–210 . .
4. Pocock . R. I. . 1917 . The classification of the existing Felidae . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . Series 8 . XX . 119 . 329–350 . 10.1080/00222931709487018 .
5. Hast . M. H. . 1989 . The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats . Journal of Anatomy . 163 . 117–121 . 1256521 . 2606766 .
6. Peters . G. . 2002 . Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals . Mammal Review . 32 . 4 . 245−271 . 10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
7. Pocock, R. I. . 1917 . VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ . The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology . 8 . 19 . 109 . 113−136 . 10.1080/00222931709486916 .
8. Fischer . G. . 1817 . Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda . Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou . 5 . 357−446 .
9. Johnson . W. E. . Eizirik . E. . Pecon-Slattery . J. . Murphy . W. J. . Antunes . A. . Teeling . E. . O'Brien . S. J. . amp . 2006 . The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment . . 311 . 73–77 . 16400146 . 10.1126/science.1122277 . 5757. 2006Sci...311...73J . 41672825 .
10. Li . G. . Davis . B. W. . Eizirik . E. . Murphy . W. J. . 2016 . Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) . Genome Research . 26 . 1 . 1−11 . 10.1101/gr.186668.114. 26518481 . 4691742 .
11. Book: Brookes . J. . 1828 . A catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes . London . Richard Taylor . 16 . Section Carnivora . https://archive.org/details/b22475886/page/16.
12. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1777 . Der Gepard . Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil) . Wolfgang Walther . Erlangen . 392–393 . https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schreber1875textbd3/0112/image.
13. Book: Gray . J. E. . 1843 . List of the specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum . London . The British Museum . Felidae . 39–46 . https://archive.org/details/listofspecimenso00brit_0/page/150.
14. Book: Schreber . J. C. D. . Der Karakal . Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen . 1777 . 413–414 . Erlangen . Wolfgang Walther . https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/413/mode/1up.
15. Book: Temminck . C. J. . 1827 . Monographies de Mammalogie . Paris . G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne . Félis doré Felis aurata . 120−121 . https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/120.
16. Severtzow . M. N. . 1858 . Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent . Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée . X . 385–396 .
17. Vigors . N. A. . Horsfield . T. . 1827 . Descriptions of two species of the genus Felis, in the collections of the Zoological Society . The Zoological Journal . III . 11 . 449–451 .
18. Gray . J. E. . 1874 . Description of a new Species of Cat (Felis badia) from Sarawak . Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1874 . 322–323 .
19. Book: Linnaeus, C. . 1758 . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . 1 . la . Tenth reformed . Holmiae . Laurentii Salvii . 42–44 . Felis . https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42.
20. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1778 . Die wilde Kaze . The wild Cat . 397–402 . Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil) . Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes . Erlangen . http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schreber1875textbd3/0095?page_query=397&navmode=struct&action=pagesearch&sid=cc4bffe3d0372c2d2c5c1ddb03aed21d.
21. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1778 . Der Kirmyschak . https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/414/mode/2up . 414–416 . Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen . Erlangen . Wolfgang Walther.
22. Book: Forster . G. R. . 1780 . Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band . Mr. von Büffon‘s Natural History of Quadrupeds. With additions, translated from French. Volume 6 . Berlin . Joachim Pauli . LIII. Der Karakal . 299–319 . https://books.google.com/books?id=qohRAAAAYAAJ&pg=SL26-PA13.
23. Book: Burchell . W. J. . Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II . 1824 . Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green . London . 592 . Felis nigripes . https://books.google.com/books?id=AGpdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA592.
24. Loche . V. . 1858 . Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Chat par M. le capitaine Loche . Description of a new species of cat, Mr. Captain Loche . Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée . 49–50 . 2 . X .
25. Milne-Edwards . A. . 1892 . Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet . Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées . III . 670–671 .
26. Book: Geoffroy St. Hilaire, É. . 1803 . Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle . Paris, France . Museum National d'histoire naturelle . 124 . Le Chat Yagouarundi Felis yagouarundi . https://books.google.com/books?id=951AAAAAcAAJ.
27. Gray . J. E. . 1842 . Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 10 . 65 . 255−267 . 10.1080/03745484209445232 .
28. Book: Linnaeus . C. . 1758 . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . Holmiae . Laurentius Salvius . 42 . Felis pardalis . I . Tenth . https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up.
29. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1778 . Die Maragua . https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/396/mode/1up . 396–397 . Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen . Erlangen . Wolfgang Walther.
30. Book: Molina, G. I. . 1782 . Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli . Bologna . Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino . La Guigna Felis guigna . http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192&Pagina=296 . 295 . 2020-08-06 . 2019-06-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190608065804/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=192&Pagina=296 . dead .
31. Book: Schinz, H. R. . 1821 . Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere: als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Säugethiere und Vögel, Volume 1 . Cotta . Stuttgart, Tübingen . Wiedische Katze Felis wiedii . 235–236 . https://books.google.com/books?id=D3o-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA235.
32. D'Orbigny . A. . Gervais . P. . 1844 . Mammalogie: Nouvelle espèce de Felis . Extraits des Procès-verbaux des Séances . 9 . 40−41.
33. Cornalia . E. . 1865 . Descrizione di una nuova specie del genere Felis. Felis jacobita (Corn.) . Memorie della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali . 1 . 3−9 .
34. Hensel . R. . 1872 . Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugethiere Süd-Brasiliens . Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin . 1−130 . 1873 .
35. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1778 . Der Serval . https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/406/mode/2up . Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen . Erlangen . Wolfgang Walther.
36. Book: Kerr . R. . The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia . 1792 . A. Strahan & T. Cadell . Edinburgh & London . 157−158 . https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/157 . F. Lynx canadensis.
37. Book: Linnaeus, C. . 1758 . Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . Tomus I . decima, reformata . Holmiae . Laurentius Salvius . 43 . Felis lynx . https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/43/mode/2up.
38. Book: Schreber, J. C. D. . 1778 . Der Rotluchs . https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/412/mode/1up . 442–443 . Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen . Erlangen . Wolfgang Walther.
39. Book: Temminck, C. J. . 1827 . Monographies de mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 1 . Leiden . C. C. Vander Hoek . Felis pardina . 116−117 . https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/116.
40. Brandt J. F. . 1842 . Observations sur le manoul (Felis manul Pallas) . Bulletin Scientifique. Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg . 9 . 37–39.
41. Book: Pallas . P. S. . 1776 . Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 3 . J. G. Fleischer . Frankfurt und Leipzig . Felis manul . 490 . https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya8UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA490.
42. Martin . W. C. . 1836 . Description of a new species of Felis . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . IV . XLVII . 107–108 .
43. Book: Kerr . R. . 1792 . The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia . A. Strahan & T. Cadell . Edinburgh & London . 151–152 . Bengal Tiger-Cat Felis bengalensis . https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/151.
44. Book: Desmarest, A. G. . 1816 . Le Chat de Java, Felis javanensis Nob. . 115 . https://archive.org/download/nouveaudictionna06metc/page/n130_w411 . Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine. Tome 6 . Société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . Paris . Chez Deterville.
45. Bennett . E. T. . 1833 . Felis viverrinus . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . Part I . 68–69 .
46. Book: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . I. . 1831 . Le Chat à Taches de Rouille, Felis rubiginosa (Nob.)l . 140−144 . https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10469043_00182.htm . Voyage aux Indes-Orientales par le nord de l'Europe, les provinces du Caucases, la Géorgie, l'Arménie et la Perse, suivi des détails topographiques, statistiques et autre sur le Pégou, les Iles de Jave, de Maurice et de Bourbon, sur le Cap-de-bonne-Espérance et Sainte-Hélène, pendant les années 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829. Tome 3: Zoologie . Bélanger . C. . Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . I. . Arthus Bertrand . Paris.
47. Book: Jardine . W. . 1834 . Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2 . Edinburgh . Lizars, Stirling and Kenney . 266–267 . Genus II. Puma . https://archive.org/details/naturalistslibra16jardrich/page/266.
48. Book: Linnaeus, C. . 1771 . Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Regni animalis appendix . Holmiae . Laurentii Salvii . Felis concolor . 522 . https://archive.org/details/CarLinneMantiss00Linn/page/522.
49. Stephens . J. J. . 1959 . A new Pliocene cat from Kansas . Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters . 44 . 41–46.
50. Werdelin . L. . 1981 . The evolution of lynxes . Annales Zoologici Fennici . 18 . 37–71 .
51. Adams, D. B. . 1979 . The Cheetah: Native American . Science . 205 . 4411 . 1155–1158 . 17735054 . 10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. 1979Sci...205.1155A . 17951039 .
52. Book: Kretzoi, M. . 1929 . Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2 . Csiki, E. . Budapest . Imprimerie Stephaneus . Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden . 1293−1355.
53. Book: Werdelin . L. . Yamaguchi . N. . Johnson . W. E. . O'Brien . S. J. . Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) . 2010 . 59–82 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 . Macdonald . D. W. . Loveridge . A. J. . Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids . Oxford University Press . Oxford, UK . 978-0-19-923445-5.