Population growth explained

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year.^[1] The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.1 billion in 2024.^[2] The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.^[3] However, some academics outside the UN have increasingly developed human population models that account for additional downward pressures on population growth; in such a scenario population would peak before 2100.^[4] Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth.^[5]

The world human population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350. A mix of technological advancement that improved agricultural productivity^[6] and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality increased population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called the demographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living have seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening.^[7] Globally, the rate of population growth has declined from a peak of 2.2% per year in 1963.^[8]

Population growth alongside increased consumption is a driver of environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate change,^{[9] [10]} due to overexploitation of natural resources for human development.^[11] International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development Goals which seeks to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment while advancing human well-being.

+! style="background-color: #cfb;"

Years passed	Year	Pop. (billions)
–	1800	1
127	1927	2
33	1960	3
14	1974	4
13	1987	5
12	1999	6
12	2011	7
11	2022	8
14	2037*	9
18	2055*	10
33	2088*	11
World Population Prospects 2017 (United Nations Population Division)

History

World population has been rising continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350.^[12] Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution. The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to medical advancements^[13] and increases in agricultural productivity.^{[14] [15]}

Haber process

Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process, named after one of its inventors, the German chemist Fritz Haber, served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2019.^[16]

Thomas McKeown hypotheses

Some of the reasons for the "Modern Rise of Population"^[17] were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown (1912–1988). In his publications, McKeown challenged four theories about the population growth:

1. McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase in fertility, but largely by a decline of mortality particularly of childhood mortality followed by infant mortality,^{[18] [19]}
2. The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising standards of living, whereby McKeown put most emphasis on improved nutritional status,
3. McKeown questioned the effectiveness of public health measures, including sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine,^[20]
4. The “McKeown thesis" states that curative medicine measures played little role in mortality decline, not only prior to the mid-20th century but also until well into the 20th century.^[21]

Although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas.^[22] His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health and medical care. McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Nobel prize winners Robert W. Fogel (1993) and Angus Deaton (2015). The latter considered McKeown as "the founder of social medicine".^[23]

Growth rate models

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

Population growth rate = (P(t _{2)} - P(t _{1)})/(P(t _{1)(t} _{2-t} _{1)})

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.^[24]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources.^[25] In the world human population, growth may be said to have been following a linear trend throughout the last few decades.

Logistic equation

The growth of a population can often be modelled by the logistic equation^[26]

(dP)/(= rP\left( 1- dt) (P)/(K) \right),

where

P(t) = the population after time t;t = time a population grows;r = the relative growth rate coefficient;K = the carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a logistic function:

P(t) = (K)/(1+ Ae ^{-rt}) ,

where

A = (K - P _{0})/(P _{0}) and P _{0} is the initial population at time 0.

Population growth rate

See also: Human overpopulation and Overshoot (population).

The world population growth rate peaked in 1963 at 2.2% per year and subsequently declined. In 2017, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.^[27] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.^[28] The last 100 years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green Revolution.^[29]

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2017, the human population increased by 83 million.^[27] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.^[30]

In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline.^[31] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.^[32]

The United Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100.^[33] A 2014 study in Science concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century.^{[34] [35]} The German Foundation for World Population reported in December 2019 that the global human population grows by 2.6 people every second, and could reach 8 billion by 2023.^{[36] [37]}

Growth by country

See main article: List of countries by population growth rate. According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.^[38] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth rate was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).

Rank!rowspan=2

Country	Population			Annual Growth (%)
1990	2010	2020 (est.)^[39]	1990–2010	2010–2020
	World	5,306,425,000	6,895,889,000	7,503,828,180	1.3%	0.8%
1	China	1,139,060,000	1,341,335,000	1,384,688,986	0.8%	0.3%
2	India	873,785,000	1,224,614,000	1,333,000,000	1.7%	0.9%
3	United States	253,339,000	310,384,000	329,256,465	1.0%	0.6%
4	Indonesia	184,346,000	239,871,000	262,787,403	1.3%	0.9%
5	Brazil	149,650,000	194,946,000	208,846,892	1.3%	0.7%
6	Pakistan	111,845,000	173,593,000	207,862,518	2.2%	1.8%
7	Nigeria	97,552,000	158,423,000	203,452,505	2.5%	2.5%
8	Bangladesh	105,256,000	148,692,000	159,453,001	1.7%	0.7%
9	Russia	148,244,000	142,958,000	142,122,776	-0.2%	−0.1%
10	Japan	122,251,000	128,057,000	126,168,156	0.2%	−0.1%

Many of the world's countries, including many in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia, have seen a sharp rise in population since the end of the Cold War. The fear is that high population numbers are putting further strain on natural resources, food supplies, fuel supplies, employment, housing, etc. in some of the less fortunate countries. For example, the population of Chad has ultimately grown from 6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009, further straining its resources. Vietnam, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the DRC are witnessing a similar growth in population.

The following table gives some example countries or territories:

Country/territory	Population in	Life expectancy in years (2008)	Total population growth from 1960s to 2007–2011
	1967			1990	1994	2002	2008
Eritrea*	N/A*	N/A*	3,437,000	4,298,269	5,673,520	61^[40]	2,236,520
Ethiopia*	23,457,000*^[41]	50,974,000* ^[42]	54,939,000^[43]	67,673,031(2003)	79,221,000^[44]	55	55,764,000
Sudan	14,355,000†	25,204,000†	27,361,000†	38,114,160 (2003)†	42,272,000†	50†	27,917,000
	3,410,000	5,679,000	6,183,000	9,253,493(2003)	10,329,208 (2009)	47	6,919,205
Niger	3,546,000	7,732,000	8,846,000	10,790,352 (2001)	15,306,252 (2009)^[45]	44	11,760,252
Nigeria	61,450,000	88,500,000	108,467,000	129,934,911	158,259,000^[46]	47	96,809,000
Mali	4,745,000	8,156,000	10,462,000	11,340,480	14,517,176(2010)^[47]	50	9,772,176
	1,050,000	2,025,000	2,211,000	2,667,859 (2003)	3,291,000 (2009)	54	2,241,000
Senegal	3,607,000	7,327,000	8,102,000	9,967,215	13,711,597 (2009)^[48]	57	10,104,597
Gambia	343,000	861,000	1,081,000	1,367,124 (2000)	1,705,000	55	1,362,000
	11,833,126	25,012,000	27,325,000	32,818,500 (2003)	34,895,000^[49]	74	23,061,874
The DRC/Zaire	16,353,000	35,562,000	42,552,000	55,225,478 (2003)	70,916,439 ^[50]	54	54,563,439
	30,083,419	53,153,000	58,326,000	70,712,345 (2003)	79,089,650 ^[51]	72	49,006,231
Réunion (overseas region of France)	418,000	N/A	N/A	720,934 (2003)	827,000 (2009)	N/A	409,000
Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory)	2,500	N/A	N/A	2,967 (2003)	3,140(2010)^[52]	N/A	640
Chile	8,935,500	13,173,000	13,994,000	15,116,435	17,224,200 (2011)	77	8,288,700
Colombia	19,191,000	32,987,000	34,520,000	41,088,227	45,925,397 (2010)^[53]	73	26,734,397
Brazil	85,655,000	150,368,000	153,725,000	174,468,575 (2000)	190,732,694 (2010) ^[54]	72	105,077,694
Mexico	45,671,000	86,154,000	93,008,000	103,400,165 (2000)	112,322,757 (2010)^[55]	76	66,651,757
	476,727 (1966)	765,000	771,000	844,330 (2001)	849,000 (2010)	70	372,273
Nauru	6,050	10,000	N/A	12,329	9,322 (2011)^[56]	N/A	3,272
	1,876,000	2,420,000	2,429,000	2,695,867 (2003)	2,847,232^[57] (2010)	74	971,232
	11,540,764	17,086,000	17,843,000	19,546,792 (2003)	^[58] (2010)	82	10,066,508
	1,965,500 (1964)	3,250,000	3,414,000	3,510,484	2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)^[59]	78	1,021,452
Poland	31,944,000	38,180,000	38,554,000	38,626,349 (2001)	38,192,000 (2010)^[60]	75	6,248,000
Hungary	10,212,000	10,553,000	10,261,000	10,106,017	9,979,000 (2010)^[61]	73	-142,000
Bulgaria	8,226,564 (1965)	8,980,000	8,443,000	7,707,495(2000)	7,351,234 (2011)^[62]	73	-875,330
	55,068,000 (1966)	57,411,000	58,091,000	58,789,194	62,008,048 (2010)^[63]	79	7,020,048
	2,884,002 (1966)	3,503,000	3,571,000	3,840,838 (2000)	4,470,700^[64] (2010)	78	1,586,698
	720,000,000	1,139,060,000	1,208,841,000	1,286,975,468 (2004)	1,339,724,852 (2010)^[65]	73	619,724,852
Japan‡	98,274,961 (1965)	123,537,000	124,961,000	127,333,002	127,420,000 (2010)^[66]	82	28,123,865
India#	511,115,000	843,931,000	918,570,000	1,028,610,328 (2001)	1,210,193,422 (2011)^[67]	69	699,078,422
Singapore	1,956,000 (1967)	3,003,000 (1990)	2,930,000 (1994)	4,452,732 (2002)	5,076,700 (2010)^[68]	82 (2008)	3,120,700
	24,000 (1967)	29,000 (1990)	N/A (1994)	31,842 (2000)	35,586^[69] (2010)	(2008)	11,586
	8,716,000 (1967)	10,123,000 (1990)	10,426,000 (1994)	10,964,020 (2001)^[70]	11,305,118 (2011)^[71]	N/A (2008)	2,589,118
Faroe Islands (Danish dependency)	38,000 (1967)	N/A (1990)	N/A (1994)	46,345 (2000)	48,917 (2010) ^[72]	N/A (2008)	18,917
Liechtenstein	20,000 (1967)	29,000 (1990)	N/A (1994)	33,307 (2000)	35,789 (2009)^[73]	(2008)	15,789
South Korea	29,207,856 (1966)	42,793,000 (1990)	44,453,000 (1994)	48,324,000 (2003)	48,875,000 (2010) ^[74]	(2008)	19,667,144
North Korea	12,700,000 (1967)	21,773,000 (1990)	23,483,000 (1994)	22,224,195 (2002)	24,051,218 (2010)^[75]	(2008)	11,351,218
Brunei	107,200 (1967)	266,000 (1990)	280,000 (1994)	332,844 (2001)	401,890 (2011)^[76]	76 (2008)	306,609
Malaysia	10,671,000 (1967)	17,861,000 (1990)	19,489,000 (1994)	21,793,293 (2002)	27,565,821 (2010)^[77]	(2008)	16,894,821
Thailand	32,680,000 (1967)	57,196,000 (1990)	59,396,000 (1994)	60,606,947 (2000)^[78]	63,878,267 (2011)^[79]	(2008)	31,198,267
Lebanon	2,520,000 (1967)	2,701,000 (1990)	2,915,000 (1994)	3,727,703^[80] (2003)	4,224,000 (2009)	- (2008)
Syria	5,600,000 (1967)	12,116,000 (1990)	13,844,000 (1994)	17,585,540 (2003)	22,457,763 (2011)^[81]	-(2008)
Bahrain	182,00 (1967)	503,000 (1990)	549,000 (1994)	667,238 (2003)	1,234,596^[82] (2010)	75 (2008)
Sri Lanka	11,741,000 (1967)	16,993,000 (1990)	17,685,000 (1994)	19,607,519 (2002)	20,238,000 (2009)	- (2008)
Switzerland	6,050,000 (1967)	6.712,000 (1990)	6,994,000 (1994)	7,261,200 (2002)	7,866,500^[83] (2010)	- (2008)
Luxembourg	335,000 (1967)	381,000 (1990)	401,000 (1994)	439,539 (2001)	511,840 (2011)^[84]	- (2008)
Romania	19,105,056 (1966)	23,200,000 (1990)	22,736,000 (1994)	21,680,974 (2002)	21,466,174^[85] (2011)	- (2008)
Niue (associated state of New Zealand)	1,900 (1966)	N/A (1990)	N/A (1994)	2,134 (2002)	1,398 (2009)^[86]	N/A (2008)	-502
Tokelau (New Zealand territory)	5,194 (1966)	N/A (1990)	N/A (1994)	1,445 (2001)	1,416 (2009)	N/A (2008)	-3,778
Jamaica	1,876,000 (1967)	2,420,000 (1990)	2,429,000 (1994)	2,695,867 (2003)	2,847,232 (2010)	74 (2008)	971,232
Argentina	32,031,000 (1967)	32,322,000 (1990)	34,180,000 (1994)	37,812,817 (2002)	40,091,359 (2010)	74 (2008)	8,060,359
France	49,890,660 (1967)	56,440,000 (1990)	57,747,000 (1994)	59,551,000 (2001)	63,136,180 (2011)^[87]	81 (2008)
Italy	52,334,000 (1967)	57,662,000 (1990)	57,193,000 (1994)	56,995,744 (2002)	60,605,053^[88] (2011)	80 (2008)
Mauritius	774,000 (1967)	1,075,000 (1990)	1,104,000 (1994)	1,179,137 (2000)	1,288,000 (2009)	75 (2008)	514,000
Guatemala	4,717,000 (1967)	9,197,000 (1990)	10,322,000 (1994)	12,974,361 (2000)	13,276,517 (2009)	70 (2008)	8,559,517
Cuba	8,033,000 (1967)	10,609,000 (1990)	10,960,000 (1994)	11,177,743 (2002)	11,239,363 (2009)^[89]	77 (2008)
Barbados	246,000 (1967)	255,000 (1990)	261,000 (1994)	250,012 (2001)	284,589 (2010)^[90]	73 (2008)	18,589
Samoa	131,377 (1967)	164,000 (1990)	164,000 (1994)	178,173 (2003)	179,000 (2009)	N/A (2008)
	7,765,981 (1967)	8,559,000 (1990)	8,794,000 (1994)	8,920,705 (2002)	9,354,462 (2009)	81 (2008)
	4,664,000 (1967)	4,986,000 (1990)	5,095,000 (1994)	5,175,783 (2002)	5,374,781 (2010)	N/A (2008)
	9,440,000 (1967)	10,525,000 (1990)	9,830,000 (1994)	10,355,824 (2001)	10,647,763^[91] (2011)	N/A (2008)
	7,323,981 (1967)	7,712,000 (1990)	8,031,000 (1994)	8,032,926 (2001)	8,404,252 (2011)	N/A (2008)
	1,738,000 (1967)	4,545,000 (1990)	5,225,000(1994)	5,499,074 (2002)	6,420,000 (2009)	77 (2008)
	12,385,000 (1967)	21,550,000 (1990)	23,080,000(1994)	27,949,639 (2002)	29,496,000 (2010)	70 (2008)
	528,000 (1967)	965,000 (1990)	1,050,000 (1994)	1,345,479 (2002)	1,647,000 (2009)	48 (2008)
	5,203,066 (1967)	10,020,000 (1990)	10,674,000 (1994)	10,766,500 (2003)	18,498,000^[92] (2009)	38 (2008)
	277,000 (1967)	348,000 (1990)	389,000 (1994)	474,214 (2000)	676,000 (2009)	61 (2008)
	2,505,000 (1967)	4,736,000 (1990)	5,246,000 (1994)	8,500,500 (2002)	8,791,832 (2009)	59 (2008)
	2,770,000 (1967)	4,139,000 (1990)	4,742,000 (1994)	5,635,967 (2002)	6,800,000^[93] (2011)	56 (2008)
	10,500,000 (1967)	18,961,000 (1990)	21,360,000 (1994)	25,284,463 (2002)	29,331,000 (2009)	- (2008)
	25,781,090 (1966)	54,608,000 (1990)	59,778,000 (1994)	66,622,704 (2002)	75,330,000 (2010)^[94]	71 (2008)	49,548,910
	20,014,880 (1966)	26,603,000 (1990)	29,248,000(1994)	31,081,900 (2001)	32,623,490 (2011)^[95]	81 (2008)
	199,118,000 (1967)	249,995,000 (1990)	260,650,00(1994)	281,421,906 (2000)	308,745,538 (2010)^[96]	78 (2008)
	7,931,000 (1967)	18,795,000 (1990)	20,621,000 (1994)	24,227,297 (2002)	32,369,558 (2009)	52 (2008)

Notes

* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.

† Split into the nations of Sudan and South Sudan during 2011.

‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.

# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.

Population growth 1990–2012 (%)^[97]
	73.3%
	68.2%
Asia (excl. China)	42.8%
	19.0%
	27.9%
Non-OECD Americas	36.6%
	11.5%
	11.1%
	-0.8%

See also

• List of countries by population growth rate
• Demographic history
• Demographic transition
• Density dependence
• Ecological overshoot
• Epidemiological transition
• Human population planning
• Irruptive growth
• Overshoot (population)
• Population decline
• Population density
• World population
• Estimates of historical world population
• Zero population growth

External links

• Web site: World Population Prospects. Website of the United Nations Population Division. https://web.archive.org/web/20170711032459/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.html. 11 July 2017.
• Web site: Food Production and Population Growth. Daniel Quinn, Alan D. Thornhill, PhD. Ecofuture. Population and Sustainability Media, Non-fiction.
• Web site: Probabilistic Population Projections, 2nd Revision. Website of the United Nations Population Division. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212919/http://esa.un.org/unpd/ppp/index.html. 4 October 2013.
• Web site: Population Growth and the Food Supply. Population Institute of Canada.
• Web site: World population growth and trends 1950-2050. US Census. https://web.archive.org/web/20100707175239/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.php. 7 July 2010.
• Web site: Feeding the Ten Billion-Plants and Population Growth. PGR Newsletter FAO-Bioversity L.T. Evans. 2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64685-5. Published in Issue No. 125, page 39 to 40 - (5802) characters

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2017 . World Population Prospects 2017 – Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/401) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307190343/https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2017_world_population_prospects-2017_revision_databooklet.pdf . 7 March 2022 . 13 April 2022 . . 3.
2. Web site: World Population 2024. 29 July 2024.
3. Web site: World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision: Key Findings and Advance Tables . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225001/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf . 26 June 2019 . 5 January 2019 . . 2.
4. Roser. Max. 9 May 2013. Future Population Growth. Our World in Data.
5. O'Sullivan. Jane Nancy . 2023 . Demographic Delusions: World Population Growth Is Exceeding Most Projections and Jeopardising Scenarios for Sustainable Futures. World . 4 . 3 . 545–568. 10.3390/world4030034. free .
6. Hopfenberg, Russell. "An expansion of the demographic transition model: the dynamic link between agricultural productivity and population." Biodiversity 15.4 (2014): 246–254.
7. Web site: Population Reference Bureau. 2013 World Population Factsheet. 5 December 2014. Population Reference Bureau. 18 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233032/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf. dead.
8. Roser . Max . Max Roser . Ritchie . Hannah . Hannah Ritchie . Ortiz-Ospina . Esteban . 9 May 2013 . World Population Growth . Our World in Data.
9. Web site: Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature . Stokstad . Erik . 5 May 2019 . . . en . 20 October 2022 . "Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)".
10. Crist. Eileen. Ripple. William J.. William J. Ripple. Ehrlich. Paul R.. Paul R. Ehrlich. Rees. William E. . Wolf. Christopher . 2022 . Scientists' warning on population. Science of the Total Environment. 845 . 157166 . 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. 35803428. 250387801 .
11. United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
12. Web site: Black death 'discriminated' between victims . . 29 January 2008 . 3 November 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120404/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/01/29/2149185.htm . 20 December 2016 .
13. The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 19 June 2014. 4024226 . Greenwood . B. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 369 . 1645 . 20130433 . 10.1098/rstb.2013.0433 . 24821919 .
14. Armelagos, George J., Alan H. Goodman, and Kenneth H. Jacobs. "The origins of agriculture: Population growth during a period of declining health." Population and Environment 13.1 (1991): 9-22.
15. Taiz, Lincoln. "Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25 (2013): 167-181.
16. Smil . Vaclav . 1999 . Detonator of the population explosion . Nature . 400 . 6743. 415 . 10.1038/22672. 1999Natur.400..415S . 4301828 .
17. Book: McKeown, Thomas. The Modern Rise of Population. Edward Arnold. 1976. 9780713159868. London, UK.
18. McKeown T, Brown RG . 1955. Medical evidence related to English population changes in the eighteenth century. Population Studies. 9. 2. 119–141. 10.1080/00324728.1955.10404688. 2172162.
19. McKeown T, Brown RG, Record RG . 1972. An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe. Population Studies . 26 . 3. 345–382. 10.1080/00324728.1972.10405908. 2173815. 11630563.
20. McKeown T, Record RG . 1962 . Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century . Population Studies. 16. 2. 94–122 . 10.2307/2173119. 2173119.
21. McKeown T, Record RG, Turner RD . 1975 . An Interpretation of the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Twentieth Century . Population Studies. 29. 3. 391–422 . 10.1080/00324728.1975.10412707. 2173935. 11630508.
22. Korotayev . A. V. . Malkov . A. S. . 2016 . Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE–1973 CE . International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences . 10 . 200–209.
23. Book: Deaton, Angus. The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality. Princeton University Press. 2013. 978-0-691-15354-4. Princeton and Oxford. 91–93. McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life..
24. http://www.apheo.ca/index.php?pid=61 Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario
25. Book: Campbell Biology. Reece. Jane. Urry. Lisa. Cain. Michael. Wasserman. Steven. Minorsky. Peter. Jackson. Robert. Pearson. 2014.
26. Book: Brief Applied Calculus. Stewart. James. Clegg. Daniel. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. 2012.
27. Web site: World Population Prospects 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170711042851/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/index.shtml. 11 July 2017. dead.
28. Web site: The World Factbook. 20 November 2015. 4 January 2016.
29. News: BBC NEWS - South Asia - The end of India's green revolution?. 29 May 2006.
30. Web site: International Programs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090701122431/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.php . 1 July 2009 .
31. Web site: UN population projections . 23 May 2009 . 14 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100914023416/http://esa.un.org/UNPP/index.asp?panel=2 . dead .
32. News: Japan sees biggest population fall. the Guardian. 2 January 2009. Associated Press.
33. Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2 . 14 July 2020. Lancet . pdf. free . Vollset . Stein Emil . Goren . Emily . Yuan . Chun-Wei . Cao . Jackie . Smith . Amanda E. . Hsiao . Thomas . Bisignano . Catherine . Azhar . Gulrez S. . Castro . Emma . Chalek . Julian . Dolgert . Andrew J. . Frank . Tahvi . Fukutaki . Kai . Hay . Simon I. . Lozano . Rafael . Mokdad . Ali H. . Nandakumar . Vishnu . Pierce . Maxwell . Pletcher . Martin . Robalik . Toshana . Steuben . Krista M. . Wunrow . Han Yong . Zlavog . Bianca S. . Murray . Christopher J L. . 396 . 10258 . 1285–1306 . 32679112 . 7561721 .
34. News: Carrington, Damien. 18 September 2014. World population to hit 11bn in 2100 – with 70% chance of continuous rise. The Guardian. 19 December 2016.
35. 10.1126/science.1257469. 25301627. World population stabilization unlikely this century. Science. 346. 6206. 234–7. 14 September 2014. 1095-9203. Gerland . P.. Raftery . A. E.. Ev Ikova . H.. Li . N.. Gu . D.. Spoorenberg . T.. Alkema . L.. Fosdick . B. K.. Chunn . J.. Lalic . N.. Bay . G.. Buettner . T.. Heilig . G. K.. Wilmoth . J.. 4230924. 2014Sci...346..234G.
36. News: Hook . Chris . 20 December 2019 . Earth's population set to soar to 7.75 billion people by New year's Eve. Seven News. 2 January 2020.
37. News: Silk . John . 21 December 2019. World's population to hit 7.75 billion in 2019 . . 14 March 2021.
38. Web site: World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. 28 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110507035406/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm. 7 May 2011. dead.
39. Web site: East Asia/Southeast Asia :: China — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. 15 May 2019.
40. 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', .
41. The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition,
42. The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition,
43. The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, for the 1998 edition, for the 1996 edition
44. http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/National%20statistics/national%20statistics%202007/Population.pdf Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008
45. Web site: Central Intelligence Agency . CIA . The World Factbook. Niger . 2009. 10 January 2010.
46. Web site: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision: Selected Tables: Annex Tables . Table A.1. Total Population by Sex in 2009 and Sex Ratio by Country in 2009 . United Nations . 2009 . 12 March 2009. NB: The preliminary results of the National population census in Guinea-Bissau put the figure at 1,449,230, according to email information by the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, Bissau.
47. Web site: Mali preliminary 2009 census . Institut National de la Statistique . 12 January 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100418055748/http://instat.gov.ml/voir_actu.aspx?lactu=44 . 18 April 2010 .
48. Web site: Central Intelligence Agency . CIA . The World Factbook. Senegal . 2009. 10 January 2010.
49. Web site: World Population Prospects, Table A.1 . United Nations . 2010 . 12 March 2009 .
50. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ The World Factbook- Congo, Democratic Republic of the.
51. Web site: Central Agency for Population Mobilisation and Statistics — Population Clock (July 2008) . Msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg . 25 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100908090727/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/fdl/tst12e?action=&lname= . 8 September 2010 .
52. Web site: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) . The World Factbook . CIA . 5 March 2010.
53. Web site: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística . Dane.gov.co . 22 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150905114224/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php . 5 September 2015 .
54. IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
55. Web site: INEGI 2010 Census Statistics. inegi.org.mx . 25 November 2010.
56. Web site: Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . The World Factbook. Nauru . 2011. 12 February 2011.
57. Web site: The World Factbook. 19 October 2021.
58. Web site: Population clock. Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. 12 April 2011. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
59. Web site: IFs Forecast - Version 7.00-Google Public Data Explorer.
60. Web site: Wzrasta liczba ludności Polski - Wiadomości - WP.PL . Wiadomosci.wp.pl . 23 July 2010 . 27 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005093319/http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1347,title,Wzrasta-liczba-ludnosci-Polski,wid,12502858,wiadomosc.html . 5 October 2013 . dead .
61. http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_evkozi/e_wdsd001a.html Hungarian Central Statistical Office
62. Web site: Archived copy . 31 December 2011 . 5 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003155/http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011pr.pdf . dead .
63. Web site: Total population at 1 January . Eurostat . 11 March 2011 . 29 April 2011.
64. Web site: CSO – Population and Migration Estimates April 2010 . September 2010 . 21 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100920101624/http://cso.ie/releasespublications/documents/population/current/popmig.pdf . 20 September 2010 . dead .
65. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htm Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census
66. Web site: Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report.
67. Web site: Provisional Population Totals - Census 2011. Indian Census Bureau 2011. 29 March 2011.
68. Web site: Population (Mid Year Estimates) & Land Area . 31 August 2010 . Statistics Singapore . https://web.archive.org/web/20100914024746/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html . 14 September 2010.
69. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ Monaco
70. Web site: National Statistical Service of Greece: Population census of 18 March 2001 . Πίνακας 1. Πληθυσμός κατά φύλο και ηλικία . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090325012639/http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_01_Y.pdf . 25 March 2009 .
71. Web site: Total population . . 1 January 2010 . 8 January 2010.
72. Web site: Hagstova F?roya . 10 December 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131210030515/http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Hagstova_Foroya . 10 December 2013 . (Faroese)
73. http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_30_juni.htm Bevölkerungsstatistik 30. Juni 2009
74. Web site: 총인구, 인구성장률 : 지표상세화면 . Index.go.kr . 29 October 2010.
75. News: http://news.joins.com/article/686/4109686.html . ko:한반도 인구 7천400만명 시대 임박 . Joins . 1 October 2009 . 14 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100417102924/http://news.joins.com/article/686/4109686.html . 17 April 2010 . ko.
76. Web site: Brunei . . 2011 . 13 January 2011 .
77. Web site: Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . iii . 31 January 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708202650/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 . 8 July 2011 .
78. Web site: Population and Housing Census 2000, National Statistical Office . Web.nso.go.th . 1 April 2000 . 25 April 2010 . 14 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114104300/http://web.nso.go.th/eng/en/pop2000/prelim_e.htm . dead .
79. Web site: Archived copy . 16 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716001724/http://203.113.86.149/stat/pk/pk53/pk_53.pdf . 16 July 2011 .
80. Web site: Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est . Cia.gov . 23 April 2011.
81. Web site: Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est . Cia.gov . 23 April 2011.
82. Web site: REMARKABLE GROWTH EXPATS OUTNUMBER BAHRAINIS IN 2010 CENSUS . Bahraini Census 2010 . 14 February 2011 . 28 November 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110219111201/http://www.census2010.gov.bh/news/news_en26.html . 19 February 2011 .
83. Web site: Population size and population composition. 2010. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel. 29 April 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160628063919/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand.html. 28 June 2016.
84. http://www.statistiques.public.lu/fr/actualites/population/population/2011/05/20110503/index.html "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011"
85. Web site: Romania - Population . 26 May 2011. epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.
86. Web site: Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 20 July 2009.
87. Web site: Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2011, France métropolitaine. . INSEE. 20 January 2011. fr.
88. Web site: Monthly demographic balance: January–November 2010. Istat. 28 March 2011. 2 April 2011. it. 22 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120722144056/http://www3.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20110328_00/testointegrale20110328.pdf. dead.
89. http://www.one.cu/aec2009/esp/20080618_tabla_cuadro.htm Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009. Edición 2010
90. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/ Barbados: People.
91. http://www.pordata.pt/ Pordata, "Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo"
92. Web site: Population Forecast to 2060 by International Futures hosted by Google Public Data Explorer . 13 July 2011.
93. Web site: Background notes - Laos. US Dept. of State. 20 January 2011.
94. Web site: Official Iranian Population clock . Amar.org.ir . 13 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015233/http://www.amar.org.ir/default.aspx?tabid=52 . 22 July 2011 .
95. Web site: Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present. 6 July 2009 . Statistics Canada. 17 April 2011.
96. Web site: Resident Population Data – 2010 . U.S. Census Bureau . 22 December 2010 . 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php . 28 October 2011 .
97. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/co2-emissions-from-fuel-combustion-highlights-2014.html CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Population growth".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.