Strength athletics, also known as Strongman competitions, is a sport which tests competitors' strength in a variety of non-traditional ways. Some of the disciplines are similar to those in powerlifting and some powerlifters have also successfully competed in strongman competitions. However, strongman events also test physical endurance to a degree not found in powerlifting or other strength-based sports, such as carrying refrigerators, flipping truck tires, and pulling vehicles with a rope.
Competitions designed to test the strength of participants pre-date recorded history. The Highland games in Scotland are an early example of modern strongman competitions. Circus strongmen also performed feats of strength that were non-traditional or sensationalistic. Strongman competitions like World's Strongest Man began their television popularity in the 1970s.
See also: Highland games, Strongman, Powerlifting and History of physical training and fitness. Strength competitions pre-date written history. The first Olympics (running, throwing, jumping) were believed to be held in 776 BCE.[1] There are records in many civilizations of feats of strength performed by great heroes, perhaps mythological, such as Heracles, Goliath, Orm Storolfsson and Milo of Croton.[2]
Competitions that modern strongman events are modeled on, Scottish Highland Gatherings, were formalized around 1820 by Sir Walter Scott. In 1848, Queen Victoria attended the Braemar Highland Games.[3]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, circus strongmen lent sensationalism to their acts such as bending iron bars, breaking iron chains worn around their chests, and lifting heavy objects.[4] Famous strongmen from this era included Thomas Topham, Eugen Sandow, Louis Cyr, Thomas Inch, Arthur Saxon, Angus MacAskill, and Alexander Zass.
In the 20th century, strength sports such as weightlifting and powerlifting were popularized through the Olympic Games. However, feats of strength akin to the circus performances also gained in popularity. David Prowse (who played Darth Vader in Star Wars) was initially famous in 1964 for his lifting the famed 733lb Dinnie Stones, the first man to do so since Donald Dinnie himself a century earlier.[5]
Perhaps the most famous event is the World's Strongest Man competition, still described by a number of highly respected authorities in the sport as the premier event in strength athletics.[6] [7]
The concept behind "The World's Strongest Men", as it was originally named, was developed in 1977 for CBS by Langstar Inc. David Webster, a Scot who later received an OBE for his services to sport, was the head coordinator of the competition from its inception. Dr Douglas Edmunds, seven-times Scottish shot and discus champion and twice world caber champion,[8] worked with Webster. When Webster retired from his position, Edmunds took over. These two men were responsible for inviting the competitors and choosing the events. They selected men who had shown prowess in the mainstream fields of strength sports and field athletics events, such as shot put, American football, powerlifters, bodybuilders and wrestlers. The idea was to create a spectacle that would test competitors against one another.
The show was enough of a success that it began to be replicated in other countries, such as Britain's Strongest Man (1979). Competitors began shifting from unpaid amateurs to professional strongmen. By the end of the 20th century, and in to the 21st, other strongman programs and events were created such as Strongman Championship hosted by Errol Silverman. Other competitions have been televised, such as the World Muscle Power Championships, World Strongman Challenge, Arnold Strongman Classic, Giants Live, Highlander World Championships, World Strongman Federation, and Europe's Strongest Man.
There is no set rule about what specific events will occur in a contest, except that to prevent single-event specialists from gaining an advantage, each event will be different (a single contest will not include two squat events, or two overhead lifting events, for example). Normally, a strongman contest comprises five or six events, though at the top level of competition, seven or eight events may be held. Among the most common events are:
| Year | World's Strongest Man | World Muscle Power Classic | World Strongman Challenge | Arnold Strongman Classic | Europe's Strongest Man | Strongman Super Series/ Pure Strength | World Strongman Cup Federation | World's Ultimate Strongman/ Fortissimus/ Defi Mark Ten | Strongman Champions League | IFSA World Championships | Shaw Classic | Rogue Invitational | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Tom Stoltman | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mitchell Hooper | Luke Stoltman | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mitchell Hooper | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2023 | Mitchell Hooper | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mitchell Hooper | Pavlo Kordiyaka | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Oskar Ziółkowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Brian Shaw | Mitchell Hooper | |||||||||||
| 2022 | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Martins Licis | Oleksii Novikov | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Aivars Šmaukstelis | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Trey Mitchell | Oleksii Novikov | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | Tom Stoltman | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Luke Stoltman | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Oleksii Novikov | Kelvin de Ruiter | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Trey Mitchell | Martins Licis | |||||||||||
| 2020 | Oleksii Novikov | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | Luke Richardson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Oleksii Novikov | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2019 | Martins Licis | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mateusz Kieliszkowski | Aivars Šmaukstelis | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2018 | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | Dainis Zageris | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2017 | Eddie Hall | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Brian Shaw | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Matjaz Belsak | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2016 | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Laurence Shahlaei | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Dainis Zageris | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2015 | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Brian Shaw | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Krzysztof Radzikowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2014 | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Martin Wildauer | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2013 | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Vytautas Lalas | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Krzysztof Radzikowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2012 | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mike Jenkins | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2011 | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Ervin Katona | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2010 | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Derek Poundstone | Žydrūnas Savickas | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Terry Hollands | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2009 | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Derek Poundstone | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Brian Shaw | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Andrus Murumets | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2008 | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Derek Poundstone | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Derek Poundstone | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2007 | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Vasyl Virastyuk | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2006 | Phil Pfister | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2005 | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Jarek Dymek | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Raivis Vidzis | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2004 | Vasyl Virastyuk | Hugo Girard | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Žydrūnas Savickas | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Žydrūnas Savickas | Raivis Vidzis | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2003 | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Hugo Girard | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Žydrūnas Savickas | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Mariusz Pudzianowski | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2002 | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Svend Karlsen | Hugo Girard | Mark Henry | Mariusz Pudzianowski | Hugo Girard | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2001 | Svend Karlsen | Hugo Girard | Magnus Samuelsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Svend Karlsen | Magnus Samuelsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 2000 | Janne Virtanen | Jamie Reeves | Janne Virtanen | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Berend Veneberg | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1999 | Jouko Ahola | Hugo Girard | Jouko Ahola | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jouko Ahola | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1998 | Magnus Samuelsson | Jouko Ahola | Magnus Samuelsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jouko Ahola | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1997 | Jouko Ahola | Raimonds Bergmanis | Magnús Ver Magnússon | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Riku Kiri | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1996 | Magnús Ver Magnússon | Forbes Cowen | Nathan Jones | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Riku Kiri | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1995 | Magnús Ver Magnússon | Magnús Ver Magnússon | Jouko Ahola | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Riku Kiri | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1994 | Magnús Ver Magnússon | Manfred Hoeberl | Andrés Guðmundsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hoeberl &<br>Magnússon | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1993 | Gary Taylor | Manfred Hoeberl | Gerrit Badenhorst | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Manfred Hoeberl | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1992 | Ted Van Der Parre | Jamie Reeves | Jamie Reeves | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | László Fekete | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mark Higgins | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1991 | Magnús Ver Magnússon | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Riku Kiri | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Taylor &<br>Cowan | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mark Higgins | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1990 | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Mark Higgins | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Henning Thorsen | Kazmaier &<br>Wilson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Mark Higgins | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1989 | Jamie Reeves | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Mark Higgins | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jamie Reeves | Árnason &<br>Magnússon | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Magnús Ver Magnússon | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1988 | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Bill Kazmaier | Riku Kiri | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jamie Reeves | Kazmaier &<br>Thompson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Hjalti Árnason | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1987 | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Geoff Capes | Geoff Capes | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Ab Wolders | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Bill Kazmaier | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1986 | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Tom Magee | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1985 | Geoff Capes | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Tom Magee | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1984 | Jón Páll Sigmarsson | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Geoff Capes | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Tom Magee | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1983 | Geoff Capes | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Simon Wulfse | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1982 | Bill Kazmaier | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Geoff Capes | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1981 | Bill Kazmaier | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Lars Hedlund | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1980 | Bill Kazmaier | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | Geoff Capes | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1979 | Don Reinhoudt | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1978 | Bruce Wilhelm | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||
| 1977 | Bruce Wilhelm | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | align=center style="background: #C0C0C0;" | |||||||||||