Exerkine Explained

An exerkine is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise.[1]

Background

Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from a broad variety of tissues and cell types; and exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways.[2] These effects are thought to underly much of the health benefits of exercise in terms of enhanced resilience, healthspan and longevity.

The study of exerkines is the focus of the field of exercise endocrinology.[3] Though the existence of exerkines had been speculated about as early as the 1960s,[4] the identification of the first exerkine, IL-6, which is secreted from contracting muscles, didn't occur until 2000.[5] In 2012 a new exerkine, irisin, was discovered and found to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure,[6] attracting significant scientific and public attention to the field.[7] [8] [9] [10] To date many thousands of potential exerkines have been identified,[11] [12] though only a limited number have been studied in any depth. Research is ongoing to understand how they function individually and in concert.

Etymology

The word 'exerkine' was coined in 2016 by Mark Tarnopolsky and colleagues, based on a combination of the beginning of 'exercise' and the beginning of κίνησις (kínēsis, Ancient Greek for 'movement').

Notes and References

  1. Safdar . A . Saleem . A . Tarnopolsky . MA . The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases. . Nature Reviews. Endocrinology . September 2016 . 12 . 9 . 504–17 . 10.1038/nrendo.2016.76 . 27230949. 19695296 .
  2. Chow . LS . Gerszten . RE . Taylor . JM . Pedersen . BK . van Praag . H . Trappe . S . Febbraio . MA . Galis . ZS . Gao . Y . Haus . JM . Lanza . IR . Lavie . CJ . Lee . CH . Lucia . A . Moro . C . Pandey . A . Robbins . JM . Stanford . KI . Thackray . AE . Villeda . S . Watt . MJ . Xia . A . Zierath . JR . Goodpaster . BH . Snyder . MP . Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. . Nature Reviews. Endocrinology . May 2022 . 18 . 5 . 273–289 . 10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2 . 35304603. 9554896 .
  3. Hackney . AC . Elliott-Sale . KJ . Exercise Endocrinology: "What Comes Next?". . Endocrines . September 2021 . 2 . 3 . 167–170 . 10.3390/endocrines2030017 . free . 34308413. 8294195 .
  4. Goldstein . MS . Humoral nature of the hypoglycemic factor of muscular work. . Diabetes . May 1961 . 10 . 3 . 232–4 . 10.2337/diab.10.3.232 . 13706674.
  5. Steensberg . A . van Hall . G . Osada . T . Sacchetti . M . Saltin . B . Klarlund Pedersen . B . Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. . The Journal of Physiology . 15 November 2000 . 529 Pt 1 . Pt 1 . 237–42 . 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x . 11080265. 2270169 .
  6. Boström . P . Wu . J . Jedrychowski . MP . Korde . A . Ye . L . Lo . JC . Rasbach . KA . Boström . EA . Choi . JH . Long . JZ . Kajimura . S . Zingaretti . MC . Vind . BF . Tu . H . Cinti . S . Højlund . K . Gygi . SP . Spiegelman . BM . A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. . Nature . 11 January 2012 . 481 . 7382 . 463–8 . 10.1038/nature10777 . 22237023. 3522098 . 2012Natur.481..463B .
  7. News: Reynolds . Gretchen . Exercise Hormone May Fight Obesity and Diabetes . 2 January 2024 . The New York Times . 11 Jan 2012.
  8. News: Reynolds . Gretchen . How Exercise May Turn White Fat Into Brown . 2 January 2024 . The New York Times . 12 Oct 2016.
  9. News: Reynolds . Gretchen . How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp . 2 January 2024 . The New York Times . 16 Jan 2019.
  10. News: Reynolds . Gretchen . How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp . 2 January 2024 . The New York Times . 25 Aug 2021.
  11. Whitham . M . Parker . BL . Friedrichsen . M . Hingst . JR . Hjorth . M . Hughes . WE . Egan . CL . Cron . L . Watt . KI . Kuchel . RP . Jayasooriah . N . Estevez . E . Petzold . T . Suter . CM . Gregorevic . P . Kiens . B . Richter . EA . James . DE . Wojtaszewski . JFP . Febbraio . MA . Extracellular Vesicles Provide a Means for Tissue Crosstalk during Exercise. . Cell Metabolism . 9 January 2018 . 27 . 1 . 237–251.e4 . 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.001 . 29320704. free .
  12. Contrepois . K . Wu . S . Moneghetti . KJ . Hornburg . D . Ahadi . S . Tsai . MS . Metwally . AA . Wei . E . Lee-McMullen . B . Quijada . JV . Chen . S . Christle . JW . Ellenberger . M . Balliu . B . Taylor . S . Durrant . MG . Knowles . DA . Choudhry . H . Ashland . M . Bahmani . A . Enslen . B . Amsallem . M . Kobayashi . Y . Avina . M . Perelman . D . Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose . SM . Zhou . W . Ashley . EA . Montgomery . SB . Chaib . H . Haddad . F . Snyder . MP . Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise. . Cell . 28 May 2020 . 181 . 5 . 1112–1130.e16 . 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043 . 32470399. 7299174 .

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