Eyepatch Explained

Eyepatch

An eyepatch is a small patch that is worn in front of one eye. It may be a cloth patch attached around the head by an elastic band or by a string, an adhesive bandage, or a plastic device which is clipped to a pair of glasses. It is often worn by people to cover a lost, infected, or injured eye, but it also has a therapeutic use in children for the treatment of amblyopia. Eyepatches used to block light while sleeping are referred to as a sleep mask.

An eyepad or eye pad is a soft medical dressing that can be applied over an eye to protect it. It is not necessarily the same as an eyepatch.[1]

History

In the years before advanced medicine and surgery, eyepatches were common for people who had a lost or injured eye. They were particularly prevalent among members of dangerous occupations, such as soldiers and sailors who could lose an eye in battle. While stereotypically associated with pirates, there is no evidence to suggest the historical accuracy of eye patch wearing pirates before several popular novels of the 19th century (see Association with pirates below).

Medical uses

Amblyopia

Eye patching is used in the orthoptic management[2] of children at risk of lazy eye (amblyopia), especially strabismic or anisometropic[3] amblyopia. These conditions can cause visual suppression of areas of the dissimilar images[4] by the brain such as to avoid diplopia, resulting in a loss of visual acuity in the suppressed eye and in extreme cases in blindness in an otherwise functional eye. Patching the good eye forces the amblyopic eye to function, thereby causing vision in that eye to be retained. It is important to perform "near activities" (such as reading or handiwork) when patched, thereby exercising active, attentive vision.[5]

A study provided evidence that children treated for amblyopia with eye patching had lower self-perception of social acceptance.[6] To prevent a child from being socially marginalized by their peers due to wearing an eye patch, atropine eye drops may be used instead. This induces temporary blurring in the treated eye.

It has been pointed out that the penalization of one eye by means of patching or atropine drops does not provide the necessary conditions to develop or improve binocular vision. Recently, efforts have been made to propose alternative treatments of amblyopia that do allow for the improvement of binocular sight, for example, using binasal occlusion or partially frosted spectacles[4] in place of any eye patch, using alternating occlusion goggles or using methods of perceptual learning based on video games or virtual reality games for enhancing binocular vision.

A 2014 Cochrane Review sought to determine the effectiveness of occlusion treatment on patients with sensory deprivation amblyopia, however no trials were found eligible to be included in the review.[7] However, it is suggested that good outcomes from occlusion treatment for sensory deprivation amblyopia rely on compliance with the treatment.

Extraocular muscle palsy

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend using an eyepatch. This can help to relieve the dizziness, vertigo and nausea that are associated with this form of double vision.[8] [9] [10]

Use by aircraft pilots

Aircraft pilots used an eye patch, or close one eye to preserve night vision when there was disparity in the light intensity within or outside their aircraft, such as when flying at night over brightly lit cities, so that one eye could look out, and the other would be adjusted for the dim lighting of the cockpit to read unlit instruments and maps.[11] Some military pilots have worn a lead-lined or gold-lined eyepatch, to protect against blindness in both eyes, in the event of a nuclear blast or laser weapon attack.[12] [13] [14]

Eyepatches are not currently used by military personnel; modern technology has provided an array of other means to preserve and enhance night vision, including red-light and low-level white lights, and night vision devices.[15] [16] [17]

Association with pirates

Ex-sailors ashore sometimes wore an eye patch to cover the loss of an eye, but pirates rarely wore eye patches while aboard ships. There were some exceptions, including Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah, a well-known pirate of the Persian Gulf, who wore an eye patch after losing an eye in battle.[18] [19]

Medical texts have referred to the eye patch as a "pirate's patch" and, writing in the Minnesota Academy of Sciences Journal in 1934, Charles Sheard of the Mayo foundation pointed out that by "wearing a patch (The pirate's patch) over one eye, it will keep the covered eye in a state of readiness and adaptation for night vision".[20] This technique was explored during WWII by institutes such as the United States Navy.[21] It has been suggested that pirates before electric lighting wore eyepatches to keep one eye adjusted to darkness ahead of a boarding operation, so that they would be ready to fight below deck where the lighting was poor. This idea was tested in an episode of MythBusters in 2007 and found to be plausible, but this application has never been documented in any historical naval manual.[22]

Notable wearers

In fiction

An eyepatch can be used in fiction to lend an additional dimension to a character, an air of mystery or general je ne sais quoi.[74]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%22eye+pad%22+OR+%22eyepad%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b&gfe_rd=cr&ei=kYoNWJ7AGanS8AfcxKboCA Google search
  2. Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J . 2007 . Orthoptists' management of amblyopia – a case based survey . Strabismus . 15 . 3. 197–203 . 10.1080/09273970701631975 . 18058356 . 26471932 .
  3. Georgievski Z, Koklanis K, Leone J . 2008 . Fixation behaviour in the treatment of amblyopia using atropine . Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology . 36 . Suppl 2. A764–A765 .
  4. http://cordis.europa.eu/newsearch/index.cfm?page=docview&collection=EN_RSLT&reference=52162&position=1&Highlights=EYE,MONOCUL,RECOVER,ACUIT,SUF,STEREOP,BINOCUL,PERCEPT,AMBLYOP,PHENOMEN,STEREOSCOP,VISU,FMR,ADUL,CUE&prevPage=resultList&similarity_id=1330698 Final Activity and Management Report Summary - SVS (Strabismus and visual suppression)
  5. Birch EE . Amblyopia and binocular vision . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 33 . 67–84 . 2013 . 23201436 . 3577063 . 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001 . Review.
  6. Webber AL, Wood JM, Gole GA, Brown B . Effect of amblyopia on self-esteem in children . Optometry and Vision Science . 85 . 11 . 1074–81 . November 2008 . 18981922 . 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31818b9911 . 205907362 .
  7. Antonio-Santos. Aileen. Vedula. S. Swaroop. Hatt. Sarah R.. Powell. Christine. 23 March 2020. Occlusion for stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3. 3 . CD005136. 10.1002/14651858.CD005136.pub4. 1469-493X. 7089638. 32203629.
  8. O'Sullivan, S.B & Schmitz, T.J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Davis. .
  9. Kernich CA . 2006 . Diplopia . The Neurologist . 12 . 4. 229–230 . 10.1097/01.nrl.0000231927.93645.34 . 16832242 .
  10. Book: Edlow . Jonathan . Selim . Magdy . Neurology Emergencies . . 2010. 978-0-19-538858-9.
  11. Roy Brocklebank (2005). WORLD WAR III – The 1960s Version. Journal of Navigation, 58, pp 341-347
  12. http://www.flightgear.dk/flash.htm Nuclear flash eye protection, Steen Hartov
  13. Web site: Les Frazier . 2008-07-24 . 2010-01-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100101114407/http://www.lesfrazier.com/labs.htm . dead .
  14. Web site: Laser Weapons . 2008-07-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080915164458/http://hotmedicalnews.com/laser_weapons.php . 2008-09-15 . dead .
  15. Web site: IMMEDIATE VISIBILITY AFTER RED AND WHITE ADAPTATION . https://web.archive.org/web/20101126090239/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA156271&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf . dead . November 26, 2010 . 2011-06-01 . Luria . S. M. . D. A. Kobus . 26 April 1985 . Naval Submarine Research Laboratory . Department of the Navy.
  16. Web site: A Guide to the U. S. Naval Air Station at Vero Beach . 2011-06-01 . July 1999. Indian River County Main Library.
  17. Web site: We Own The Night . 2011-06-01 . Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110517135236/http://www.nvl.army.mil/ . 2011-05-17 .
  18. Book: Lampe, Christine. The Book of Pirates. Gibbs Smith. 14. 2010. 9781423614807.
  19. Book: Belgrave . Charles . The Pirate Coast . 1966 . George Bell & Sons . 122.
  20. Sheard. Charles. 1934. Night Vision. Minnesota Academy of Sciences Journal. 2-12. 26.
  21. 1944. Night Vision. Addendum to the Handbook of the Hospital Corps, United States Navy. 1939. United States. Navy Dept. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. A–2.
  22. http://mythbustersresults.com/epsode71 MythBusters, episode 71
  23. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw18915/Sir-Adrian-Carton-de-Wiart
  24. http://www.sightseeing-madrid.com/princess-of-eboli.php
  25. https://archive.today/20130131160543/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/230563461.html?dids=230563461:230563461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+04,+2002&author=BRIAN+PENDREIGH&pub=The+Herald&desc=Andre+de+Toth;+Film-maker+lauded+as+the+director's+director&pqatl=google The Herald - Glasgow (UK) Nov 4, 2002
  26. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04FFBA1D665AE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM St. Louis Post Dispatch
  27. Web site: Los Angeles Times . 2017-07-06 . 2012-11-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107001230/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60160587.html?dids=60160587:60160587&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+10,+1990&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=NATION+Barbara+Boggs+Sigmund+Dies&pqatl=google . dead .
  28. Web site: Indianapolis Star . 2017-07-06 . 2012-11-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107001257/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/indystar/access/1875585861.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+15,+1996&author=RITA+ROSE&pub=Indianapolis+Star&desc=At+60,+Bobby+Helms+still+jingles+and+rocks&pqatl=google . dead .
  29. http://www.leemajors.co.uk/a/b_peterson.html Bruce Peterson Bio
  30. http://www.maxim.com/amg/MOVIES/Features/Our+Favorite+Eyepatch+Heroes Our favorite eyepatch heroes
  31. http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/bolger/bolger.asp Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966–1968
  32. News: Obituary: Lord Mowbray and Stourton. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1536938/Lord-Mowbray-and-Stourton.html . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live. December 14, 2006. The Telegraph.
  33. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,473079,00.html Is Horrible 'Valkyrie' Tom Cruise's Nazi Apologia?
  34. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27056316 Dale Chihuly opens Rhode Island school gallery
  35. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/SawyerRS/RSS_10-7-99.pdf NASA Oral History Transcript
  36. Web site: SNL, Pete Davidson Under Fire For Jokes About Veteran and GOP Congressional Candidate's Eye Patch . National Review. 5 November 2018 .
  37. Sohachi Yamaoka, Date Masamune.
  38. http://nymag.com/movies/features/53145/ Great Moments in Eye Patches
  39. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6KtJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cQ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3412,2930442&dq=dick-curless+eyepatch&hl=en Bangor Daily News, May 26, 1995
  40. http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:200930-PreminuoDusan-Prelevic "Preminuo Dušan Prelević", novosti.rs
  41. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XS4uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n9UFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4038,747589&dq=floyd-gibbons+eyepatch&hl=en New York Day by Day
  42. http://www.digital-disability.com/pages/b/bulgaria/3838.html Colombia 1993 Lions Club International Amblyopia Prevention Campaign
  43. https://archive.today/20130131142757/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59454309.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+08,+1987&author=John+Aloysius+Farrell,+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=UNRAVELING+THE+MYSTERY+OF+WHITE+BIRD'S+FLIGHT&pqatl=google UNRAVELING THE MYSTERY OF WHITE BIRD'S FLIGHT
  44. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sandiego/access/1242908461.html?dids=1242908461:1242908461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+29%2C+1996&author=David+Elliott&pub=The+San+Diego+Union+-+Tribune&desc=Scorsese's+film+%60Journey'+whirls+through+magnificent+obsession&pqatl=google Scorsese's film `Journey' whirls through magnificent obsession
  45. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/48657264.html?dids=48657264:48657264&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Jan+31%2C+2000&author=&pub=The+Herald&desc=Dreams+come+true+again&pqatl=google Dreams come true again
  46. Fluxus Reader by Ken Friedman publisher Academy Editions
  47. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/06/1971408.htm Jazz singer George Melly dies
  48. Ziss . Robert F. . Spring 2001 . Author-artist Jack Coggins . Historical Review of Berks County . 66 . July 13, 2009 . 2 . 76–82 . 0018-2524 . 1589887.
  49. http://armada.vojenstvi.cz/predvalecna/osobnosti/3.htm Jan Syrový
  50. http://armada.vojenstvi.cz/predvalecna/osobnosti/3.htm Vojenské osobnosti předválečné armády - Armádní generál Jan Syrový
  51. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.xtec.es/~jrovira6/bio/astray.htm&ei=pm_uTcuhF824twfU8Oy7CQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.xtec.es/~jrovira6/bio/astray.htm%26num%3D50%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26biw%3D1881%26bih%3D1088%26prmd%3Divns José Millán and Terreros
  52. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03218b.htm Luis Vaz de Camões
  53. News: Tremayne. David. Fotheringham. Alasdair. F1 driver Maria de Villota, once the 'fastest woman in sport', is found dead in Spanish hotel. The Independent. 2 January 2018. 11 October 2013.
  54. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Jun 27, 1983 . January 5, 2016 . April 30, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160430114214/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5W0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ikEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6860,5155127&dq=maxie-anderson+eyepatch&hl=en . dead .
  55. Web site: Story Of An Eye . 2008-05-29 . Momus . April 1998.
  56. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FAED94CF056B597&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM A LIFE OF PRAYER FOR EWTN STAR STROKES BRING MOTHER ANGELICA FULL CIRCLE
  57. Web site: Newspaper Apologizes for Cartoon Depicting War-Hero Candidate in Eye Patch. . 26 March 2015.
  58. Nicolas-Jacques Conté
  59. Web site: German chancellor Olaf Scholz wears eye patch after fall in Potsdam . 5 September 2023 .
  60. Web site: David Mason remembers friend Patrick Leigh Fermor: "What a life!" . . June 29, 2016.
  61. News: Limelight: Doc tells outlandish tale of Canadian's rise and fall in NYC.
  62. http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=430&pID=1382 The Scourge of the Pirate Coast
  63. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/08/archives/tv-focus-on-directors-raoul-walsh-is-rewarding-subject-in-channel.html TV: Focus on Directors; Raoul Walsh Is Rewarding Subject in Channel 13's 'Men Who Made Movies'
  64. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pvdLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Du4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5700,2855350&dq=ray-sawyer+eye+patch&hl=en Ray Sawyer
  65. https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/historie-bourlivy-zivot-generala-tesarika-s-koncem-v-armade-se-nesmiril-zemrel-na-velikonoce-40280666 Richard Tesařík
  66. http://www.cato.org/people/richard-rahn Richard W. Rahn
  67. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DH&p_theme=dh&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FC8A853DB2B55FF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Kansas '70s superstars lead lineup of Celebration bands
  68. http://thebaptistvoice.com/categories/interviews/interview-ron-hamilton-patch-pirate Interview with Ron Hamilton (Patch the Pirate)
  69. https://sports.yahoo.com/actually-look-salman-rushdie-shares-194032716.html ‘What I actually look like’: Salman Rushdie shares first selfie since 2022 attack
  70. http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/sheila-gish-renowned-british-actress-of-stage-and-screen-1.60240 Sheila Gish Renowned British actress of stage and screen
  71. Weir, Henry VIII, p. 262.
  72. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/sports/ncaabasketball/24page.html Without Bad Luck, He'd Have No Luck at All
  73. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fpo27 POST, WILEY HARDEMAN
  74. Web site: This New Characterization Technique Could Transform Your Writing . Kellie McGann . The Write Practice . 9 November 2016 . June 27, 2021 . What do we think when we see someone wearing an eyepatch? We immediately wonder. 'What happened? Is it real? Were they born that way? Was there an accident?' In other words, 'What’s the STORY?!'. Web site: How a 5-cent Eye-Patch Created a Million Dollar Story . Alex Walker . November 11, 2015 . Medium.com . Oglivy explained that the eye-patch was intended to turn the image from a 'product photo shoot' into a story. It seems silly to say, but most of us find it hard to look at this man without wondering: Who is he? How did he lose that eye? Was he in the war? Was it a bar fight? Is he a spy? . June 27, 2021.
  75. Web site: The 8 Essential Eyepatches in Science Fiction. Staff. April 12, 2013.
  76. News: The one-eyed legends of the big screen. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8288561/The-one-eyed-legends-of-the-big-screen.html . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live. Martin Chilton. January 28, 2011. The Telegraph.
  77. Web site: Louis Forton.
  78. Web site: 13 Immortal Costumes From The Closet Of David Bowie. John Brownlee. November 1, 2016.
  79. Web site: Nothing ever makes sense in Brenda Starr . Ed Zotti . September 22, 1983 . San Diego Reader . June 27, 2021.
  80. Web site: Sally . Peanuts.com . 4 September 2020 . For 6 months, Sally experienced amblyopia ('lazy eye') and wore an eye patch . June 27, 2021.
  81. Web site: How a 5-cent Eye-Patch Created a Million Dollar Story . Alex Walker . November 11, 2015 . Medium.com . June 27, 2021. Web site: History of advertising: No 110: The Hathaway man's eyepatch . October 16, 2014 . Campaign . June 27, 2021.

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