List of weather records explained

The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]

Temperature

Measuring conditions

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25m (04.1feet) to 2m (07feet) above the ground,[2] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade"). The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30C-change50C-change.[3] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9C at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.[4] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84C was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[5] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90and for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[6]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7C, which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of -93.2C on 10 August 2010, at . Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of -89.2C.[7] [8]

Hottest

Highest temperatures ever recorded

See main article: Highest temperature recorded on Earth and Heat wave.

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7C on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[9] but the validity of this record is challengedas possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 4F-change5F-change too high. Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54C recorded on 30 June 2013.[10] This is lower than a 1931 record of 55C recorded in Kebili, Tunisia[11] and is matched by a 1942 record of 54C from Tirat Zvi, Israel.[12] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.[13] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 57.8C, measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record. There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[14] thus not being recognised as world records.[15]

Highest global average temperature

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at 17.16C.[16] The previous record was 17.09C set the day before on 21 July 2024. The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.[17] September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.[18] The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.[19]

Table

Country/RegionTemperatureTown/LocationDate
Algeria51.3COuargla, Ouargla Province[20]
Botswana44CMaun[21] [22]
Burkina Faso47.2CDori[23]
Chad48CFaya-Largeau[24]
Comoros36.2CHahaya International Airport[25]
Egypt51CAswan[26]
47.4°CLavumisa?[27]
Ethiopia1201NaN1Dallol, Afar[28]
Gambia49CJenoi[29]
Ghana44.6CNavrongo
Guinea45CKoundara, Boké Region[30]
Guyana40.1CEbini[31]
Madagascar43.6CEjeda, Atsimo-Andrefana?[32]
Mali48.5CKayes
Morocco50.4CAgadir (Inezgane Airport)[33]
Niger49.5CDiffa[34]
Nigeria46.5CYola
39.6CImpfondo
Reunion36.9CLe Port[35]
South Africa (then the)50CDunbrody, Eastern Cape[36]
Sudan49.7CDongola
Togo44CMango
Tunisia50.3CKairouan[37]
Zambia42.4CMfuwe, Eastern Province
19.8CSigny Research Station, Signy Island[38]
37CSukhumi?
Afghanistan (then,)49.9CFarah[39]
Bangladesh45.1CRajshahi[40]
Bhutan40CPhuentsholing[41]
Cambodia42.8CPreah Vihear and Svay Leu District
China52.2CSanbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang[42]
Hong Kong39CSheung Shui[43]
India51CPhalodi, Rajasthan[44] [45]
Indonesia40.6CBanjarbaru, South Kalimantan[46] [47]
54CAhvaz Airport (OIAW)
[48]
Iraq53.9CBasra[49] [50]
Israel (then)51.2CQalya[51]
Japan41.1CKumagaya, Saitama
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka		[52]
[53]
Jordan50CJordan University Agriculture Research Center[54]
Kazakhstan49.1CTurkistan?[55]
Kuwait54CMitribah, Al Jahra Governorate[56]
Kyrgyzstan43.6CJangy-Jer[57]
43.7CTha Ngon
Lebanon44.3CHouche Al Oumara[58]
39CColoane
Malaysia40.1CChuping[59]
Maldives35.1CHanimaadhoo
Mongolia44CKhongor, Darkhan-Uul Province[60]
Myanmar47.2CMyinmu[61] [62]
Nepal46.4°CAtaria[63]
Oman51.6CJoba
Pakistan53.7CMohenjo-daro
Turbat		[64]
Philippines (first recorded under the Insular Government)42.2CTuguegarao, Cagayan Valley
11 May 1969[65]
Qatar50.4CDoha
Saudi Arabia52CJeddah[66]
Singapore37CTengah
Ang Mo Kio		[67]
13 May 2023[68]
41CHongcheon, Gangwon Province[69]
Sri Lanka39.8CTrincomalee [70]
[71]
49.4CAl-Hasakah [72] [73]
41.6CFuyuan[74]
Tajikistan48CPanji Poyon?[75]
Thailand45.4CTak[76]
Turkey49.5CSarıcakaya, Eskişehir Province[77]
Turkmenistan (then the,)50.1CRepetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert[78] [79]
United Arab Emirates52.1CSweihan, Al Ain[80] [81]
44.2CTương Dương District,
Nghệ An Province		[82]
34CRAF Akrotiri,
Dhekelia		?[83] [84]
Albania44CKuçovë[85]
Andorra39.4CBorda Vidal[86]
Armenia43.7CMeghri
Yerevan		[87] [88]
[89]
Austria40.5CBad Deutsch-Altenburg[90]
Azerbaijan46CJulfa and Ordubad
Belarus38.9CGomel
Belgium41.8CBegijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[91]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then -occupied Bosnia Vilayet,)46.2CMostar[92]
Bulgaria45.2CSadovo, Plovdiv Province[93]
Croatia (then the,)42.8CPloče[94]
Cyprus46.2CNicosia, Visitor Center Athalassa[95]
Czech Republic40.4CDobřichovice, Prague-West District[96]
Denmark36.4CHolstebro, Midtjylland[97]
Estonia35.6CVõru[98]
Finland37.2CJoensuu Airport, Liperi[99]
France46CVérargues, Hérault[100]
Germany42.6CLingen, Lower Saxony[101]
Greece48CElefsina, Attica[102]
Hungary41.9CKiskunhalas[103]
Iceland (then the)30.5CTeigarhorn, Djúpivogur[104] [105]
Ireland (then part of the United Kingdom)33.3CKilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny[106]
Italy48.8CFloridia, Sicily[107]
Latvia37.8CVentspils[108] [109]
Liechtenstein37.4CRuggell[110] [111]
Lithuania37.5CZarasai, Utena County[112]
Luxembourg40.8CSteinsel, Luxembourg and Remich, Remich[113] [114]
Malta43.8CMalta International Airport[115] [116]
42.4°CFălești[117]
Monaco35.1°CMonaco[118]
Montenegro44.8CPodgorica
Danilovgrad
8 August 2012[119]
Netherlands40.7CGilze en Rijen, North Brabant[120]
45.7CDemir Kapija, Demir Kapija[121]
Norway35.6°CNesbyen, Buskerud[122]
Poland40.2°CPrószków[123]
Portugal47.4°CAmareleja, Beja[124]
Romania44.5°CIon Sion, Brăila County[125]
45.4°CUtta, Kalmykia[126]
San Marino40.3CSerravalle
Serbia44.9°CSmederevska Palanka, Podunavlje[127]
Slovakia40.3CHurbanovo[128]
Slovenia40.8CCerklje ob Krki[129]
Spain47.6CLa Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio)[130]
Sweden38CUltuna, Uppsala County
Målilla, Kalmar County
29 June 1947[131]
Switzerland41.5CGrono, Moesa District[132]
Ukraine42CLuhansk[133]
United Kingdom40.3CConingsby, Lincolnshire[134]
40.8CVatican City[135]
Anguilla34.2CThe Valley[136]
Antigua and Barbuda34.9CV. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's[137] [138]
Belize42.3CBarton Creek
35CTerrance B. Lettsome International Airport[139]
Canada49.6CLytton, British Columbia[140] [141]
Cayman Islands34.9COwen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman
Costa Rica41.5CCerro Huacalito, Guanacaste Province
Cuba39.7CVeguitas (Granma Province)[142]
Dominican Republic43CMao[143]
Greenland30.1CIvittuut[144] [145] [146]
Guatemala45CEstanzuela, Zacapa[147]
Martinique36.5CSaint-Pierre[148]
Mexico52CMexicali area[149] [150]
Panama40CSan Francisco[151]
Puerto Rico104FMona Island[152]
United States1341NaN1Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California[153] [154]
991NaN1Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay		 and 23 June 1996
31 July 1988
Australia50.7COodnadatta, South Australia
Onslow, Western Australia		[155] [156] [157]
[158] [159] [160]
Marshall Islands35.6CUtirik Atoll
Nauru37.2CYaren District?
New Zealand42.4CRangiora, Canterbury[161]
Palau35.6CRoman Tmetuchl International Airport
Samoa35.3CAsau[162]
Solomon Islands36.1CHoniara, Guadalcanal Province
Tonga35.5CNiuafoou
Vanuatu36.2CLamap Malekula
Wallis and Futuna35.8CFutuna Airport
Argentina48.9CRivadavia, Salta Province[163] [164] [165]
46.7CVillamontes, Tarija Department
Brazil44.8CAraçuaí, Minas Gerais[166]
Chile44.9CQuillón, Biobio Region[167] [168]
Colombia45CPuerto Salgar, Cundinamarca[169]
French Guiana38CSaint-Laurent-du-Maroni
Paraguay46.2CLas Palmas[170]
41.6CIñapari[171]
Uruguay44CPaysandú, Paysandú DepartmentFlorida, Florida Department[172] [173]
[174]
43.6CSanta Ana de Coro, Falcón

Other high-temperature records

Country/Regiondata-sort-type="number" TemperatureTown/LocationDateRecordInfo
Australia37.8CMarble Bar, Western Australia to (160 days)Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)[175] -
70.7CLut DesertHighest natural ground surface temperature 70.7 °C (159.3 °F)[176] [177] -
United States 48.9CDeath Valley to (40 days)Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)[178] -

Humidity

Coldest

Lowest temperatures recorded

See main article: Lowest temperature recorded on Earth and Cold wave. The lowest temperature recorded is -89.2C, in Antarctica.

Table

Country/Regiondata-sort-type="number" TemperatureTown/LocationDate
Algeria-13.8CMécheria[191]
Burkina Faso5CMarkoye
Egypt-18CGabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m
While −6 °C in Saint Katherine City at 1,586 m. Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of the African Plate, yet geographically it's considered to be in Asia.		?[192] [193]
Botswana-15CTsabong?[194]
-6.7°CBig Bend?
Gambia4CJenoi
Ghana11CKumasi, Tafo?[195]
Guinea2.5CBareing[196]
Lesotho-21C?[197]
Madagascar-1CAntsirabe, Vakinankaratra?
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco)-23.9CIfrane[198]
Niger-2.4CBilma
Reunion-5CGite de Bellecome
South Africa-20.1CBuffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape[199]
Spain -14.5CTeide, Tenerife29 January 2018[200]
Sudan-1°CZalingei
January 1962[201]
-89.2C <-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. -->Vostok Station[202]
Afghanistan-52.2CShahrak
Armenia (then the,)-42CPaghakn and Ashocq
Azerbaijan-33CJulfa and Ordubad?[203]
Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India)1.1CDinajpur[204]
China-53CMohe City, Heilongjiang[205] [206] [207]
CambodiaMondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear[208]
Hong Kong-6CTai Mo Shan
India-45CDras, Ladakh[209]
Indonesia-9CDieng Plateau[210]
-36CSaqqez[211]
Israel (Syrian territory occupied by Israel)-14.2CMerom Golan[212]
Japan-41CAsahikawa, Hokkaidō
Jordan-16CShoubak
Kazakhstan-57CAtbasar?
Kuwait-4.8CSalmy[213] [214]
Kyrgyzstan-53.6CFergana Valley?[215]
Lebanon-6.4CHouche Al Oumara weather station[216]
Malaysia7.8CCameron Highlands
Maldives17.2CHulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport[217]
Mongolia-55.3CZüüngovi, Uvs Province[218]
Myanmar-5CHakha[219]
Nepal-45CSagarmatha?
(then Japanese Korea)-43.6CChunggangjin[220]
Oman-9.7CJabel Shams[221]
Pakistan-24CSkardu[222]
Philippines6.3CBaguio[223]
Qatar1.5CAbu Samra
(first in the, then in the,)-67.8CVerkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic		15 January 18855,7 February 1892
6 February 1933[224]
Saudi Arabia-12CTuraif?[225]
Singapore19CPaya Lebar
-32.6CYangpyeong[226]
Sri Lanka-2.6CNuwara Eliya[227]
-23CIdlib[228]
-18.4CYushan[229] [230]
Thailand-1.4CSakon Nakhon[231]
Turkey-46.4CÇaldıran, Van Province
Turkmenistan-36CDaşoguz Region?
United Arab Emirates-5.4CJebel Jais, Fujairah
(then DR Vietnam)-6.1CSa Pa[232]
Albania-29CShtylle[233]
Austria-52.6CGrünloch doline[234]
Belarus (then the,)-42.2CSlavnom, Vitebsk Region[235]
Belgium-30.1CValley of the Lesse in Rochefort[236]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the,)-42.5CIgman in Sarajevo Canton[237]
Bulgaria-38.3CTran
Croatia-34.6CGračac[238]
Cyprus-12.8CTrikoukia, Prodromos[239]
Czech Republic (then part of)-42.2CLitvínovice
Denmark-31.2CThisted Municipality, North Denmark Region
Estonia-43.5CJõgeva, Jõgeva County
Finland-51.5CPokka, Kittilä, Lapland[240]
France-41CMouthe, Doubs[241]
Germany-45.9CFuntensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria[242]
Greece-27.8CPtolemaida[243]
Hungary-35CGörömbölytapolca
Iceland (then Danish Iceland)-37.9CGrímsstaðir
Ireland (then part of the United Kingdom)-19.1CMarkree Castle, County Sligo
Italy-49.6CBusa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino[244]
Latvia-43.2CDaugavpils
Lithuania-42.9CUtena, Utena County
Luxembourg-20.2C[245]
Malta1.4CMalta International Airport
-35.5CBrătușeni, Edineț District
Monaco-5.2°CMonacourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815143830/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_99138001.pdf
Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands)-27.4CWinterswijk, Gelderland[246]
(then the,)-31.5CBerovo, Berovo Municipality[247]
Norway (then part of)-51.4CKarasjok, Finnmark
Poland (then Nazi-occupied Poland)-41CSiedlce, Masovian Voivodeship
Portugal-16CPenhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro		 and 5 February 1954[248]
Romania-38.5CBod, Brașov County[249]
Serbia-39.8CKarajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District[250]
Slovakia (then)-41CVígľaš-Pstruša
Slovenia (then,)-34.5CBabno Polje
16 February 1956
13 January 1968[251]
Spain-32CEstany Gento (Province of Lleida)[252]
Sweden-52.6CVuoggatjålme, Lappland
Switzerland-41.8CLa Brévine
Ukraine (then the,)-41.9CLuhansk[253]
United Kingdom-27.2CBraemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland
10 January 1982
30 December 1995[254]
Antigua and Barbuda16.1CV. C. Bird International Airport, Antiguadata-sort-value="1974-12-31" 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976
Canada-63CSnag, Yukondata-sort-value="1947-02-03" 3 February 1947[255]
Cayman Islands11.1COwen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman?[256]
Cuba0.6CBainoa, Mayabeque Provincedata-sort-value="1996-02-18" 18 February 1996[257]
Dominican Republic-7CValle Nuevo, La Vega Provincedata-sort-value="1983-01-17" 17 January 1983[258]
Greenland-69.6CKlinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheetdata-sort-value="1991-12-22" 22 December 1991[259]
Guatemala-11.5COlintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department?[260] -->
Martinique14.1CLe Lamentin
Mexico-25.1CMadera, Chihuahua[261]
Panama2CBajo Grande, Chiriquí Provincedata-sort-value="1995-02-20" 20 February 1995
Puerto Rico401NaN1Aibonito
San Sebastián		data-sort-value="1911-03-09" 9 March 1911
24 January 1966
511NaN1Anna's Hope, Saint Croixdata-sort-value="1954-01-31" 31 January 1954
United States
-801NaN1Prospect Creek, Alaskadata-sort-value="1971-01-23" 23 January 1971[262]
United States
(contiguous)		-701NaN1Rogers Pass, Montanadata-sort-value="1954-01-20" 20 January 1954[263]
Argentina-32.8CSarmiento, Chubut Province[264]
Brazil-14CCaçador, Santa Catarina[265] [266]
Chile-28.5CBalmaceda, Aysen Region[267]
Colombia-11CPáramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander[268]
18.9CWillemstad[269]
French Guiana16.9CMaripasoula[270]
Paraguay-7.5CPratts Gill, Boquerón Department[271]
Peru-25.2CMazo Cruz, Puno Region[272]
Uruguay-11CMelo, Cerro Largo Department
Australia-23CCharlotte Pass, New South Wales[273] [274]
United States
-11.1CMauna Kea, Hawaii[275]
Nauru20CYaren District?
New Zealand-25.6CRanfurly, Central Otago[276]
Samoa11.1CAfiamalu
Solomon Islands17CTigoa, RennellEarly June 2016
[277]

Other low-temperature records

Record extreme temperature differences

Precipitation

Rain

Snow

Wind speeds

Tornadoes

See main article: Tornado records.

Deadliest in history

Outbreaks

Tropical cyclones

See main article: List of tropical cyclone records.

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

Most precipitation

See main article: List of the wettest tropical cyclones.

Other severe weather

Hail

See main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms.

Lightning

Ultraviolet index

Other categories

See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe.

The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia (66.8833°N 121°W, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[317]

The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: . World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113854/http://wmo.asu.edu/ . 13 December 2013 . 15 December 2013 . World Meteorological Organization.
  2. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10616 WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation
  3. Mildrexler . David J. . Zhao . Maosheng . Running . Steven W. . 2011 . Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 2011 . 7 . 855–860 . 2011BAMS...92..855M . 10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 . free.
  4. Kubecka . Paul . 2001 . A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature . Weather . 56 . 7 . 218–221 . 2001Wthr...56..218K . 10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x . 120698040.
  5. Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, .
  6. Garratt . J. R. . 1992 . Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures . Journal of Applied Meteorology . 31 . 9 . 1096–1105 . 1992JApMe..31.1096G . 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2 . free.
  7. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite
  8. http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90 °C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors
  9. Web site: World: Highest Temperature . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501140030/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-temperature . 1 May 2018 . 1 May 2018 . World Meteorological Organization.
  10. Web site: Burt . Christopher C. . 22 July 2016 . Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160812030844/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth . 12 August 2016 . 3 August 2016 . Weather Underground.
  11. Fadli . Khalid . Cerveny . Randall . Burt . Christopher . Eden . Philip . Parker . David . Brunet . Manola . Peterson . Thomas . 2013 . World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 . 2 . 199–204 . 2013BAMS...94..199E . 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 . free.
  12. Web site: 21 June 1942 . Climate Extremes in Israel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140959/http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ . 6 October 2010 . 5 December 2019 . Israel Meteorological Service.
  13. Web site: 10 July 2021 . Temperature reaches 130 °F (54.4 °C) at California's Death Valley .
  14. http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=89 Weather Extremes
  15. Book: Burt, Christopher C . Extreme Weather . W. W. Norton & Company . 2004 . 978-0-393-32658-1 . 36 . heat burst 158. . 21 June 2007 . registration.
  16. Web site: Copernicus . 25 July 2024 . New record daily global average temperature reached in July 2024 . 2024-08-02 . climate.copernicus.eu.
  17. Web site: McGuinness . Jackie . Rohloff . Katherine . 2023-08-14 . NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880 . 2023-08-16 . NASA.
  18. Web site: Copernicus . 5 October 2023 . Copernicus: September 2023 – unprecedented temperature anomalies; 2023 on track to be the warmest year on record . 2024-08-03 . climate.copernicus.eu.
  19. News: Julia . Jacobo . Daniel . Peck . Earth sets daily global temperature record for 2nd day in a row: Copernicus . July 24, 2024 . 2024-07-26 . . en.
  20. Web site: Watts . Jonathan . 13 July 2018 . Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week . https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week . 31 July 2018 . 31 July 2018 . The Guardian.
  21. Web site: Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126025029/http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html . 26 January 2016 . 24 January 2016.
  22. Web site: Weather Data: Botswana, Maun, 2016, January . 26 June 2020.
  23. Web site: Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161020102156/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf . 20 October 2016 . 22 October 2016 . Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie . 11 . fr.
  24. Web site: 14 June 2023 . May 2023 was the world's third-warmest May on record .
  25. Web site: Unprecedented number of heat records broken around world this year . 14 August 2024 . theguardian.com.
  26. Web site: Météo climat stats Station Asswan / Données Météorologiques Gratuites . Weather climate stats . fr.
  27. Web site: December 1992 . Groundwater Resources of Swaziland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023014609/http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf . 23 October 2016 . 22 October 2016 . Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy . 7.
  28. Web site: D.E. . Pedgley . September 1967 . Air Temperature at Dallol, Ethiopia . https://web.archive.org/web/20240727215548/https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_43e9b8d3-2438-48e3-b503-0596ab9a4942/ . 27 July 2024 . 27 July 2024 . Met Office.
  29. Web site: 2020 . Third National Communication of the Gambia under the UNFCCC . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210706131146/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/The%20Gambia%20Third%20National%20Communication.pdf . 6 July 2021 . 5 November 2021 . Ministry of Climate Change environment and Natural Resources . 4.
  30. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 18 January 2018 . NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045703/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 . 30 April 2018 . 29 April 2018 . Wunderground.
  31. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-10-13 . September 2023 was Earth's most extreme month for heat ever recorded » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  32. Web site: 2019 . Madagascar Initial National Communication . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104151830/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mdgnc1.pdf . 4 November 2021 . 4 November 2021 . Le Ministre de l'Environnement, des Eaux et des Forets . 22 . fr.
  33. https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1690094767655231488
  34. Web site: Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques . https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf . 6 May 2018 . 6 May 2018 . Republique de Niger . 8.
  35. Web site: Climat de la Réunion . https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat . 1 January 2019 . 31 December 2018 . Météo-France . fr.
  36. Web site: What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? . https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa . 17 May 2017 . 17 May 2017 . South African Weather Service.
  37. Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli . Randall S. Cerveny . Christopher C. Burt . Philip Eden . David Parker . Manola Brunet . Thomas C. Peterson . Gianpaolo Mordacchini . Vinicio Pelino . Pierre Bessemoulin . José Luis Stella . Fatima Driouech . M.M Abdel wahab . Matthew B. Pace . 2012 . World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 . 2 . 199–204 . 2013BAMS...94..199E . 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 . free.
  38. Web site: WMO Region VII (Antarctic: all land/ice south of 60°S): Highest Temperature . https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature . 6 November 2021 . 5 November 2021.
  39. Book: Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws . 2013 . Int'l Business Publications . 978-1-4387-7835-8 . 61.
  40. Web site: 27 April 2009 . Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2-degree Celsius in last 14 years . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 . 18 June 2015 . 7 November 2016 . Asian Tribune.
  41. News: Passang Norbu . 14 June 2013 . The heat has got into the Himalayas . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0 . 2 April 2015 . 2 March 2015 . Kuensel.
  42. News: 2023-07-17 . China logs 52.2 Celsius as extreme weather rewrites records . 2023-07-18 . Reuters . en.
  43. Web site: 1 August 2022 . Daily Extract of Meteorological Observations, July 2022 - Sheung Shui .
  44. Web site: 29 May 2024 . Temperature over Delhi .
  45. News: 2024-06-01 . Mungeshpur's 52.9°C reading was off by 3°C due to sensor error: IMD . 2024-06-02 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  46. Web site: 2011 . Historis Kejadian Iklim Ekstrim . https://web.archive.org/web/20210502044557/https://cews.bmkg.go.id/Informasi_Iklim_Ekstrim/Historis_Kejadian_Iklim_Ekstrim.bmkg . 2 May 2021 . 2 May 2021 . . id.
  47. News: Putri . Gloria Setyvani . 24 October 2019 . Cuaca Panas Masih 9 Hari, Ini Daftar Hari Terpanas di Indonesia . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308101306/https://sains.kompas.com/read/2019/10/24/190300723/cuaca-panas-masih-9-hari-ini-daftar-hari-terpanas-di-indonesia . 8 March 2022 . 2 May 2021 . . id.
  48. News: 30 June 2017 . Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170630170040/http://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html . 30 June 2017 . 30 June 2017 . independent.
  49. News: Samenow . Jason . 22 July 2016 . Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160723174406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/ . 23 July 2016 . 23 July 2016 . The Washington Post.
  50. Web site: Tapper . James . 23 July 2016 . Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023141648/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c . 23 October 2016 . 22 October 2016 . The Guardian.
  51. Web site: Christopher . Burt . Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth . Weather Underground . 3 July 2017.
  52. News: 2018-07-23 . Japan heatwave: Temperature hits new historic record 41.1C, says Japanese weather agency . 15 April 2021 . The Independent.
  53. Web site: National Rankings . 9 August 2021 . Japan Meteorological Agency.
  54. Web site: ar:القيم المتطرفة . http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 . 27 November 2016 . 27 November 2016 . Jordanian Meteorological Department . ar.
  55. Web site: Climate and weather of Kazakhstan . Advantour.
  56. Web site: 18 June 2019 . WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218172054/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth . 18 December 2023 . 18 June 2019 . World Meteorological Organization.
  57. Web site: National Report . 2022-07-19 . cbd.minjust.gov.kg.
  58. Web site: Climate details in Lebanon .
  59. News: General Climate Information . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation . 16 November 2015 . 30 June 2010 . Malaysia Meteorological Department.
  60. Web site: September 2009 . Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 . live . http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf . 9 December 2015 . 23 October 2016 . Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia . 36–37.
  61. Web site: Myint . Yee . 2 May 2016 . Heat takes its toll . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023201418/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html . 23 October 2016 . 23 October 2016 . Myanmar Times.
  62. Web site: Soe . Kyaw . 25 February 2016 . Warnings of strong El Niño through June . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085406/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html . 24 October 2016 . 23 October 2016 . Myanmar Times.
  63. Web site: 2016 . Climatic Extremities in Nepal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191219013149/https://cbs.gov.np/download/5887/ . 19 December 2019 . 18 December 2019 . Compendium of Environmental Statistics Nepal 2015 . Central Bureau of Statistics . 43–44.
  64. News: Vidal . John . Walsh . Declan . 1 June 2010 . Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan . 15 October 2019 . The Guardian.
  65. Web site: 29 December 2014 . Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170215050754/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf . 15 February 2017 . 24 October 2016 . Government of the Philippines . 6.
  66. Web site: saudigazette . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 . 30 September 2015.
  67. Web site: Historical Extremes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ . 27 November 2016 . 8 December 2016 . Meteorological Service Singapore.
  68. Web site: Temperature soars to 37 °C in Singapore, equals record for daily high set in 1983 . 2023-05-14 . CNA . en.
  69. Web site: 한반도 폭염 신기원...서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 . 1 August 2018 . news1.
  70. Web site: 2009-12-29 . Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values . https://web.archive.org/web/20091229081618/http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf . 29 December 2009 . 2023-04-20.
  71. Web site: SL experiencing highest temperatures in 140 years: Prof. Jayaratne - Breaking News Daily Mirror . 2023-04-20 . www.dailymirror.lk . English.
  72. Web site: April 2010 . Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231121/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf . 24 October 2016 . 24 October 2016 . Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs . 18–20.
  73. Web site: Ventusky - Weather Forecast Maps . 2022-07-20 . www.ventusky.com . en.
  74. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-01-12 . 2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  75. Web site: Tajikistan Climate and Weather - Average Temperatures and Precipitation . www.advantour.com.
  76. News: 17 April 2023 . Historic Asia heat breaks hundreds of records, with extremes in Thailand and China . 17 May 2023 . The Washington Post.
  77. Web site: Ülkemizi etkisi altına alan sıcak hava dalgasının etkisiyle, bugün Türkiye'de sıcaklık rekoru kırıldı. .
  78. Web site: 2015 . Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161025032759/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf . 25 October 2016 . 24 October 2016 . Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan . 12–13.
  79. Web site: 2000 . Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan . https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f . 18 November 2016 . 18 November 2016 . Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan . 7.
  80. News: Ponce de Leon . Janice . 11 August 2016 . Debunking weather myths in the UAE . https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 . 18 November 2016 . 18 November 2016 . Gulf News.
  81. News: Croucher . Martin . 12 July 2013 . UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level . https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level . 18 November 2016 . 18 November 2016 . The National.
  82. Web site: Nguyen Hoai . 2023 . Nghe An recorded 44.2 degrees Celsius, the highest in Vietnamese history . 7 May 2023 . Tien Phong News.
  83. Web site: Dhekelia, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data .
  84. Web site: Akrotiri, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data .
  85. News: Albania hits all-time high as heat blasts southern Europe and fires rage . Washington Post.
  86. Web site: French Station Breaks All-Time Heat Record by Astounding Margin . 2022-07-17 . www.wunderground.com . en.
  87. Web site: 2015 . Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023151613/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf . 23 October 2016 . 23 October 2016 . Ministry of Nature Protection . 3.
  88. Web site: 3 August 2011 . Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161024030647/http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html . 24 October 2016 . 23 October 2016 . Hetq Online.
  89. Jessica Blunden . Derek Arndt . 2019 . State of the Climate in 2018 . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 100 . 9 . Si-S306 . 10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 . 202481135 . 4 November 2021 . free . 11603/24308.
  90. Web site: 9 August 2013 . Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5 °C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130810211847/http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg . 10 August 2013 . 9 August 2013 . ZAMG.
  91. Web site: Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726083339/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren/ . 26 July 2019 . 25 July 2019 . VRTNWS . nl.
  92. Web site: Federal Hydrometeorological Institute . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php . 9 October 2016 . 28 July 2016.
  93. Web site: Bulgaria Second National Communication . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113753/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf . 25 July 2010 . 20 August 2010.
  94. Web site: Croatia Sixth National Communication . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160921082730/http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 . 21 September 2016 . 19 July 2016.
  95. Web site: 7 September 2020 . Ιστορική θερμοκρασιακή καταγραφή - Καταρρίφθηκε το παγκύπριο ρεκόρ των 45.6 βαθμών Κελσίου . Kitasweather.
  96. Web site: Česká republika – Česká nej . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120920045530/http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ . 20 September 2012 . 20 August 2012 . atlasceska.cz.
  97. Web site: Vejrekstremer i Danmark . https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ . 26 April 2017 . 25 April 2017 . Danish Meteorological Institute . da.
  98. Web site: Weather records . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161018103748/http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en . 18 October 2016 . 28 September 2016 . Estonian Weather Services.
  99. Web site: Lämpötilaennätyksiä . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012937/http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia . 7 November 2017 . 3 January 2017 . Finnish Meteorological Institute . fi.
  100. Web site: C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin . 21 July 2019 . 19 July 2019 . Météo France . fr.
  101. Web site: 17 December 2020 . DWD-Stationen Duisburg-Baerl und Tönisvorst jetzt Spitzenreiter mit 41,2 Grad Celsius . 4 January 2021 . www.dwd.de . de.
  102. Web site: Global Weather & Climate Extremes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature . 4 January 2013 . 2 January 2019 . World Meteorological Organisation.
  103. Web site: Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230239/http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ . 1 July 2015 . 7 August 2015 . Met.hu.
  104. Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  105. http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set
  106. Web site: 2 January 1979 . Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723132113/http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp . 23 July 2011 . 20 August 2010 . Met.ie.
  107. Web site: 2023-07-17 . WMO is monitoring potential new temperature records . 2023-07-17 . public.wmo.int . en.
  108. https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account
  109. Web site: 4 August 2014 . papildināts (17:24) - Gaisa temperatūra Latvijā pirmo reizi pārsniegusi +37 grādus . https://web.archive.org/web/20140806193743/http://www.diena.lv/latvija/zinas/papildinats-17-24-gaisa-temperatura-latvija-pirmo-reizi-parsniegusi-plus-37-gradus-14065188 . 6 August 2014 . 4 August 2014 . Diena.lv.
  110. Web site: Wild Weather Around the World Weather Extremes . 2022-07-18 . Weather Underground.
  111. Web site: Germany Breaks its All-Time Heat Record Category 6 . 2022-07-18 . Weather Underground.
  112. Web site: (Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai . 2 October 2016 . 28 September 2016 . Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service . lt.
  113. Web site: 25 July 2019 . 40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff . 26 July 2019 . 25 July 2019 . AgriMeteo . de.
  114. Web site: 26 July 2019 . 40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg . 13 August 2023 . Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und ländliche Entwicklung . de.
  115. Web site: May 2010 . The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305014039/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf . 5 March 2017 . 24 October 2016 . Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs . 40–41.
  116. Web site: Galdies . Charles . 2011 . The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf . 5 April 2016 . 26 February 2013 . National Statistics Office . 6–7.
  117. Web site: Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm . 20 March 2017 . 25 October 2016 . Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat . ro.
  118. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-01-12 . 2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  119. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html . 17 January 2013 . 17 January 2013 . Weather Underground.
  120. Web site: 25 July 2019 . 'Heel, heel, heel uitzonderlijk': 40+ gemeten in vijf provincies . nos.nl.
  121. Web site: December 2008 . Second National Communication on Climate Change . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf . 24 November 2016 . 23 November 2016 . Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning . 24.
  122. Web site: Klima . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html . 29 November 2007 . 20 August 2010 . met.no.
  123. Web site: Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm . 29 May 2010 . 20 August 2010 . Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl . Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków . pl.
  124. https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes
  125. http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES
  126. Web site: Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ . 16 July 2011 . 28 January 2011 . Pogoda.ru.net.
  127. Web site: TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093713/http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php . 26 August 2012 . 4 September 2012 . Hidmet.gov.rs.
  128. Web site: Historical Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161014134021/http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 . 14 October 2016 . 9 October 2016 . Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute.
  129. Web site: V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130808152446/http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html . 8 August 2013 . 8 August 2013 . 24ur.com . sl.
  130. Web site: 2 August 2022 . 14 de agosto de 2021,se batió el récord de temperatura más alta registrada en España . 2 August 2022 . Agencia Estatal de Meteorología . es.
  131. Web site: Svenska temperaturrekord . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 . 15 August 2017 . 15 August 2017 . Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut.
  132. Web site: Records Suisse . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html . 16 August 2016 . 25 July 2016 . MeteoSwiss.
  133. Web site: uk:Кліматичні рекорди . http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F . 4 August 2016 . 4 August 2016 . Central Observatory for Geophysics . uk.
  134. Web site: Andersson . Jasmine . Faulkner . Doug . 19 July 2022 . UK heatwave sees temperatures above 40C for first time . 19 July 2022 . BBC.
  135. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-01-12 . 2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  136. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 27 January 2016 . Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182639/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html . 4 February 2018 . 19 July 2017 . Wunderground.
  137. Web site: Our Climate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html . 5 March 2017 . 30 October 2016 . Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service.
  138. Web site: Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025855/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html . 31 October 2016 . 30 October 2016 . Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service.
  139. Web site: Masters . Jeff . Henson . Bob . 18 January 2017 . Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221643/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html . 7 May 2018 . 7 May 2018 . Wunderground.
  140. 1410017678216024067 . ECCCWeatherBC . At 4:20pm, Lytton Climate Station reported 49.5 °C, once again, breaking the daily and all-time temperature records for the 3rd straight day. Final numbers and all other temperature records will be posted later this afternoon. #BCStorm . 29 June 2021.
  141. News: Zeidler . Maryse . June 27, 2021 . B.C. heat wave shatters Canadian record for highest temperature ever recorded . June 27, 2021 . CBC News.
  142. Web site: State of the Global Climate 2020 . 5 November 2021 . World Meteorological Organization.
  143. Web site: Mejía . Mariela . 7 January 2011 . Frío extremo, calor agobiante . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html . 4 November 2013 . 2 May 2017 . Diario Libre . es.
  144. News: 10 June 2016 . Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190519221038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ . 19 May 2019 . 22 February 2019 . The Washington Post.
  145. Web site: Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm . 26 January 2016 . 22 February 2019 . Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es.
  146. Web site: 27 June 2017 . More record lows since 1937 than record highs . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ . 5 October 2018 . 22 February 2019 . Iceagenow.info.
  147. Web site: 21 May 2016 . Sube la temperatura media . 2022-07-19 . es-GT.
  148. Web site: Le climat en Martinique . https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 . 1 January 2019 . 31 December 2018 . Météo-France . fr.
  149. Web site: Christopher Burt . Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151445/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html . 19 March 2018 . 19 March 2018.
  150. García Cueto . O.R. . Santillán Soto . N. . Quintero Núñez . M. . Ojeda Benítez . S. . Velázquez Limón . N. . October 2013 . Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions . Atmósfera . 26 . 4 . 509–520 . 2013Atmo...26..509G . 10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 . free.
  151. Web site: Extreme Temperatures . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing . 31 October 2016 . 30 October 2016 . Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A.
  152. Web site: All Time Extremes for PR and VI . https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes . 19 January 2017 . 19 January 2017 . National Weather Service.
  153. Web site: 15 July 2013 . Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234054/http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ . 30 December 2013 . 30 December 2013.
  154. http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature
  155. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.
  156. Web site: 1 April 2009 . Australian Temperature Extremes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130846/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf . 10 November 2010 . 13 August 2023 . Bureau of Meteorology.
  157. Web site: 20 February 1998 . 50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121643/http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml . 6 July 2011 . 13 August 2023 . Bureau of Meteorology.
  158. Web site: 2022-01-13 . Australia matches its hottest day on record as Western Australia town goes above 50C . 2023-08-13 . The Guardian . en.
  159. Web site: Birch . Laura . 13 January 2022 . Onslow in the Pilbara reaches 50.7C, equalling Australia's hottest day on record . 13 August 2023 . ABC News.
  160. News: 13 January 2022 . Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C . 13 August 2023 . BBC News.
  161. Web site: Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en . 16 August 2009 . 20 August 2010 . Teara.govt.nz.
  162. Web site: 2 December 2011 . Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project . https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf . 5 November 2016 . 5 November 2016 . World Bank . 53.
  163. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.
  164. Web site: Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151002055357/http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental . 2 October 2015 . 17 October 2015 . World Meteorological Organization.
  165. The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubiousWeb site: Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102942/http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 . 24 September 2015 . 31 March 2014.
  166. Web site: 2023-11-20 . Calor de 44,8 °C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet . 2023-11-20 . G1.
  167. Web site: 27 January 2017 . En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml . 15 June 2017 . 19 June 2017 . Biobiochile.cl . es.
  168. Web site: 26 January 2017 . Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202223457/http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/ . 2 February 2017 . 15 June 2017 . The Clinic.
  169. Web site: 30 December 2015 . Informe Técnico Diario N°364 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 . 29 January 2016 . 15 January 2016 . IDEAM.
  170. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-01-12 . 2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  171. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 2023-11-15 . Last month was by far the world's hottest October on record » Yale Climate Connections . 2023-12-04 . Yale Climate Connections . en-US.
  172. Web site: Clima del Uruguay . https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm . 13 December 2016 . 13 December 2016 . Red Académica Uruguaya . es.
  173. Web site: Boletín meteorológico . Meteorologic records of Uruguay . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101206184754/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt . 6 December 2010 . 1 October 2010 . Dirección Nacional de Meteorología . es.
  174. Web site: diaria . la . 2022-01-14 . Ola de calor: Florida registró un récord histórico de temperatura . 2022-01-16 . la diaria . es-UY.
  175. Web site: Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924 . https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html . 17 March 2009 . 21 September 2008 . Australian Climate Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology.
  176. Mildrexler. D. . M. Zhao . S. W. Running. Where Are the Hottest Spots on Earth?. EOS. October 2006. 87. 43. 461, 467. 10.1002/eost.v87.43.
  177. Mildrexler. D. . M. Zhao . S. W. Running. Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.. 2011. 92. 7 . 850–860. 10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1. 2011BAMS...92..855M . free.
  178. Web site: July 2007 . Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090327054941/http://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/upload/Weather%20and%20Climate.pdf . 27 March 2009 . 16 April 2009 . U.S. National Park Service.
  179. Web site: 2018-08-05 . The world's hottest rain fell in California, setting new world record . 2019-12-28 . Newsweek . en.
  180. Web site: Masters . Jeff . 21 June 2017 . A World Record Low Humidity? 116 °F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142528/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/world-record-low-humidity-116f-036-humidity-iran . 12 June 2018 . 31 July 2018 . Wunderground.
  181. Web site: Burt . Christopher . 13 July 2018 . Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180717195827/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018 . 17 July 2018 . 31 July 2018 . Wunderground.
  182. Web site: Ian . Livingston . Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501135806/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/new-global-record-hottest-single-month-established-death-valley . 1 May 2018 . 1 May 2018 . Wunderground.
  183. News: Fritz . Angela . 7 August 2017 . Death Valley just experienced the hottest month ever recorded on Earth . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501135917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/03/death-valley-just-experienced-the-hottest-month-ever-recorded-in-the-u-s/ . 1 May 2018 . 1 May 2018 . The Washington Post.
  184. Web site: Sinclare . Terry . 2020-06-22 . A small town in Siberia has likely broken the Arctic high temperature record . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200626122452/https://www.webcenter11.com/tvtv/content/news/A-small-town-in-Siberia-has-likely-broken-the-Arctic-high-temperature-record-571426651.html . 26 June 2020 . 2020-06-22 . Webcenter11 . Gray Television, Inc.
  185. Web site: . 2020-06-22 . Arctic Temperatures Hit Record High in Russia Amid Heat Wave . 2020-06-22 . The Moscow Times.
  186. News: Samenow . Jason . June 30, 2021 . 'Hard to comprehend': Experts react to record 121 degrees in Canada . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630212450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/06/30/canada-record-heat-experts-react/ . June 30, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . Washington Post.
  187. News: Hopper . Tristin . 2021-07-02 . Literally hotter than the Sahara: How Western Canada became one of the hottest corners of the globe . live . https://archive.today/20210703203956/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/literally-hotter-than-the-sahara-how-western-canada-became-one-of-the-hottest-corners-of-the-globe . July 3, 2021 . July 4, 2021 . National Post.
  188. Web site: State of the Global Climate 2021 WMO Provisional report . November 4, 2021 . World Meteorological Organization.
  189. News: Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170702063507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/29/iran-city-soars-to-record-of-129-degrees-near-hottest-ever-reliably-measured-on-earth/ . 2 July 2017 . 3 July 2017 . Washington Post.
  190. Web site: 4 August 2015 . Iran city hits suffocating heat index of 165 degrees, near world record . 25 August 2020 . Klean Industries.
  191. Web site: 2010 . Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305013850/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf . 5 March 2017 . 23 October 2016 . Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement . 27 . fr.
  192. Web site: St. Katrine Climate Normals 1961-1990 . January 26, 2023 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  193. Web site: Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD . January 26, 2023 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  194. Web site: Botswana's Climate . https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html . 3 December 2008 . 19 Apr 2020 . Meteorological Services Botswana.
  195. Web site: Climatology . https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html . 11 October 2008 . 31 December 2018 . Ghana Meteorological Services Department.
  196. Web site: Quelques Records en Guinée . https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm . 9 January 2007 . 31 December 2018 . Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée . fr.
  197. Web site: April 2000 . Lesotho – National report on climate change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052748/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf . 4 March 2016 . 25 December 2016 . Ministry of Natural Resources.
  198. Web site: WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature . 26 December 2016 . 25 December 2016 . World Meteorological Organization.
  199. Web site: New minimum temperature record for South Africa . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121607/http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030 . 14 July 2014 . 12 June 2014.
  200. Web site: 2018-01-31 . Canarias a 15 grados bajo cero: las insólitas cifras del histórico temporal . 2022-07-22 . El Español . es.
  201. Web site: Sudan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm . 16 October 2016 . 22 October 2016 . Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles . Food and Agriculture Organization.
  202. Budretsky, A.B. . 1984 . New absolute minimum of air temperature . dead . Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition . ru . Leningrad . . 105 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html . 27 February 2009 . 11 May 2008.
  203. Web site: Mahmudov . Rza . Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic . https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html . 24 May 2007 . 27 November 2016 . Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic.
  204. Web site: Dinajpur district map . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134542/http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html . 13 July 2011 . 8 December 2020.
  205. Web site: Climate . 2018-12-19 . en.chinaculture.org.
  206. News: 23 January 2023 . China just saw its coldest temperature on record: Minus-63 degrees . 25 January 2023 . The Washington Post.
  207. News: 24 January 2023 . China's northernmost city just saw its coldest day ever . 25 January 2023 . CNN Travel.
  208. News: Sisovann . Pin . Kinetz . Erika . 29 January 2007 . Cambodia Sees Record Low Temperatures Reach Record Lows History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190707012813/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/cambodia-sees-record-low-temperatures-reach-record-lows-history-72566/ . 7 July 2019 . 19 April 2020 . The Cambodia Daily.
  209. News: Dras .
  210. News: Zain . Fadlan Mukhtar . 24 June 2019 . Belarminus . Robertus . Pagi Ini Suhu Dieng Mencapai Minus 9 Derajat Celsius, Embun Es Muncul sejak Malam . 2 May 2021 . Kompas . id.
  211. Web site: رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1 . 19 March 2016 . 22 March 2016 . danakhabar.com.
  212. Judah Ari Gross, "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm", The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.
  213. Web site: Climate History . https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng . 13 February 2019 . 13 February 2019 . Kuwait Meteorological Department.
  214. Web site: Weather Data: Kuwait, Salmy, 2009, January . 2020-06-27 . geographic.org.
  215. Web site: Country profile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg . 20 December 2016 . 13 January 2017 . mineconom.gov.kg . Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic.
  216. Web site: 26 July 2023 . Climate details in Lebanon . 27 July 2023.
  217. Web site: Climate of Maldives . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives . 27 November 2016 . 22 October 2016 . Maldives Meteorological Service.
  218. Web site: Mongolia Third National Communication . https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf . 15 October 2018 . 14 October 2018 . Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
  219. Web site: Cho . Myo . High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184155/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no197/MyanmarTimes10-197/003.htm . 27 September 2007 . 23 October 2016 . Government of Myanmar.
  220. Web site: 선종일 . 1 August 1942 . Korean Climate . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm . 29 December 2011 . 29 January 2012 . User.chollian.net.
  221. Web site: 24 January 2023 . Snow blankets Jabel Shams in Oman . 13 August 2023 . Oman Daily Observer.
  222. Web site: Hamayoon Janjua . 30 January 2019 . Pakistan Climate . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190130163047/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ . 30 January 2019 . 11 May 2018 . crayon.pk.
  223. News: Luces . Kim . 31 January 2014 . 'Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102758/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january . 2 April 2015 . 2 March 2015 . GMA News . However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961..
  224. Web site: Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature . 26 December 2016 . 25 December 2016 . World Meteorological Organization.
  225. Web site: Second National Communication . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231824/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf . 24 October 2016 . 24 October 2016 . Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . 2.
  226. Web site: Climate of Korea . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120701113201/http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp . 1 July 2012 . 24 July 2010 . Korea Meteorological Administration.
  227. Web site: Station Nuwara Eliya . 26 August 2021 . Meteo Climat . fr.
  228. Web site: أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 ! . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161006025224/http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950 . 6 October 2016 . 27 December 2016 . طقس سوريا – طقس العرب.
  229. Web site: 25 October 2021 . 世界最低溫是幾度？ 臺灣最低溫是幾度？ . 5 November 2021 . Central Weather Bureau . zh.
  230. Web site: The Climate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550 . 22 April 2018 . 22 April 2018 . Yushan National Park.
  231. Web site: The Climate of Thailand . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf . 1 August 2016 . 31 July 2016 . Thai Meteorological Department.
  232. Web site: Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 . 12 March 2012 . 13 October 2016 . Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology . vi.
  233. Web site: BULETINI MUJOR KLIMATIK . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210708175722/https://www.geo.edu.al/skedaret/1511970387-BULETINI%20MUJOR%20KLIMATIK%20Nr.1%202017.pdf . 8 July 2021 . 2022-07-22 . www.geo.edu.al.
  234. Web site: TEMPERATURE COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME ALPINE DOLINES IN WINTER TIME . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf . 12 November 2013 . 2 August 2013.
  235. Web site: Baglasov Andrey . Belov Alexandr . Sinitsa Valentina . Bychenkov Alexandr . Department of Hydrometeorology . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ . 22 August 2010 . 20 August 2010 . Pogoda.by.
  236. Web site: KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324135911/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html . 24 March 2012 . 29 January 2012 . Kmi.be.
  237. Web site: Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH . https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 . 8 January 2017 . 8 January 2017 . Klix.ba.
  238. Web site: Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja . 11 December 2019 . Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service . hr.
  239. Web site: Αυτή είναι η χαμηλότερη θερμοκρασία που καταγράφηκε ποτέ στην Κύπρο! . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160128024757/https://www.newsbomb.com.cy/kypros/story/640053/ayti-einai-i-xamiloteri-thermokrasia-poy-katagrafike-pote-stin-kypro . 28 January 2016 . 7 September 2020 . Newsbomb.
  240. Web site: Geographic.org . Weather Data: Finland, Kittila Pokka, 1999, January . 25 July 2020.
  241. Web site: MétéoFrance . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 . 13 May 2009 . 29 January 2012 . Comprendre.meteofrance.com.
  242. Web site: Andreas Wagner . August 2009 . Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5 °C) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140831170129/http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html . 31 August 2014 . 11 August 2014 . MeteoGroup.
  243. Web site: The Meteorologist's book . 22 July 2020 . HNMS.
  244. Web site: 10 May 2013 . Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6 °C sulle Pale di San Martino .
  245. Web site: Normal- und Extremwerte . 13 August 2023 . Meteolux . de.
  246. Web site: Recordkoude februari van 1956 . KNMI.nl.
  247. Web site: Климатски екстреми . https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp . 19 August 2007 . 4 February 2010 . Hydrometeorological Service . mk.
  248. Web site: 27 March 2014 . Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm . 12 August 2010 . 31 March 2014 . pt.
  249. Web site: infoTURIST . 25 January 1942 . Romania . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100823034244/http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html . 23 August 2010 . 20 August 2010 . Infoturist.ro.
  250. Web site: Nov 2015 . Minus trideset za početak . arhiva.vesti-online.
  251. Web site: Slovenski vremenski rekordi . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf . 4 March 2016 . 22 October 2016 . Slovenian Environment Agency . 2 . sl.
  252. Web site: 2021-01-08 . El récord de frío de -34º C no será reconocido por la agencia de meteorología . 2021-08-16 . La Vanguardia . es.
  253. Web site: Погодные рекорды Украины Новости Украины СЕГОДНЯ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html . 1 August 2009 . 20 August 2010 . Segodnya.ua.
  254. Web site: UK climate – Extremes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004454/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes . 21 December 2016 . 25 December 2016 . Met Office.
  255. Web site: WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature . 1 November 2016 . 31 October 2016 . World Meteorological Organization.
  256. Web site: Climate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate . 31 October 2016 . 30 October 2016 . National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government).
  257. Web site: III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología . Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120506113646/http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf . 6 May 2012 . 27 October 2011 . ACQ & Asociados . 36 . es . Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6 °C..
  258. Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós . Constancio . July 2012 . Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza . dead . Clío . es . Academia Dominicana de la Historia . 184 . 222 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf . 16 February 2015 . 29 January 2015.
  259. Web site: 22 September 2020 . WMO verifies -69.6 °C Greenland temperature as Northern hemisphere record . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218173115/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-696%C2%B0c-greenland-temperature-northern-hemisphere-record . 18 December 2023 . 23 September 2020 . World Meteorological Organization.
  260. Web site: Datos metorologicos de los departamentos . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111015133552/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm . 15 October 2011 . 26 October 2011 . INSIVUMEH . es.
  261. Web site: 29 January 2022 . ¡Bajo cero! Ésta es la temperatura más baja registrada en la historia de México . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421022244/https://www.milenio.com/estados/temperatura-mas-baja-en-la-historia-de-mexico-y-cuando-fue . 21 April 2022 . 20 April 2022 . Milenio.
  262. Web site: National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145151/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records . 26 December 2016 . 25 December 2016 . National Climatic Data Center.
  263. Web site: Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century . live . https://archive.today/20240526135453/https://www.webcitation.org/6F4kiojK5?url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php%3Fwfo=tfx . 26 May 2024 . 9 March 2007 . National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century . National Weather Service.
  264. Web site: World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150618160532/http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental . 18 June 2015 . 7 June 2015 . Arizona State University.
  265. Web site: 2010 . História de Caçador . Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml . 29 June 2011 . 22 December 2010 . A Notícia . pt . Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality..
  266. Web site: Recordes de Frio em SC . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190215130217/http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364 . 15 February 2019 . 17 October 2014.
  267. Web site: 26 May 2021 . ¿Sobrevivirías a -? Conoce los récords de frío en Chile . 12 July 2022.
  268. Web site: Promedios 71-00 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017083756/http://institucional.ideam.gov.co/descargas?com=institucional&name=pubFile77&downloadname=D%3A%5Cpromedios%20met%5CPromedios%2071-00.xls . 17 October 2015 . 18 October 2011 . IDEAM . es.
  269. Web site: 12 December 2017 . Koud op Curaçao . 7 January 2021 . www.antilliaansdagblad.com . nl.
  270. Web site: Le Climat Guyanais . https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 . 1 January 2019 . 31 December 2018 . Météo-France . fr.
  271. Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  272. http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo
  273. Web site: 1 April 2009 . Australian Temperature Extremes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20101110130846/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf . 10 November 2010 . 16 December 2009 . Bureau of Meteorology.
  274. Web site: 7 February 2008 . 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008 . 2008-04-30 . Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  275. Web site: State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State . https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records . 21 February 2018 . 21 February 2018 . National Climatic Data Center.
  276. Web site: 12 July 2011 . New record for New Zealand's coldest day . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 . 15 July 2011 . 12 July 2011 . TVNZ.
  277. Web site: Rennell record lowest temperature - Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management .
  278. Web site: 6 July 2017 . *Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729174759/https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice . 29 July 2017 . 29 July 2017 . vencore weather.
  279. Web site: Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе . April 24, 2021 . Pogodaiklimat.ru.
  280. http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo
  281. Book: Lyons, Walter A . The Handy Weather Answer Book . Visible Ink press . 1997 . 978-0-7876-1034-0 . 2nd . Detroit, Michigan.
  282. Web site: A NATIONAL TEMPERATURE RECORD AT LOMA, MONTANA .
  283. Web site: Установлена в честь 120-летия регистраций абсолютного минимума температуры в Северном полушарии Земли . JPG.
  284. Web site: Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 1892 г. . 19 April 2020 . pogodaiklimat.ru . ru.
  285. Web site: Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 1988 г. . 19 April 2020 . pogodaiklimat.ru . ru.
  286. Web site: Greatest temperature range on Earth . 19 April 2020 . Guinness World Records.
  287. Web site: Christopher C. Burt . Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131 . 29 March 2013 . 10 June 2013 . Weather Underground.
  288. Web site: Christopher C. Burt . 8 September 2013 . World's greatest 1-minute Precipitation Record . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200616091616/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/worlds-greatest-1minute-precipitation-record.html . 16 June 2020 . 4 May 2021 . Weather Underground.
  289. Ch. Péguy (1970)
  290. Web site: Sepúlveda . Sílvia Maria Ferreira . Avaliação da Precipitação Extrema na Ilha da Madeira . 28 August 2021 . 19.
  291. Quetelard . Hubert . Bessemoulin . Pierre . Cerveny . Randall S. . Peterson . Thomas C. . Burton . Andrew . Boodhoo . Yadowsun . 2009-05-01 . Extreme Weather: World-Record Rainfalls During Tropical Cyclone Gamede . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . EN . 90 . 5 . 603–608 . 2009BAMS...90..603Q . 10.1175/2008BAMS2660.1 . 0003-0007 . 122555985 . free.
  292. Web site: Précipitations extrêmes (report) . 2022-12-17 . www.meteo.fr.
  293. Christopher Burt, New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?, 18 March 2013
  294. Web site: Where It Rained for 331 Days in a Row in the U.S. . The Weather Channel.
  295. News: Fritz . Angela . 11 March 2015 . World record? 100 inches of snow may have clobbered Italy in 18 hours, review pending. . https://web.archive.org/web/20201231192807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/03/11/100-inches-of-snow-may-have-clobbered-italy-in-18-hours-review-pending/ . 31 December 2020 . 31 December 2020 . The Washington Post.
  296. Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather, page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911–390 inches."
  297. Web site: 10 February 2015 . News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126042232/http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/worlds-deepest-snow-photos . 26 January 2016 . 18 January 2016 . The Weather Channel.
  298. Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book; Christopher Burt; 2007
  299. Web site: Answers archive: Winter, snow, ice . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121008003101/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/wasnow.htm . 8 October 2012 . USA Today.
  300. Web site: Center for Severe Weather Research . 2006 . Doppler On Wheels . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm . 5 February 2007 . 18 February 2007.
  301. Web site: World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161230225653/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust . 30 December 2016 . 30 December 2016 . World Meteorological Organization.
  302. Web site: 5 November 2015 . Info note No. 58 – World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171508/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/new-world-record-wind-gust . 18 December 2023 . 30 December 2016 . World Meteorological Organization.
  303. Web site: Tornadoes in Bangladesh . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm . 19 September 2012 . 20 August 2010 . Tornadoproject.com.
  304. Web site: Research: Tornado Extremes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php . 14 August 2007 . 20 August 2010 . TORRO.
  305. Web site: A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190530061022/https://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html . 30 May 2019 . 18 March 2014 . Uno Santa Fe.
  306. Web site: National Climate Centre . Australian Climate Extremes-Storm . https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html . 17 March 2009 . 3 September 2012 . BOM.
  307. http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak
  308. Web site: Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023015111/http://www.weather.com//storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast . 23 October 2015 . 23 October 2015 . weather.com.
  309. American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, 15 August 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
  310. Web site: Diamond . Howard . 5 July 2017 . Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170618013001/http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/speartc/ . 18 June 2017 . 6 July 2017.
  311. Web site: Appendix I – Weather Extremes . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf . 28 May 2008 . 1 June 2010 . . San Diego, California.
  312. Web site: NWS . 30 July 2010 . Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100805045751/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate . 5 August 2010 . 3 August 2010 . National Weather Service . Aberdeen, South Dakota.
  313. Web site: Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100420073335/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html . 20 April 2010 . 20 August 2010 . National Geographic.
  314. Web site: 2022-02-14 . Megaflash: Longest lightning flash ever breaks record . 2023-06-23 . Guinness World Records . en-GB.
  315. Web site: 8 July 2014 . Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150704214803/http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html . 4 July 2015 . 24 May 2015 . LiveScience.com.
  316. Web site: World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m . 13 October 2012 . 7 October 2012 . Arizona State University.
  317. Web site: World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m . 13 October 2012 . 7 October 2012 . Arizona State University.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of weather records".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.